{"id":160818,"date":"2026-09-05T00:26:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:26:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160818"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:46:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:46:55","slug":"vulcanus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/vulcanus\/","title":{"rendered":"Vulcanus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160818\" class=\"elementor elementor-160818 elementor-3015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f3a172 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f3a172\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ffa628 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ffa628\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504d937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a5475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05a5475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vulcanus, rimski bog kova\u0161tva<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c823d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c823d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vulcanus je rimski bog ognja, kova\u0161ke umetnosti in vulkanske naravne mo\u010di. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota religioznih \u010da\u0161\u010denj bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je eden najstarej\u0161ih v italski religiji in jezikovno sega nazaj v etru\u0161\u010dansko plast.<\/p><p>Za razliko od kasneje udoma\u010dene podobe Hefajsta je bil Vulcanus sprva bog uni\u010dujo\u010dega ognja, ki so ga \u010da\u0161\u010dali predvsem zunaj mest, da bi njegov uni\u010devalni vidik ostal oddaljen od naseljenih obmo\u010dij. \u0160ele helenisti\u010dna sinkretizacija ga je spremenila v vedrej\u0161ega kova\u0161kega boga bogov. Kot bog kova\u0161tva in ognja se je Vulcanus zaradi helenisti\u010dnih vplivov spremenil v vedrej\u0161o podobo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fc26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f4fc26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6fd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4f6fd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ boginja: Poosebljena najvi\u0161ja mo\u010d v panteonu kulture, z jasnimi pristojnostmi \u2014 naravne sile, usoda, vojna, rodovitnost. \u010ca\u0161\u010dena prek kultov, \u017ertvovanj in tempeljskih institucij.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Rimska religija od kraljevske dobe do pozne antike \u2014 sinkretisti\u010dna, prepletena z gr\u0161kimi in etru\u0161\u010danskimi plastmi.\">Rim<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451d9e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"451d9e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-603ae3a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"603ae3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefde50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefde50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cc2a9 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75cc2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162437\" alt=\"Vulkan - bogovi iz rimskega izro\u010dila, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b8c8ff e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b8c8ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d107e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8d107e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d84c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05d84c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit in izvor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4505c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e4505c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Izvor imena Vulcanus je jezikovno-zgodovinsko sporen, vendar ga ve\u010dinoma povezujejo z etru\u0161\u010danskim Velchansom in indoevropskim korenom za \u00bbgoreti\u00ab. \u017de v \u010dasu kraljev je bil pri vzno\u017eju Kapitola izpri\u010dan Volcanal, torej \u017ertvenik posve\u010den Vulcanusu.<\/p><p>Veljal je za eno najstarej\u0161ih rimskih svetih mest in je bil zbirno mesto za politi\u010dna dejanja pod odprtim nebom. Plutarh ga v \u017eivljenjepisu \u00bbRomul\u00ab omenja kot kraj, kjer sta Romul in Tacij naj sklenila enega od svojih dogovorov.