{"id":160746,"date":"2026-09-05T00:25:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160746"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:45:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:45:09","slug":"tupilak-umetni-mascevalni-duh-inuitov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/tupilak-umetni-mascevalni-duh-inuitov\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Umetni ma\u0161\u010devalni duh grenlandskih Inuitov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160746\" class=\"elementor elementor-160746 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Umetno ustvarjeni ma\u0161\u010devalni duh grenlandskega izro\u010dila<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak je v grenlandskem izro\u010dilu Inuitov umetno ustvarjeno bitje, sestavljeno iz \u017eivalskih in \u010dlove\u0161kih ostankov, ki so ga namensko uporabljali za \u0161kodovanje ali ubijanje sovra\u017enika. Bitje je oblikoval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozni specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in duhovnim svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>. Danes je izraz mednarodno znan predvsem kot rezljana figura iz kosti ali kamna. Religiolo\u0161ko sodi v redko skupino umetno ustvarjenih agresivnih duhov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duh izro\u010dila Inuitov.\">Duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/inuiti-in-arktika-sedna-tornit-zascitna-praksa\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija izro\u010dila Inuitov.\">Inuiti<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Umetni \u0161kodni duh.\">Umetni \u0161kodni duh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162520\" alt=\"Tupilak - duhovi iz inuitskega izro\u010dila, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev in kratek profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak v religiolo\u0161ki klasifikaciji sodi v redko skupino umetno ustvarjenih duhovnih bitij.<\/p><p>Druga\u010de kot <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160741\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160744\">Sila<\/a> ali <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160745\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, ki veljajo za dane kozmi\u010dne ali pomagajo\u010de sile, je Tupilak zavestno ustvarjena konstrukcija, namenjena konkretnemu cilju: \u0161kodovanju sovra\u017eniku. Ta konstruktivna razse\u017enost ga temeljno razlikuje od vseh drugih gesel inuitskega panteona.<\/p><p>Viri o Tupilaku se osredoto\u010dajo na Grenlandijo, zlasti na vzhodno obalo in zaliv Disko, in segajo od 18. stoletja pri Hansu Egedeju, prek Henrika Rinka v 19. stoletju, do Williama Thalbitzerja in Roberta Petersena v 20. stoletju.<\/p><p>Tudi v osrednji kanadski arktiki so izpri\u010dani sorodni izrazi, kot sta <em>tupilaq<\/em> ali <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, vendar imajo tam deloma druga\u010den pomen. Ta regionalna posebnost je znanstveno zelo pomenljiva.<\/p><p>Danes Tupilak obstaja v dveh vzporednih plasteh: kot zgodovinski koncept dejansko ustvarjenega in magi\u010dno o\u017eivljenega \u0161kodnega bitja ter kot poimenovanje rezljanih figur iz kljunov kita, jelenjih rogov in kosti, ki so se od 1880-ih let razvile kot grenlandska rokodelska umetnost. Ta dvoplastnost dela vsako razpravo o Tupilaku metodolo\u0161ko zahtevno in terja skrbno razlo\u010devanje.<\/p><p>Pri Tupilaku je novej\u0161e raziskovanje raz\u0161irilo svoja metodolo\u0161ka orodja in povezuje etnografsko natan\u010dnost, jezikoslovno kritiko virov ter primerjalno perspektivo. Ta izpopolnitev je tu \u0161e posebej potrebna, ker so starej\u0161i zahodni prikazi umetno ustvarjeno \u0161kodno bitje pogosto senzacionalisti\u010dno prikazovali; skupnost inuitskega znanja, ki je danes sama vklju\u010dena v raziskovanje, popravlja tovrstne, deloma kolonialno zaznamovane pripise.