{"id":160797,"date":"2026-09-05T00:25:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:25:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160797"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:46:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:46:25","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160797\" class=\"elementor elementor-160797 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, egip\u010danski stvariteljski bog iz Heliopolisa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je egip\u010danski stvariteljski bog, katerega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih neki bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je bil doma v Heliopolisu in ki stoji na za\u010detku tamkaj\u0161njega Devetera. Atum v starodavnem egip\u010danskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> velja za stvariteljskega boga Heliopolisa, ki je vzniknil iz prvobitnih vod Nun in iz samega sebe ustvaril prva dva boga, \u0160uja in Tefnut.<\/p><p>Njegovo ime se obi\u010dajno prevaja kot \u00bbpopolni\u00ab, \u00bbceloviti\u00ab ali \u00bbtisti, ki je postal vse\u00ab; hkrati pa lahko pomeni tudi \u00bbneobstoje\u010di\u00ab, saj glagol \u00bbtem\u00ab izra\u017ea tako dovr\u0161itev kot zanikanje.<\/p><p>Ta pomenska dvoumnost zaobjema Atumov teolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj: on je tisto, kar je bilo pred stvarjenjem, in tisto, kar bo po stvarjenju, za\u010detek in konec kozmi\u010dnega kroga.<\/p><p>Medtem ko v Srednjem in Novem kraljestvu glavno teolo\u0161ko mesto prevzame Amon-Re, Atum ohrani svojo kozmogonsko funkcijo in svoj poseben profil stvarnika s samozadovoljitvijo ali samoizrekom, enega izmed najstarej\u0161ih in najbolj izdelanih konceptov v zgodovini religij.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ boginja: Personificirana najvi\u0161ja mo\u010d v panteonu neke kulture, z jasnimi pristojnostmi \u2014 naravne sile, usoda, vojna, rodovitnost. \u010ca\u0161\u010dena skozi kulte, daritve in templjske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/egipt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija starodavne Nilske de\u017eele, pribl. 3000 pr. n. \u0161t. do 30 pr. n. \u0161t.\">Egipt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; 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33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162495\" alt=\"Atum \u2013 bogovi iz egip\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit in rodovnik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolska kozmogonija postavlja Atuma na za\u010detek Devetera bogov (Eneade). Iz prvobitnih vod Nun, ki so obstajale pred \u010dasom in obliko, se Atum dvigne na prvobitni hrib (Tatenen), prvo trdno to\u010dko v kaosu.<\/p><p>Na tem hribu Atum izvr\u0161i stvarjenje: v Piramidnih besedilih (izrek 527) ustvari \u0160uja in Tefnut s svojim semenom, ki ga izlo\u010di bodisi z roko ali pa ga sprejme v obliki svoje lastne roke-boginje \u00bbHethemut\u00ab.<\/p><p>V drugi razli\u010dici (Piramidna besedila, izrek 600) Atum ustvari prva bogova z izpljunkom: izkihal je \u0160uja (zrak), izpljunil Tefnut (vlago). Obe razli\u010dici obstajata drug ob drugem, brez da bi egip\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> posku\u0161ala uskladiti.<\/p>\n<p>Iz \u0160uja in Tefnut nastanejo Geb (zemlja) in Nut (nebo), iz njihove zveze pa Oz\u00edris, Izida, Set, Neftida in v nekaterih seznamih tudi starej\u0161i Horus. Tako je Atum genealo\u0161ki prapredak skoraj vseh pomembnih egip\u010danskih bogov.<\/p><p>Eneada iz Heliopolisa (skupina devetih bogov) zdru\u017euje Atuma, \u0160uja, Tefnut, Geba, Nut, Oz\u00edrisa, Izido, Seta in Neftido; tvori teolo\u0161ki temelj heliopolske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>.<\/p><p>Vrsto bogov je treba brati ne le genealo\u0161ko, ampak tudi kozmi\u010dno: razvija stvarjenje od \u010diste Atumove samobiti prek elementarnih naravnih sil do bogov, ki oblikujejo \u010dlove\u0161ki svet.