<\/p>\n<p>V starej\u0161i italski plasti je bil Vulcanus pristojen za nevarni ogenj, torej za po\u017ear, strelo in izbruh vulkana. Zaradi tega so bila mnoga njegova sveti\u0161\u010da postavljena na obrobju mesta ali zunaj mestnega obzidja, v Rimu na primer na Marsovem polju.<\/p><p>\u0160ele identifikacija z gr\u0161kim Hefajstom je mo\u010dno postavila v ospredje pozitivni vidik kova\u0161ke umetnosti. Etru\u0161\u010dansko predhodno bo\u017eanstvo Velchans je izpri\u010dano na bronastem ogledalu iz Piacenze, kjer nastopa s kladivom in kle\u0161\u010dami.<\/p>\n<p>Vergilij v \u00bbEneidi\u00ab prikazuje Vulcanusa kot kova\u010da bogov, ki po naro\u010dilu Venere izdeluje oro\u017eje za Eneja, med njim slavni \u0161\u010dit s prerokovalnimi podobami rimske zgodovine.<\/p><p>Ovidij prevzema ta pogled v \u00bbMetamorfozah\u00ab, vendar ga raz\u0161iri s \u0161tevilnimi epizodami, ki izvirajo iz Hefajstovega mitskega kroga. S tem je Vulcanus v literaturi postal dvojna podoba, v kateri se prekrivata italska globina in helenisti\u010dno umetni\u0161ko pripovedovanje. Avgustejska literatura uporablja epizodo Enejevega \u0161\u010dita kot programsko besedilo celotne zgodovine Rima.<\/p>\n<p>V italski ljudski religiji je bil Vulcanus povezan tudi z Majo, staro vegetacijsko boginjo. Napisni najdbe iz Preneste in Tibura pri\u010dajo o dvojnih posvetitvah, ki povezujejo uni\u010devalno mo\u010d ognja z rodovitnostjo polj. Iz te povezave so nastali lokalni prazni\u010dni koledarji, ki so bili v republikanskem Rimu del prevzeti v dr\u017eavni koledar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a579d29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a579d29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3c539 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d3c539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli in atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffd25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ffd25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kladivo, nakovalo in kle\u0161\u010de so neprezrljiva orodja Vulcanusa. V upodobitvah nastopa najpogosteje kot bradati kova\u010d v ledvenem predpasniku, pogosto z ukrivljeno nogo, kar je posledica hefajstovske tradicije.<\/p><p>Stoji ali seda ob \u017eare\u010de rde\u010dem nakovalu, ob njem le\u017eijo me\u010di, \u010delade ali dokon\u010dano oro\u017eje. Predstava o hromem kova\u010du ni izvorno italska in je bila prevzeta \u0161ele z ena\u010denjem s Hefajstom.<\/p>\n<p>Ognjeni plamen je njegov element, vendar se redko pojavlja kot samostojna podoba. Pogosteje je prikazan v povezavi s kova\u0161kimi dimniki in delavnicami pod Etno.<\/p><p>\u017de Vergilij postavlja Vulcanusovo delavnico v notranjost sicilijanskega vulkana in v \u00bbEneidi\u00ab, VIII. knjigi, opisuje razburkano delo Kiklopov ob nakovalu. Ta lokacija je ostala prevladujo\u010da v poznej\u0161i literaturi in likovni tradiciji in je dala besedi vulkan njeno ime.<\/p>\n<p>\u017divali so mu pripisane le omejeno. Rde\u010di tele je veljalo za priljubljeno \u017ertveno \u017eival, saj je njegova barva spominjala na ogen. Ob nevarnosti po\u017eara so rimske oblasti darovale \u017eivali, ki so bile neostri\u017eene ali neizrazite, v upanju, da bodo uni\u010devalno mo\u010d ognja simbolno omejile z druga\u010dno \u017ertveno \u017eivalijo.<\/p><p>Na praznik Vulcanalia so v ogenj metali ribe kot nadomestno \u017ertvovanje, kar Plinij razlaga s predstavo, da naj bi vodna bitja s svojo tujo naravo pomirila ogenj.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b6d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34b6d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3035e8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3035e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c7ced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c7ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni praznik Vulkana je bila Vulkanalija 23. avgusta, v suhem letnem \u010dasu, ko je bila nevarnost po\u017eara najvi\u0161ja. Na ta dan so v ogenj metali ribe in male \u017eivali, kar je najverjetneje treba razumeti kot nadomestno daritev, pri kateri so \u017eivali simboli\u010dno nadome\u0161\u010dale hi\u0161o, letino in mesto.<\/p><p>O tej praksi poro\u010da Varon, komentira pa jo tudi Plinij starej\u0161i v delu \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb. Podobni nadomestni obredi se pojavljajo v mnogih italskih mestnih kultih in spadajo med najstarej\u0161e ohranjene prakse rimske religije.