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologija in zgodovina besede<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimolo\u0161ko izraz <em>tupilak<\/em> ali <em>tupilaq<\/em> izhaja iz korena <em>tupi-<\/em>, ki v ve\u010d inuitskih jezikih pomeni prednik ali du\u0161a umrlega. Tupilak bi torej dobesedno pomenil prednikova podoba ali duhovno bitje. Robert Petersen je v svojih jezikovnozgodovinskih \u0161tudijah izdelal sorodnost z izrazi za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brezteleso bitje, ki naj bi imelo u\u010dinek v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duha<\/span> umrlega in s tem vzpostavil jezikovni most do sveta mrtvih pri Inuitih.<\/p><p>V grenlandskem jeziku obstaja tudi mno\u017einska oblika <em>tupilait<\/em>, ki ozna\u010duje skupnost teh bitij. V sodobni rabi se je pomen raz\u0161iril in se pogosto prevaja kot stra\u0161na prikazen ali zli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brezteleso bitje, ki naj bi imelo u\u010dinek v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span>, kar okraj\u0161uje izvirni pomen in izgublja specifi\u010dno razse\u017enost ustvarjanja. Znanstveno je treba to poenostavitev obravnavati kriti\u010dno.<\/p><p>Zanimivo je, da Tupilak etimolo\u0161ko ni negativno zaznamovan. Negativna vrednost izhaja iz njegove funkcije, ne iz besede same.<\/p><p>Tupilak po naravi ni zloben, temve\u010d je uporabljen za agresijo. Ta eti\u010dna nevtralnost same besede je znanstveno zanimiva, ker ka\u017ee, da moralna presoja nastane \u0161ele skozi namenjeno uporabo.<\/p><p>Poleg tega je vreden pogleda tudi religiosociolo\u0161ki vidik vloge, ki jo je Tupilak igral v dru\u017ebeni ureditvi tradicionalne skupnosti Inuitov.<\/p><p>Ker je bilo tak\u0161no bitje namensko usmerjeno proti sovra\u017eniku, se prav na njem posebej jasno ka\u017ee, da religiozna struktura ni bila lo\u010dena od dru\u017ebene prakse, temve\u010d z njo tesno prepletena. To prepletenost predstavlja lastno religiozno-antropolo\u0161ko raziskovalno polje, ki sta ga sistemati\u010dno obravnavala predvsem Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand in Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izdelava v tradicionalni praksi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etnografski viri, zlasti pri Henriku Rinku in Williamu Thalbitzerju, podrobno opisujejo izdelavo tupilaka. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozni specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in svetom duhov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span>, ki je hotel \u0161koditi sovra\u017eniku, je na skrivaj zbral sestavine: kosti razli\u010dnih \u017eivali, lase, kite, v\u010dasih ko\u0161\u010dke trupel ali kose sovra\u017enikove obleke.<\/p><p>Te sestavine so na osamljenem mestu, pogosto v skalni razpoki ali votlini, sestavili v figuro.<\/p><p>Nad to figuro so izvajali petja in zarotitve. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozni specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in svetom duhov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span> je bitje podil iz svoje podpazduhe ali naro\u010dja in mu prenesel \u017eivljenjsko mo\u010d. Nato so figuro spustili v vodo ali sneg, da bi poiskala in ubila sovra\u017enika.<\/p><p>\u010ce je bil sovra\u017enik sam mo\u010dan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozni specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in svetom duhov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>, je lahko tupilaka odbil ali ga celo obrnil proti njegovemu ustvarjalcu, kar je praksi dodajalo precej\u0161nje tveganje.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je ta praksa zanimiva, ker temelji na teoriji o\u017eivljanja anorganskih in organskih ostankov, ki je prepletena s \u0161amanskim naukom o pomo\u017enih duhovih. Tupilak je oblika konstruktivne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse, ki naj bi s posebnimi dejanji ali formulami posegale v potek dogodkov.