<\/p>\n<p>Opazna je samozadostnost Atuma v najstarej\u0161em izro\u010dilu. V nasprotju z drugimi stvariteljskimi bogovi Atum ne potrebuje partnerja niti vnaprej dane snovi; svet ustvari iz samega sebe.<\/p><p>Ta predstava je v poznej\u0161i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> filozofsko razdelana: hvalnice Atumu iz Novega kraljestva ga opisujejo kot tistega, ki je \u00bbnaredil samega sebe\u00ab, ki je \u00bbnastal iz samega sebe\u00ab (kheper-d\u017eesef). Ta razlaga zaznamuje teolo\u0161ke \u0161pekulacije poznega obdobja in vpliva tudi na kr\u0161\u010dansko-gnosti\u010dne predstave o samostvaritelju.<\/p>\n<p>V zdru\u017eeni bo\u017eji obliki Atum-Re nastopa Atum kot vidik son\u010dnega boga, natan\u010dneje kot zahajajo\u010de ve\u010derno sonce (v nasprotju s Khepijem kot vzhajajo\u010dim in Rejem kot poldanskim soncem).<\/p><p>Ta trodelnost son\u010dnega kroga, podrobno obravnavana v son\u010dnih litanijah Novega kraljestva, dela Atuma bogom konca kozmi\u010dnega kroga, ki v sebi hkrati nosi nov za\u010detek. Faraoni so se \u0161e posebej ob smrti identificirali z Atumom, saj je ta ponazarjal prehod od zemeljskega son\u010dnega zahoda k posmrtnemu ponovnemu rojstvu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli, ikonografija in atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je obi\u010dajno upodobljen kot mo\u0161ki z dvojno krono (p\u0161ent), ki simbolizira zdru\u017eitev Zgornjega in Spodnjega Egipta. Ta krona je kraljevski atribut in poudarja Atumovo vlogo prvobitnega kralja in prao\u010deta faraonske oblasti.<\/p><p>Lahko se prikazuje tudi s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skarabejev hro\u0161\u010d kot staroegip\u010danski simbol nastajanja in prerojenja.\" tabindex=\"0\">skarabejem<\/span> na glavi, s son\u010dno plo\u0161\u010do ali z atefsko krono. V antropomorfni obliki je njegov obraz obi\u010dajno brez brade in mladostni\u0161ki, kar je v nasprotju z predstavo o \u00bbstarem\u00ab Atumu, ki predstavlja ve\u010derno sonce.<\/p>\n<p>Njegova sveta \u017eival je ka\u010da. V Knjigi mrtvih (izrek 175) Atum pravi: \u00bbSvet bom spet vrnil v prvobitne vode, in samo jaz in Oz\u00edris bova ostala kot dve ka\u010di, ki jih ne pozna ne \u010dlovek ne bog.\u00ab<\/p><p>Ta eshatolo\u0161ka vizija prikazuje ka\u010do kot <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki predstavlja neko idejo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> nerazlo\u010denega prvobitnega stanja. Poleg tega je ihnevmon (faraonska podgana) sveta \u017eival Atuma, saj ubija ka\u010de, ki predstavljajo gro\u017enje podobne Apofisu.<\/p>\n<p>Glavni kultni simbol Atuma je kamen benben v Heliopolisu, piramidno ali koni\u010dasto oblikovan kamen, ki je predstavljal prvobitni hrib.<\/p><p>Iz benbena so iz\u0161le pozneje piramidne oblike kraljevskih grobnic in obeliski; vsak piramidion (vrh piramide) je simboli\u010dno kamen benben, ki predstavlja vzpon v nebo in sre\u010danje z Atum-Rejem. Heliopolis je bil v hieroglifski pisavi zaznamovan s znakom benben.<\/p>\n<p>Plasti\u010dne upodobitve Atuma so ohranjene iz vseh obdobij egip\u010danske religije. Iz Novega kraljestva izvira znameniti kvarcitni kip Tutankamona, na katerem je mladi kralj upodobljen z Atumovo krono; iz poznega obdobja je ohranjenih veliko manj\u0161ih bronastih kipov Atuma.<\/p><p>Na tempeljskih stenah ramesidske dobe, zlasti v Karnaku in Abidosu, je Atum redno upodobljen med vrstami bogov, ki kronajo kralja ali mu podeljujejo znamenje \u017eivljenja \u00bbanh\u00ab. V Deir el-Bahariju je Hat\u0161epsut opremila <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Atum-Reja z impresivnimi slikovnimi programi, ki utemeljujejo njeno lastno stvaritev prek Amun-Atuma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolis (egip\u010dansko Iunu, kar pomeni \u00bbstolpno mesto\u00ab ali \u00bbmesto stebrov\u00ab) je bil glavno kultno sredi\u0161\u010de Atuma. Mesto je bilo pribli\u017eno deset kilometrov severovzhodno od dana\u0161njega Kaira in je od zdru\u017eitve Egipta spadalo med teolo\u0161ko najpomembnej\u0161a mesta de\u017eele.