<\/p>\n<p>Staro Volkanovo sveti\u0161\u010de (Volcanal) je stalo na Komiciju in je veljalo za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nekaj, kar pripada bo\u017eanskemu in je zato izvzeto iz vsakdanje rabe.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveto<\/span> v politi\u010dnem in verskem pomenu. Tu so postavljali kipe in napise, tu naj bi daroval \u017ee sam Romul.<\/p><p>V republikanskem obdobju se je mestno sredi\u0161\u010de \u010da\u0161\u010denja preselilo v Vulkanov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> na Marsovem polju, kjer so javno obhajali Vulkanalijo. Oba kraja pa je \u0161e naprej povezovala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovesen verski sprevod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesija<\/span>, s katero so staro Volkanovo sveti\u0161\u010de \u010dastili kot izvor kulta.<\/p>\n<p>Ostija, pristani\u0161ko mesto Rima, je imela posebno pomemben Vulkanov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali svetemu bitju.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, na \u010delu katerega je bil pontifex Vulcani, ki je bil hkrati tudi vrhovni duhovnik celotnega mesta. Ta polo\u017eaj ka\u017ee, kako pomembna je bila po\u017earna varnost za pristani\u0161ko leseno gradnjo.<\/p><p>Napisi tam Vulkana imenujejo varuha pred mestnim po\u017earom. Ob po\u017earu leta 64 n. \u0161t. pod Neronom so njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> klicali na pomo\u010d po tradicionalni molitveni formuli, vendar katastrofe ni bilo mogo\u010de prepre\u010diti.<\/p>\n<p>Provincialna sveti\u0161\u010da segajo od Pompejev preko Padske ni\u017eine do Galije. V mestih Vulci in Velia, s etru\u0161\u010dansko predzgodovino, je bil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali svetemu bitju.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nepretrgan. V Lugdunumu in drugih galskih krajih so ga sinkretizirali z lokalnimi kova\u0161kimi bo\u017eanstvi.<\/p><p>V Aquincumu, Carnuntumu in drugih naselbinah ob Donavi napisi pri\u010dajo o \u010da\u0161\u010denju vojakov iz legijskih kova\u010dnic. Tudi v Britaniji so bili odkriti njemu posve\u010deni altarji v bli\u017eini krajev za pridobivanje \u017eeleza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-002f1e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"002f1e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee764a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee764a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomembni miti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d775220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d775220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161a rimska pripoved o Vulkanu je izdelava oro\u017eja za Eneja. Vergilij v \u00abEneidi\u00bb, VIII. knjigi, opisuje, kako Venera prosi kova\u0161kega boga, naj njenemu sinu priskrbi potrebno bojno opremo za vojno v Italiji.<\/p><p>Vulkan privoli, in kiklopi v njegovi kova\u010dnici pod Etno izdelajo \u010delado, me\u010d, sulico in predvsem veliki \u0161\u010dit, katerega podobe vnaprej prikazujejo prihodnjo rimsko zgodovino do bitke pri Akciju. Ta prizor je programski za avgustovsko samopredstavo, saj prikazuje Rimovo prihodnost, kot da je \u017ee vklenjena v bo\u017eansko kova\u0161ko delo.<\/p>\n<p>Druga pripoved je epizoda o zakonu z Venero, ki jo obravnavajo tako Ovidijeve \u00abMetamorfoze\u00bb kot Vergilij. Vulkan, hromi kova\u010d, je mo\u017e najlep\u0161e boginje, kar je \u017ee samo po sebi staro <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> mitolo\u0161kega kontrasta.<\/p><p>Ko Vulkan ujame Venero z Marsom v nezvestobi, spleta iz bronaste mre\u017ee zvito zanko in ujame par v spolzkem polo\u017eaju. Ta epizoda izvira iz hefajstovskega izro\u010dila, v rimski razlagi pa je bila razumljena kot nauk o te\u017eavnosti zdru\u017eevanja umetnosti, mo\u010di in lepote.<\/p>\n<p>Tretja pripoved govori o Caekulu, mitskem ustanovitelju Prenesta. Servij navaja izro\u010dilo, da se je Caekul rodil iz telesa dekle, potem ko jo je zadela iskra Vulkanovega ognja.<\/p><p>Kasneje naj bi postal ustanovitelj mesta, v Prenestu pa je Vulkan veljal za prednika. Ta pripoved povezuje kozmi\u010dno ognjeno mo\u010d s politi\u010dnim ustanavljanjem in ka\u017ee tesno povezanost kova\u0161kega boga z izvorom mesta.