\" tabindex=\"0\">magije<\/span>, ki je v inuitskem kozmosu hkrati dovoljena in eti\u010dno obremenjena. Fenomenologija religije jo obravnava kot me\u0161ano obliko konstrukcijske magije in o\u017eivitve z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brezteleso bitje, ki naj bi imelo vpliv na svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sama izdelava je bila nevarno dejanje. Kdor je bil odkrit, je tvegal dru\u017ebeno izob\u010denje, povra\u010dilo s strani sovra\u017enikove dru\u017eine ali smrt zaradi lastnega tupilaka. Ta struktura tveganja je stabilizirala dru\u017ebeni red in izdelavo tupilakov spremenila v izjemo, ne v pravilo, tudi \u010de pripovedi ustvarjajo vtis pogostej\u0161e prakse.<\/p><p>V primerjavi z drugimi \u0161amanskimi praksami Inuitov je izdelava tupilaka izjemno podrobno opisana, ker je veljala za nevarno anomalijo, kar je pri etnografih vzbudilo posebno zanimanje za njihove informatorje. To izkrivljanje virov je treba znanstveno upo\u0161tevati, ker morda ustvarja vtis, da je bila praksa tupilaka raz\u0161irjena bolj, kot je bila v resnici.<\/p><p>V primerjalni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske zaveze raziskuje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiji<\/span> se tupilak razume kot del tiste cirkumpolarne religiozne topografije, ki se v presenetljivo enaki strukturi ponavlja na tiso\u010de kilometrov. Ta strukturna stabilnost velja v fenomenologiji religije za eno najbolj opaznih ugotovitev stroke in je \u0161e danes predmet razprav.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropejske protipraks\u0435<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proti tupilaku je obstajal uveljavljen nabor apotropejskih praks. Kdor je sumil, da je proti njemu na poti tupilak, je poiskal \u0161amana, ki je s pomo\u010djo svojih tornaitov, torej pomo\u017enih duhov, tupilaka lahko ujel, prepoznal in poslal nazaj.<\/p><p>\u010ce se je tupilak vrnil k svojemu ustvarjalcu, mu je prinesel predvideno smrt. Ta vzajemnost je v fenomenologiji religije samostojen vzorec.<\/p><p>Druge za\u0161\u010ditne prakse so obsegale no\u0161enje apotropejskih amuletov, zapiranje vhodov v iglu z dolo\u010denimi obredi in upo\u0161tevanje splo\u0161nih pravil tabuja, katerih spo\u0161tovanje naj bi slabilo tupilaka. U\u010dinkovitost teh sredstev je bila osrednja tema vere in izku\u0161nje, ki je ob\u0161irno obravnavana v grenlandski pripovedni literaturi in predstavlja pomemben del ustnega korpusa.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je opazno, da je praksa tupilaka ustvarila tako diskurze o gro\u017enji kot o za\u0161\u010diti. Mo\u017enost agresivne rabe je pove\u010dala dru\u017ebeni pomen \u0161amanov kot varovalne instance in hkrati stabilizirala dru\u017ebeni red, saj so se odprti spopadi po navadi izogibali. Ta dru\u017ebenopoliti\u010dna funkcija gro\u017enje s tupilakom je samostojen predmet raziskovanja v sociologiji religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ke in legendarne pripovedi o tupilaku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vzhodnogrenlandsko pripovedno izro\u010dilo pozna \u0161tevilne zgodbe o tupilaku, v katerih se tupilak obrne proti svojemu ustvarjalcu, ker je bil izbrani sovra\u017enik premo\u010dan. Znana pripoved govori o \u0161amanu, ki je tupilaka usmeril proti tekmecu, ta pa je spoznal njegovo mo\u010d, ga odvrnil in poslal nazaj k po\u0161iljatelju. Ustvarjalec je zato umrl v lastnem iglu.<\/p><p>Druge pripovedi govorijo o tupilakih, ki po pomoti prizadenejo nedol\u017ene, ali o tupilakih, ki jih ustvarjalec ne obvladuje ve\u010d in ki kot blode\u010di duhovi zla begajo po tundri.<\/p><p>Te pripovedi niso zgolj zabavne, temve\u010d delujejo kot eti\u010dna svarila: kdor izdeluje tupilake, tvega lastno \u017eivljenje. Didakti\u010dna razse\u017enost teh pripovedi je v religijski pedagogiki samostojna tema.