<\/p><p>Tu je stal veliki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> Atum-Reja s kamnom benben, sveto perzejevo dreveso in son\u010dno barko, ki je ponavljala dnevni prihod in izginotje sonca. Heliopolisko duhovni\u0161tvo, na \u010delu z vrhovnim duhovnikom (imenovanim \u00bbVeliki opazovalec\u00ab), je bilo najbolj u\u010deno v egip\u010danski religiji; njihove teolo\u0161ke razprave so vplivale na celotno de\u017eelo.<\/p>\n<p>V dnevnem obredu Atumovega templja je zjutraj potekalo \u00bbprebujanje\u00ab podobe boga s kajenjem di\u0161av, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izlivanje teko\u010dine kot pitnega darovanja bo\u017eanstvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">libacijo<\/span> in recitiranjem hvalnic. \u010cez dan so darovali dnevne obroke hrane; zve\u010der so podobo boga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pripadajo\u010d dolo\u010denemu verskemu obrednemu postopku.\" tabindex=\"0\">obredno<\/span> polo\u017eili k po\u010ditku in zape\u010datili sveti\u0161\u010de.<\/p><p>Ob posebnih praznikih, na primer ob kraljevem jubileju (praznik sed) in ob novoletnem prazniku, so podobo Atuma vzeli iz sveti\u0161\u010da in jo v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovesen verski sprevod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiji<\/span> nosili skozi tempeljska dvori\u0161\u010da. Te procesije so bile javne in mestnemu prebivalstvu omogo\u010dale udele\u017ebo pri sicer duhovni\u0161kem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Najpomembnej\u0161i Atumov praznik je bil praznik \u00bbVepet-Renpet\u00ab, novega leta, ki je zaznamoval za\u010detek poplave Nila. Atum je na predve\u010der novega leta prejel prve pridelke darov, saj je bil kot stvarnik tudi tisti, ki je obnavljal letni cikel.<\/p><p>Napisi v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> v Karnaku in v ramesidskih mrtva\u0161kih templjih podrobno dokumentirajo te obrede. V \u00bb<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simbolnih dejanj z versko ali kulturno pomembnostjo.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualu<\/span> kralja iz roke Atuma\u00ab (papirus Berlin 3055) je liturgi\u010dno zaporedje v celoti povzeto; faraonu je slu\u017eilo kot vzorec za njegov lastni dnevni tempeljski obred.<\/p>\n<p>Zunaj Heliopolisa je bil Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> prisoten na \u0161tevilnih krajih, vendar skoraj vedno kot vidik drugih glavnih bogov. V Tebah so \u010da\u0161\u010dali Amun-Atuma, v Karnaku je bila v prazni\u010dni koledar vklju\u010dena celotna Enneada, v\u0161tev\u0161i Atuma. V Memfisu je bila pomembna teolo\u0161ka povezava Ptah-Atum, ki je zdru\u017eevala koncept Ptaha kot razuma s konceptom Atuma kot samozadostnosti.<\/p><p>Znameniti besedilo \u00bbmemfi\u0161ke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>\u00ab (na \u0160abakovem kamnu, danes v Londonu) izra\u017ea teolo\u0161ko misel, da je Ptah z razumom in besedo dosegel vse, kar je Atum dosegel s svojim semenom; filozofsko izjemno visoko razvita razli\u010dica stvariteljske teologije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomembna sveti\u0161\u010da in templji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum-Rejev <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> v Heliopolisu je bil eden najve\u010djih sakralnih objektov Egipta, vendar se od njega ni ohranilo skoraj ni\u010d. Mesto je bilo zapu\u0161\u010deno v rimskem \u010dasu in v srednjem veku uporabljeno kot kamnolom za gradnjo bli\u017enjega Kaira; ohranili so se le posamezni obeliski (Senusret I. v Materiji) in ostanki tempeljskih zidov.<\/p><p>Strabon (XVII, 1, 27\u201330) opisuje svoj obisk Heliopolisa v prvem stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem in poda kratko poro\u010dilo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span>; v tem \u010dasu je bilo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mesto, posve\u010deno \u010da\u0161\u010denju nekega bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> \u017ee zanemarjeno, vendar \u0161e vidno.