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cetrta pripoved govori o rojstvu Servija Tulija, \u0161estega rimskega kralja. Po Pliniju in Varonu naj bi se Servij rodil iz iskre, ki je vzplamtela iz hi\u0161nega altarja su\u017enje po imenu Okrezija. Ta pripoved se prepleta z izro\u010dilom o Caekulu in legitimira posebni polo\u017eaj Servija kot kralja reformatorja, ki je vzpostavil centuriatske komicije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75d6ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a75d6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787730d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"787730d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d770518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d770518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V helenisti\u010dnem prikazu je Vulcanus sin Jupitra (Iuppiter) in Junone (Iuno) ter brat Marsa in Minerve. Povezava z Marsom je pri tem globlja od zgolj sorodstvene, saj oba bogova povezuje odnos do vojne, \u010deprav na razli\u010dne na\u010dine.<\/p><p>Mars utele\u0161a samo bojevanje, Vulcanus pa metalur\u0161ko pripravo nanj. Z Minervo si delita za\u0161\u010ditni\u0161tvo nad obrtjo, vendar je Minerva pristojna za tekstilno in umsko spretnost, Vulcanus pa vlada nad ognjenim delom s kovinami.<\/p>\n<p>Z Venero je bil Vulcanus po izro\u010dilu poro\u010den, vendar je bila ta zveza v rimski literaturi manj poudarjena kot v gr\u0161ki. V starej\u0161i italski plasti je z Vulcanom tesno povezana Maja, stara zgodnjesomrska boginja. Prvi maj je bil posve\u010den njej in njemu, prav tako je mogo\u010de rekonstruirati skupne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu, s katerim se izra\u017ea zahvala, pro\u0161nja ali \u010da\u0161\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritve<\/span> pri Volcanalu.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> je Vulcanus blizu bo\u017eanstvu Stata Mater, boginji, ki naj bi pogasila \u017ee vzplamteli ogenj, ter Tiberinu, \u010digar vode so imele resni\u010dno vlogo pri ga\u0161enju po\u017earov. Te povezave ka\u017eejo, da Vulcanus ni bil zgolj posamezen bog, temve\u010d vozli\u0161\u010de v mre\u017ei rimskih ognjenih in za\u0161\u010ditnih bo\u017eanstev.<\/p>\n<p>Mulciber, priimek Vulcanusa v pomenu \u00bbtisti, ki tali\u00ab, se pojavlja predvsem v epski poeziji, zlasti pri Lukanu in Staciju, in ozna\u010duje ustvarjalno, umetni\u0161ko plat boga. Ta dvojnost razdiralnega in ustvarjalnega ognjenega boga je kontinuiteta iz arhai\u010dnega \u010dasa, ko je Vulcanus veljal hkrati za oblikovalca umetelnih kovinskih predmetov in za povzro\u010ditelja uni\u010dujo\u010dih po\u017earov.<\/p>\n<p>Redko omenjena povezava obstaja s Stata Mater, staro za\u0161\u010ditno boginjo pred po\u017earom, katere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svet kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> je stalo prav tako pri Komiciju. Skupaj sta tvorila staro dvojico javne po\u017earne za\u0161\u010dite. Nalogo Stata Mater je v cesarskem obdobju deloma prevzela stra\u017ea vigilov, ki je razvila lastno kultno topografijo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9785b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9785b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f6db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7f6db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija in vpliv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691122e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"691122e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V renesansi in baroku je Vulcanus ostal priljubljena alegori\u010dna podoba spretnosti in ustvarjalnega duha. Vel\u00e1zquez je upodobil Vulkanovo delavnico pod Etno s kiklopi, Rubens in Tintoretto pa sta se lotila prizora Vulcanus-Mars-Venera. V genovski in florentinski grafiki je Vulcanus postal pokroviteljska podoba kova\u0161kih cehov.<\/p>\n<p>Z industrializacijo 19. stoletja je podoba Vulcanusa do\u017eivela novo aktualnost. Jeklarne, tovarne strojev in ladjedelnice so se poimenovale po tem bogu. Ladjedelnica Vulcan v Stettinu, dru\u017eba Vulcan-Maschinenbau AG in \u0161tevilna druga podjetja so navezovala na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dno<\/span> kova\u0161ko podobo. Tudi v geologiji je beseda vulkan, izpeljana iz Vulcanusa, postala standardni izraz za ognjenike.<\/p>\n<p>V popularni kulturi 20. stoletja se Vulcanus pojavlja v stripih, filmih in igrah kot <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nazorna podoba, ki predstavlja abstraktno idejo.