<\/p><p>Pripovedi o tupilakih so ve\u010dkrat izpri\u010dane v velikih grenlandskih zbirkah, na primer pri Henriku Rinku in Mathiasu Storchu. Predstavljajo samostojno zvrst znotraj inuitske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena ljudska kultura z navadami, pripovedmi in pesmimi.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> in so pomemben vir za znanstveno rekonstrukcijo tradicionalne \u0161amanske prakse in njenega eti\u010dnega diskurza.<\/p><p>Poseben podsklop pripovedi obravnava tupilake, opisane kot \u017eivalske hibride, ki delujejo na meji med \u017eivalskim in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesno bitje, ki naj bi vplivalo na dogajanje v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhovnim<\/span> svetom.<\/p><p>Ta hibridni zna\u010daj tupilakov je religiofenomenolo\u0161ko samostojen pojav in povezuje predstavo o tupilaku s splo\u0161no inuitsko transformacijsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijo<\/span>, v kateri so meje med \u010dlovekom, \u017eivalstvom in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesno bitje, ki naj bi vplivalo na dogajanje v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhom<\/span> prehodne. Tu se odpira samostojno raziskovalno vpra\u0161anje o konstrukciji hibridnih bitij.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od duha zla do lesene figure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pomembna preobrazba koncepta tupilaka se je za\u010dela v 1880-ih letih na vzhodnem Grenlandu. Evropski obiskovalci so \u0161amane spra\u0161evali, kako naj bi tupilaki izgledali. Ker so bili resni\u010dni tupilaki nevidni ali brezobli\u010dni in so razpadli takoj po opravljeni nalogi, so \u0161amani izrezljali modele iz kitovega zoba, jelenjega rogovja in kasneje kamna. Ti modeli so bili predstavitveni predmeti, ne pa magi\u010dno delujo\u010di tupilaki.<\/p><p>Iz teh modelov je nastala samostojna tradicija umetne obrti. Sodobne grenlandske rezljane figure tupilakov prikazujejo izmali\u010dena, hibridna bitja s \u010dlove\u0161kimi, \u017eivalskimi in fantasti\u010dnimi potezami. Predstavljajo pomemben gospodarski dejavnik za Grenland in so navzo\u010de v vsakem turisti\u010dnem prometu. Estetska raznolikost je velika in odra\u017ea ustvarjalnost posameznih rezbarjev.<\/p><p>Znanstveno gledano je ta preobrazba u\u010dbeni\u0161ki primer profanizacije neke religijske kategorije. Tupilak kot duhovno bitje je v predstavah ve\u010dinoma izginil, tupilak kot rezljana figura pa je svetovno znan. Ti dve plasti je treba jasno razlo\u010devati, \u010de \u017eelimo razumeti religijo Inuitov. To razlikovanje danes izrecno posredujejo tudi grenlandske \u0161ole in muzeji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak v primerjavi z drugimi bitji zla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V znanstveni primerjavi spada tupilak v kategorijo umetno ustvarjenih duhov agresije, ki jih poznamo v \u0161tevilnih kulturah. Strukturno sorodni so hebrejski golem, javanski <em>tuju<\/em>, haitijski kompleks <em>zonbi<\/em> in v dolo\u010denem smislu tudi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dna<\/span> prokletstvena plo\u0161\u010dica <em>katadesmos<\/em>. Vsem je skupna namenska materialna izdelava u\u010dinkovitega bitja.<\/p><p>Znotraj cirkumpolarnega prostora obstajajo vzporednice v \u010dukotski in jupi\u0161ki tradiciji, ki prav tako poznata izdelane duhove agresije, vendar z druga\u010dnimi materialnimi in obrednimi posebnostmi. Pri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/sami-in-ugrofinska-tradicija-noaidi-boben\/\">Samih<\/a> tupilaku strukturno ustrezajo izrezljana duhovna bitja, ki so imela vlogo v samskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski sistem, v katerem posebno usposobljeni posamezniki vzdr\u017eujejo stik z duhovnim svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizmu<\/span>, ne da bi lahko govorili o neposrednem zgodovinskem sorodstvu.