<\/p>\n<p>Pomembne Atumove kapele so ohranjene v Karnaku (na dvori\u0161\u010du Amonovega templja), v mrtva\u0161kem templju Hat\u0161epsut v Deir el-Bahariju, v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> Ramzesa II. v Abidosu in v Sed-praznovalnem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegri\u010d\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> Amenhotepa III. v Malkati.<\/p><p>Ve\u010dina ramesidskih mrtva\u0161kih templjev na zahodni strani Teb (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, Setijev I. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span>) ima Atumove kapele, v katerih se je pokojni kralj zdru\u017eil z Atum-Rejem.<\/p>\n<p>V Abu Simbelu je Atum eden od \u0161tirih glavnih bogov velikega templja (Amon-Re, Re-Harahte, Ptah ter Ramzes II. sam); Atum se tu pojavlja kot del kraljeve apoteoze. V Deir el-Medini, vasi delavcev na kraljevih grobnicah, so majhna zasebna sveti\u0161\u010da, kjer so Atum-Reju poleg Amona in Ptaha izrekali klicanja.<\/p><p>Atumova sveti\u0161\u010da v Libijski pu\u0161\u010davi (Baharija, Harga, Dahla) so dokumentirana v poznem obdobju. V Hibi\u0161kem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> v oazi Harga je Atum vidno zastopan kot del teolo\u0161kega slikovnega programa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke pripovedi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osrednji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010deno pripovedovanje o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> o Atumu je njegovo samoustvarjanje. V Besedilih piramid (izrek 527 in 600) je zgodba povedana v dveh razli\u010dicah. V prvi Atum sam na prvinskem hribu izbrizga svoje seme v svojo roko, ki je poosebljena kot boginja Hethemut ali Iusaas; iz te sperme nastanejo \u0160u in Tefnut.<\/p><p>V drugi razli\u010dici Atum izpljune oba boga, pri \u010demer se v egip\u010danski besedni igri sli\u0161i povezava med \u00bbpljuvanjem\u00ab (techech) in Tefnut oziroma \u00bbkihanjem\u00ab (ischesch) in \u0160ujem; bogovi torej nastanejo z onomatopejo teh glagolov. Obe razli\u010dici izra\u017eata egip\u010dansko predstavo, da je stvarjenje telesno dejanje, ne abstrakten duhovni proces.<\/p>\n<p>Druga pripoved opisuje Atumovo iskanje njegovih izgubljenih otrok \u0160uja in Tefnut. V miti\u010dnem pradavnem \u010dasu sta bogova izginila v prvinskih vodah Nun; Atum je poslal svoje oko (Oko-oko ali Ured\u017eat oko), da bi ju poiskalo. Medtem ko je bilo oko na poti, si je Atum ustvaril novo oko.<\/p><p>Ko se je staro oko vrnilo z najdenimi otroki, je na svojem mestu na\u0161lo novo oko in se razjezilo. Atum je oko pomiril tako, da ga je postavil na svoje \u010delo v obliki ka\u010de Uraj; iz solz o\u010desa so nastali prvi ljudje.<\/p><p>Ta miti\u010dna pripoved, ohranjena v ve\u010d poznih besedilih, vzpostavlja povezavo med bo\u017ejim o\u010desom in ka\u010do Uraj ter obenem razlaga nastanek \u010dlove\u0161kega rodu.<\/p>\n<p>V Knjigi mrtvih (izrek 175) najdemo eshatolo\u0161ko videnje: Atum napoveduje, da se bo po dolgih dobah ustvarjeni svet vrnil nazaj v prvinske vode Nun; le Atum sam in Oziris bosta ostala, v podobi ka\u010d.<\/p><p>Ta predstava cikli\u010dno-eshatolo\u0161ke vrnitve sveta v kaos je religijsko-zgodovinsko pomembna in stoji v strukturni sorodnosti s hinduisti\u010dnim konceptom pralaje in z mlaj\u0161imi apokalipti\u010dnimi predstavami.<\/p>\n<p>V dnevnem son\u010dnem ciklu Atum prevzame vlogo ve\u010dernega sonca. Z njegovim vstopom v podzemni svet se za\u010dne no\u010dno potovanje son\u010dne barke, ki v dvanajstih urnih odsekih pre\u010dka kraljestvo mrtvih.<\/p><p>To potovanje je podrobno opisano v \u00bbKnjigah vrat\u00ab in v \u00bbAmduatu\u00ab (\u00bbKnjigi o tem, kar je v podzemlju\u00ab). Atum kot starec z palico in upognjenim hrbtom vstopi v barko in je vodi skozi no\u010d do jutranjega vstajenja v obliki Kheprija.