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> kova\u010dnice, ognja in kovinarstva.<\/p><p>Znanstvenozgodovinsko zanimiva je kratkotrajna Vulkanova hipoteza v astronomiji, kjer je bil po njem poimenovan hipoteti\u010dni planet znotraj tirnice Merkurja, dokler ga splo\u0161na teorija relativnosti ni naredila nepotrebnega. Tudi asteroid 4464 Vulcano nosi njegovo ime.<\/p>\n<p>V astronomiji zgodnjega novega veka je bil \u00bbVulkan\u00ab nekaj \u010dasa hipoteti\u010dni planet med Merkurjem in Soncem, \u010digar tirnico je Urbain Le Verrier leta 1859 predpostavil za razlago precesije perihelija Merkurja.<\/p><p>\u0160ele Einsteinova splo\u0161na teorija relativnosti leta 1915 je pojasnila to nepravilnost brez potrebe po dodatnem planetu, in \u00bbVulkan\u00ab je izginil iz modela oson\u010dja. Epizoda \u017eivi naprej v besedi vulkanoid, ki v dana\u0161nji planetologiji ozna\u010duje razred hipoteti\u010dnih majhnih teles na tirnici blizu Sonca.<\/p>\n<p>V geologiji beseda \u00bbvulkan\u00ab od 17. stoletja naprej ozna\u010duje vse ognjenike. Athanasius Kircher je v svojem delu \u00bbMundus Subterraneus\u00ab leta 1665 opisal vulkane kot dimnike podzemnega ognjenega sistema, ki ga je razumel kot delo rimskega boga. Ta metaforika je zaznamovala zgodnjo vulkanologijo vse do globoko v 19. stoletje in povezala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dno<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologijo<\/span> z nastajajo\u010do naravoslovno znanostjo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e2b16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e2b16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d02201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d02201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religiologska umestitev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2ff23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2ff23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Schilling in Kurt Latte poudarjata italsko-etru\u0161\u010dansko globino Vulcanusovega kulta. V starej\u0161i plasti Vulcanus ni toliko kova\u010d kot bog po\u017eara in strele, ki so ga \u010dastili zunaj mestnega obzidja, da bi uni\u010devalno silo dr\u017eali pro\u010d. \u0160ele v helenisti\u010dnem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zlitje predstav ali bo\u017eanstev iz razli\u010dnih religijskih izro\u010dil.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinkretizmu<\/span> postane pozitivno naravnana ustvarjalna podoba, v kateri se zdru\u017eita ustvarjalni duh in obrt.<\/p>\n<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil ga uvr\u0161\u010da v tretjo od indoevropskih funkcij, produktivni, materialni svet. S tega vidika je Vulcanus bog gospodarstva in kova\u0161tva ob Kvirinu, bogu ljudstva.<\/p><p>Mary Beard in John North ka\u017eeta, da ta tipolo\u0161ka razvrstitev ne zajema povsem mestnega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota \u010da\u0161\u010denja, namenjenega bo\u017eanstvu ali svetemu bitju.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span> v Rimu, saj dr\u017eavotvorna funkcija pri Volcanalu pri\u010da o ve\u010drazse\u017enosti, ki presega Dum\u00e9zilovo shemo.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid poudarja pomen Vulcanusovega kulta za mestno varnostno organizacijo. Po\u017earna varnost je bila v gosto pozidanem lesenem mestu osrednja javna naloga, in Volcanal je imel v tem oziru neposredno funkcijo.<\/p><p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke izpostavlja, kako Vulcanus slu\u017ei kot primer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>, katerega religiozna funkcija je bila tesno povezana z urbanim razvojem Rima. Frank Sear in Andreas Schmidt-Colinet sta kartografirala arheolo\u0161ke sledi tega kulta v Ostiji in v severnoafri\u0161kih provincah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c690fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c690fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b709da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b709da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanal in Aedes Volcani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51da8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51da8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstarej\u0161e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> Vulkana je bilo Volcanal na Comitiumu, na prostem stoje\u010de \u017ertveno mesto na pobo\u010dju Kapitola. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dni<\/span> topografi, kot je Festus, poro\u010dajo, da je kraj ustanovil sam Romul na \u017eeljo sabinskih vladarjev, kar nakazuje globoko institucionalno zasidranost tega kulta.<\/p><p>Mesto je le\u017ealo na vzpetini in pod odprtim nebom, saj ognja, s katerim je bil Vulkan povezan, ni bilo dovoljeno \u010dastiti v zaprtih prostorih. Bronasta skupina me\u010da kujo\u010dih kova\u010dev in kip Romula sta na Volcanalu stala dolgo, dokler ju v pozni republiki gradbena dela niso premestila.<\/p>\n<p>Dr\u017eavni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> poznej\u0161ega \u010dasa, Aedes Volcani, je stal na Marsovem polju, zunaj mestnega obzidja, saj ogenj kot nevaren element ni smel priti v mestno obmo\u010dje.<\/p><p>Ta topografska izklju\u010ditev je zna\u010dilno rimska re\u0161itev za obravnavo ambivalentnih bogov, primerljiva s templjema Belone in Marsa zunaj pomerija. Vitruvij v delu \u00bbDe architectura\u00ab (I, 7) navaja, da morajo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templji<\/span> bogov, povezanih z ognjem, vedno stati zunaj mesta, kar je veljalo za Vulkana, Mulciberja in Stato Mater.<\/p>\n<p>V Ostiji je v 1. stoletju nastalo lastno vulkansko sveti\u0161\u010de s pripadajo\u010do duhovni\u0161ko slu\u017ebo, katere nosilec, pontifex Volcani, je imel v mestni hierarhiji poseben polo\u017eaj. Pripadajo\u010di napisi, predvsem CIL XIV 4 in 32, dokumentirajo, da je bilo ostijsko vulkansko sveti\u0161\u010de pristojno tudi za protipo\u017earno varnost in mestni koledar.<\/p><p>Dru\u017eina Julijev, ostijskih odli\u010dnikov, je generacijami zagotavljala Vulkanove duhovnike. V Pompejih stenske poslikave in podobe lararijev pri\u010dajo o doma\u010dem kultu Vulkana, ki so ga gojili predvsem v delavnicah in kova\u010dnicah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063b94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1063b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e99f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e99f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanalia in \u017ertvovanje ognja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259d6f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259d6f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavni praznik, Volcanalia, so obhajali 23. avgusta, v poznem poletju, ko so bila rimska polja najbolj suha in je bila nevarnost po\u017eara za pridelke in lesene zgradbe najvi\u0161ja. Rimska religija te resni\u010dne nevarnosti ni prezrla, temve\u010d jo je vklju\u010dila v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simboli\u010dnih dejanj z religijskim ali kulturnim pomenom.\" tabindex=\"0\">obredje<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pri \u017ertvovanju Vulkanu so majhne ribe iz Tibere metali v ogenj, arhai\u010den nadomestni obred, ki ga je po Plutarhovih \u00bbQuaestiones Romanae\u00ab 71 razumeti kot nadomestitev \u010dlove\u0161ke du\u0161e. Ribe so ognju predale vodo in tako simboli\u010dno zagotovile mir med sovra\u017enimi elementi.<\/p>\n<p>Neljudske \u017ertvene \u017eivali, predvsem bikovsko in pra\u0161i\u010dje tele, so v celoti se\u017egali v obliki hekatombe, torej brez obi\u010dajnega dela obreda za duhovnike. Ta oblika popolnega \u017ertvenega se\u017eiga je bila v rimskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simboli\u010dnih dejanj z religijskim ali kulturnim pomenom.\" tabindex=\"0\">obredju<\/span> redka in pridr\u017eana za Vulkana.<\/p><p>Makrobij v \u00bbSaturnalijah\u00ab (I, 12, 18) opisuje, da je praefectus urbi na Vulkanovem prazniku pono\u010di nad re\u010dno strugo Tibere potapljal gorljive skodelice v vodo, svetlobno-magi\u010dno dejanje, ki naj bi nevaren element ukanilo pod vodo.<\/p>\n<p>Zasebno so praznik v trgovskih hi\u0161ah obhajali z ga\u0161enjem vseh delavni\u0161kih ognjev in njihovim slovesnim ponovnim pri\u017eigom. Ta praksa je epigrafsko dokumentirana v Pompejih in Herkulanu.