<\/p><p>Praksa tupilaka se od zahodnih predstav o \u010drni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse, ki naj bi s posebnimi dejanji ali formulami posegale v potek dogodkov.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiji<\/span> razlikuje po tem, da ni v temelju eti\u010dno obsojena. Je tvegana, vendar znotraj inuitskega vrednostnega sistema legitimna, \u010deprav nevarna mo\u017enost v primeru spora. Ta eti\u010dna dr\u017ea dela prakso tupilaka religijsko-filozofsko zanimivo in jo jasno lo\u010di od kr\u0161\u010dansko-moralno zaznamovanih predstav o \u0161kodljivi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse, ki naj bi s posebnimi dejanji ali formulami posegale v potek dogodkov.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiji<\/span>.<\/p><p>Dodatno velja opozoriti na vzporednico z mezopotamskimi zarotitvami Lama\u0161tu, v katerih je prav tako mogo\u010de zaznati kombinacijo konstrukcije zla in apotropejske prakse, ne da bi bilo treba domnevati zgodovinsko povezavo.<\/p><p>Te strukturne analogije predstavljajo v znanstveni razpravi o univerzalnih vzorcih magije zla samostojno raziskovalno podro\u010dje in dokaz strukturne stalnosti tak\u0161nih praks skozi razli\u010dne kulture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misijon, prepoved in spomin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z misijonom, ki ga je Hans Egede leta 1721 za\u010del v Zapadni Grenlandiji in ki so ga nadaljevale moravske in dansko-luteranske cerkve, je praksa tupilaka pri\u0161la pod mo\u010dan pritisk. Veljala je za hudi\u010devo, bila je cerkveno prepovedana in dru\u017ebeno obsojena. V Vzhodni Grenlandiji, ki so jo intenzivno misijonarili \u0161ele konec 19. stoletja, se je praksa ohranila najdlje.<\/p><p>Znanstveno je te\u017eko natan\u010dno datirati izumrtje pravega izdelovanja tupilakov. William Thalbitzer leta 1923 \u0161e poro\u010da o osebah, ki so v mladosti izdelovale tupilake ali so vsaj trdile, da so to po\u010dele. V drugi polovici 20. stoletja tupilak pre\u017eivi le \u0161e v kiparski umetnosti in v pripovedni literaturi.<\/p><p>V grenlandskih \u0161olskih u\u010dbenikih in muzejih se izro\u010dilo tupilaka danes posreduje z didakti\u010dno skrbnostjo. Razlika med zgodovinsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse, ki z posebnimi dejanji ali formulami \u017eelijo posegati v potek dogodkov.\" tabindex=\"0\">magijo<\/span> in sodobno umetnostjo je izrecno poudarjena, da bi se prepre\u010dila nesporazumi. Ta pedago\u0161ka praksa je v religijski didaktiki lastno raziskovalno podro\u010dje in primer posredovanja kolonialno preoblikovane religijske zgodovine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobne raziskave in odmevi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aktualne raziskave o tupilaku potekajo predvsem v Grenlandiji sami, na primer na Grenlandskem narodnem muzeju in arhivu (Greenland National Museum and Archives) v Nuuku ter na etnolo\u0161kih in\u0161titutih danskih univerz. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne in Jens Rosing so predstavili temeljne \u0161tudije o praksi tupilaka in njeni podobni zgodovini, ki so priznane v mednarodnem raziskovalnem diskurzu.<\/p><p>Mednarodni odziv je razdeljen. Medtem ko znanstvena strokovna literatura obravnava tupilaka kot zgodovinsko-ritualno kategorijo, v popularni kulturi prevladuje njegova uporaba kot ezoteri\u010dnega ali dekorativnega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiva<\/span>. To neskladje je predmet lastnega znanstvenega premisleka o kolonialni prilastitvi avtohtonih religij in eti\u010dni problemati\u010dnosti tak\u0161nih prilastitev.