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je genealo\u0161ko in teolo\u0161ko praprao\u010dak heliopolskega panteona. S \u0160ujem in Tefnut ima odnos o\u010deta in otrok; v eni razli\u010dici se prika\u017eeta kot njegovi roki, ki dose\u017eeta svoj lasten obstoj.<\/p><p>Z Rejem tvori dvojno obliko Atum-Re, v kateri se teolo\u0161ko zdru\u017eita ve\u010derno in dnevno sonce. S Khepriem in Rejem nastane trojna podoba son\u010dnega cikla: Khepri (jutranje sonce), Re (poldansko sonce), Atum (ve\u010derno sonce).<\/p>\n<p>Z Amonom v Tebah se Atum zlije v Amon-Atuma, obliko, ki je teolo\u0161ko postala pomembna v ramesidskem obdobju.<\/p><p>S Ptahom v Memfisu obstaja v \u00bbMemfi\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span>\u00ab filozofski odnos: Ptah misli in izreka to, kar Atum potem ustvarjalno izvede; ta razlaga naredi iz Atuma izvajalni vidik stvarjenja, ki ga je zasnoval Ptah. S Khnumom v Esni obstaja podobna dopolnjujo\u010da se povezava; Khnum oblikuje bitja, Atum jih privede v obstoj.<\/p>\n<p>Z Ozirisom ima Atum eshatolo\u0161ki odnos, ki je izra\u017een v Knjigi mrtvih: oba sta predstavljena kot edina preostala boga ob koncu sveta, v podobi ka\u010d. Ta konstelacija naredi iz Atuma boga kozmi\u010dnega za\u010detka in konca, iz Ozirisa pa boga vladavine podzemlja.<\/p><p>S kraljem (faraonom) obstaja poseben odnos: ob kronanju je faraon poistoveten z Atumom, ob smrti pa je kot Atum-Re sprejet v son\u010dni cikel. Ta obredna identifikacija je jedro egip\u010danske kraljevske teologije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V gr\u0161ko-rimski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiki<\/span> je bil Atum obi\u010dajno ena\u010den s Heliosom ali Apolonom, v\u010dasih tudi s Saturnom, ker je Atum \u00bbStarec\u00ab. Plutarh (\u00bbDe Iside et Osiride\u00ab 12 in 73) obravnava heliopolsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijo<\/span> in ena\u010di Atuma z gr\u0161kim \u00bbGeronom\u00ab, starcem.<\/p><p>Helenisti\u010dna hermetika je koncepte Atuma uporabljala v svojih razmi\u0161ljanjih o \u00bbautogenes theos\u00ab, \u00bbsamonastalem bogu\u00ab. To razlago zaznamuje \u00bbCorpus Hermeticum\u00ab in prek njega kr\u0161\u010dansko-gnosti\u010dna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehodna epoha med antiko in srednjim vekom, pribli\u017eno od 3. do 7. stoletja.\" tabindex=\"0\">pozne antike<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>S koncem poganskega templjanskega kulta v petem in \u0161estem stoletju kr\u0161\u010danske dobe je prakti\u010dni Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> izginil. Koptska tradicija je vendarle ohranila nekaj teolo\u0161kih konceptov, na primer predstavo o samonastalem bogu, ki se ka\u017ee v koptsko-kr\u0161\u010danski kristologiji.<\/p><p>V srednjem veku so arabski popotniki poro\u010dali o zapu\u0161\u010denih ostankih templjev v Heliopolisu; ve\u010dina obeliskov je bila skozi \u010das prepeljana v Rim (danes Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) ali v Konstantinopel.<\/p>\n<p>Sodobno ponovno odkritje Atumovega kulta se za\u010dne z Napoleonovimi znanstveniki in s Champollionovim de\u0161ifriranjem hieroglifov. V devetnajstem stoletju je Lepsius dokumentiral Atumove upodobitve; v dvajsetem stoletju so James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort in Erik Hornung sistemati\u010dno predstavili teolo\u0161ko globino heliopolske kozmogonije.<\/p><p>V novej\u0161ih raziskavah Jana Assmanna (\u00bb<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u017diveta verska dr\u017ea in praksa \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span>\u00ab, 1984) in Jamesa P. Allena (\u00bbGenesis in Egypt\u00ab, 1988) je Atum obravnavan kot osrednja figura egip\u010danske \u00bbpredrojstne teologije\u00ab. V sodobni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirni izraz za nauke, ki zahtevajo skrito znanje, dostopno le vpeljanim.