<\/p><p>Dokaz je Tabula Pompeiana 19, ki datira u\u010dno pogodbo za kova\u0161kega vajenca na 22. avgust, torej dan pred Volcanalii, tako da se je delo lahko za\u010delo na sam prazni\u010dni dan. Vulkanovi prazniki so bili v pozni cesarski dobi sprejeti tudi zunaj Italije, v Galiji in Afriki, kjer so lokalne kova\u0161ke bogove ena\u010dili z Vulkanom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2454c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e2454c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0656b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0656b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropejski obredi in protipo\u017earna za\u0161\u010dita<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4746c57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4746c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve\u010dina rimskih protipo\u017earnih obredov je bila pripisana Vulkanu. Servij Tulij naj bi po Ciceronu ustanovil prvo mestno protipo\u017earno kolegijo, familia publica vigilum, katere zavetnik je bil Vulkan.<\/p><p>To enoto so v avgustejski reformi vigilov pod cesarjem Avgustom leta 6 n. \u0161t. na novo organizirali; cohortes vigilum so v svojih voja\u0161nicah dobile lastna Vulkanova sveti\u0161\u010da. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V trden nosilec vrezano ali vklesano besedilo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Napis<\/span> CIL VI 1057 pri\u010duje o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzvi\u0161en kraj ali miza za \u017ertvovanja in religijska dejanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertveniku<\/span> v postojanki prve kohorte s formulo Volcano genio cohortis.<\/p>\n<p>Apotropejske prakse v zasebnem gospodinjstvu so vklju\u010devale ga\u0161enje ognja na doma\u010dem ognji\u0161\u010du v no\u010di pred Volcaliji, sipanje soli na ognji\u0161\u010de in name\u0161\u010danje majhnih bronastih plo\u0161\u010dic s podobo Vulkana na vrata delavnic.<\/p><p>Starej\u0161i Plinij v \u00bbNaturalis historia\u00ab (VII, 50) poro\u010da, da so nekatere kamnite plo\u0161\u010de veljale za u\u010dinkovite pri za\u0161\u010diti pred po\u017earom, \u010de so jih na Vulkanov praznik zakopali pod prag. Ta magi\u010dna sestavina se uvr\u0161\u010da v dolgo tradicijo italske doma\u010de religije.<\/p>\n<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehodna doba med antiko in srednjim vekom, pribli\u017eno od 3. do 7. stoletja.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozni antiki<\/span> je sv. Lovrenc postal kr\u0161\u010danski zavetnik pred po\u017eari, njegov mu\u010deni\u0161ki praznik, 10. avgust, pa je bil v neposredni bli\u017eini Volcanalij. Ta prehod verske protipo\u017earne za\u0161\u010dite od Vulkana na Lovrenca sta Robert Markus in Robin Lane Fox analizirala kot primer kr\u0161\u010danske substitucijske teologije. Kultna funkcija je ostala enaka, spremenil se je le bo\u017eanski naslovnik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a196e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6a196e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019041b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"019041b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1012cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1012cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, od pribli\u017eno 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Viri: Vergilij \u00abAjenida\u00bb, Ovidij \u00abMetamorfoze\u00bb in \u00abFasti\u00bb, Livij \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb, Varon \u00abDe lingua latina\u00bb, Plinij \u00abNaturalis historia\u00bb, Servijev komentar, Makrobij \u00abSaturnalije\u00bb, Plutarh \u00abRomul\u00bb, Dionizij Halikarna\u0161ki \u00abRimske antikvitete\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Raziskovalna literatura: Robert Schilling, \u00abRites, cultes, dieux de Rome\u00bb, Pariz 1979. Kurt Latte, \u00abR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 1960. Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u00abLa religion romaine archa\u00efque\u00bb, Pariz 1966. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u00abReligions of Rome\u00bb, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, \u00abAn Introduction to Roman Religion\u00bb, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u00abDie Religion der R\u00f6mer\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3262,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Vulcanus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Vulcanus \u2013 rimski bog ognja in kova\u0161tva | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vulcanus je rimski bog ognja in kova\u0161tva, za\u0161\u010ditnik obrtnikov. 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