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoteriki<\/span> in v literaturi novodobnega gibanja se Atum pojavlja kot prapodoba \u00bbsamorojene zavesti\u00ab, razlaga, ki se naslanja na hermeti\u010dno-gnosti\u010dno tradicijo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religiologska umestitev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum spada v kategorijo stvarni\u0161kih bogov, ki ustvarjajo s samonastankom. Ta predstava je religijskozgodovinsko izjemna: medtem ko ve\u010dina politeisti\u010dnih religij opisuje stvarjenje z bojem, zdru\u017eitvijo ali obrtni\u0161kim delom, egip\u010danska heliopolska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> pozna stvarnika, ki nastane iz samega sebe.<\/p><p>Primerljivih je le nekaj drugih predstav: hindujski Praj\u0101pati, vedski Hira\u1e47yagarbha (\u00bbzlato jajce\u00ab) in v omejeni meri tudi gnosti\u010dni Autogenes.<\/p>\n<p>Teolo\u0161ka refleksija o Atumu je vrhunce dosegla zlasti v pozni dobi. Himne iz Esne, memfi\u0161ka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> in himne iz templjev Edfu in Dendare obravnavajo paradoksne vidike stvarnika: je v prvobitnih vodah in vendar od njih lo\u010den, je sam in vendar o\u010de devetice bogov, je hkrati starodaven in ve\u010den.<\/p><p>Ta filozofska globina uvr\u0161\u010da egip\u010danski diskurz o stvarjenju med najbolj izdelane v anti\u010dni zgodovini religij in postavlja egip\u010dansko misel ob bok gr\u0161ki in indijski filozofiji.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort je v Atumu videl \u00bbvisokega boga\u00ab egip\u010danske religije, kar je pozneje relativiziral Hornung: Atum ni edini ali najvi\u0161ji bog, temve\u010d manifestacija bo\u017eanskega principa, ki se pojavlja v mnogih imenih in podobah. Jan Assmann je v \u00bbEgiptu.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u017diveta verska dr\u017ea in praksa \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span>\u00ab (1984) analiziral \u00bbnovo son\u010dno teologijo\u00ab Novega kraljestva, v kateri se Atum, Re in Kheperi zdru\u017eijo v tri vidike enotnega son\u010dnega bitja; ta razlaga napoveduje monolatri\u010dno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u017diveta verska dr\u017ea in praksa \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span> amarnske dobe pod Ehnatonom in je strukturno sorodna kasnej\u0161emu biblijskemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera v enega samega boga.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteizmu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Besedila piramid, izrek 527 (samoustvarjenje), izrek 600 (\u0160u in Tefnut), izrek 587. Sarkofagna besedila in Egip\u010danska knjiga mrtvih, zlasti izreki 17, 78 in 175. Memfi\u0161ka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> (\u0160abaka kamen, British Museum EA 498), izdaja James H. Breasted. Templjski napisi iz Esne, izdaja Sauneron. \u00bbKnjiga vrat\u00ab in \u00bbAmduat\u00ab iz kraljevih grobnic v Dolini kraljev, izdaja Hornung.<\/p><p>Strabon, \u00bbGeographika\u00ab XVII, 1, 27 do 30; Plutarh, \u00bbDe Iside et Osiride\u00ab 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u00bbKingship and the Gods\u00ab, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00bbDer Eine und die Vielen\u00ab, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u00bbGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts\u00ab, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u00bb\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologija<\/span> in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u017diveta verska dr\u017ea in praksa \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">pobo\u017enost<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur\u00ab, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum \u2013 egip\u010danski stvariteljski bog iz Heliopolisa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum je egip\u010danski stvariteljski bog iz Heliopolisa, o\u010de Devetera bogov in prapredaka celotnega 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