<\/p><p>Znotraj inuitske diaspore je tupilak ostal simbol identitete, ne da bi bil o\u017eivljen kot magi\u010dna praksa. Ta dvojna dr\u017ea, ohranjanje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadomestno predstavlja neko predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbola<\/span> ob zavestni opustitvi prakse, je znanstveno pomenljiva in ka\u017ee selektivno prila\u0161\u010danje tradicionalnih konceptov v sodobnem oblikovanju avtohtone identitete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povezave v leksikonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sorodni so gesla <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160745\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160741\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160744\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160747\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160749\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160748\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160750\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160751\">Malina<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160752\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kulturno vozli\u0161\u010de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/inuiti-in-arktika-sedna-tornit-zascitna-praksa\/\">Inuitsko izro\u010dilo<\/a> okviri religijsko zgodovino. Strukturno podobni duhovi izdelkov se najdejo v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/sami-in-ugrofinska-tradicija-noaidi-boben\/\">samski<\/a> vrsti gesel in pri \u0161tevilnih drugih tradicijah po svetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izdelovanje tupilaka v izro\u010dilu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak v grenlandskem inuitskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilu<\/span> ni rojeno bitje, temve\u010d izdelano.<\/p><p>Po opisih, ki izhajajo med drugim iz zapiskov Pete Thule ekspedicije pod vodstvom Knuda Rasmussena in iz starej\u0161ih potopisov, je oseba, ki je \u017eelela \u0161kodovati drugemu \u010dloveku, na skrivaj izdelala bitje iz razli\u010dnih materialov. Uporabljali so kosti, dele \u017eivali, ko\u0161\u010dke ko\u017euhov, kite ter v\u010dasih tudi nekaj od telesa otroka ali umrlega.<\/p><p>Ti deli so bili sestavljeni v majhno, pogosto brezobli\u010dno figuro. S petjem, zaklinjanjem in po nekaterih poro\u010dilih s stikom z lastnim telesom izdelovalca je bilo figuri vdihnjeno \u017eivljenje. Tupilak je bil tako orodje \u0161kodljive magije: poslan je bil v morje, da poi\u0161\u010de dolo\u010deno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu, s katerim se izra\u017ea zahvala, pro\u0161nja ali \u010da\u0161\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertev<\/span> in jo ubije.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">Izro\u010dilo<\/span> pa poudarja, da je bil tupilak nevaren tudi za svojega ustvarjalca. \u010ce je imela zami\u0161ljena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu, s katerim se izra\u017ea zahvala, pro\u0161nja ali \u010da\u0161\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertev<\/span> mo\u010dnej\u0161e nadnaravne mo\u010di ali je bila sama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religijski specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in svetom duhov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span>, je lahko tupilaka odbila in ga poslala nazaj. Vrnjeni tupilak je nato ubil tistega, ki ga je izdelal.<\/p><p>Izdelovanje je zato veljalo za zelo tvegano in dru\u017ebeno obsojano dejanje. Viri za te predstave so povsod zapisi od zunaj, ki so jih zbrali udele\u017eenci ekspedicij, duhovniki in popotniki, in se nana\u0161ajo predvsem na Vzhodno in Zapadno Grenlandijo. Enotne prakse za celoten inuitski svet iz tega ni mogo\u010de izpeljati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izrezljane figure tupilaka in kolonialni trg umetnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Danes najbolj znani predmeti tupilak so majhne izrezljane figure iz zoba, kosti, ro\u017eevine ali lesa, ki upodabljajo grotesken, izmi\u0161ljen in spa\u010den videz. Vendar te figure niso identi\u010dne bitjem \u0161kodljive magije, opisanim v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilu<\/span>. Prvotni tupilaki so bili skriti, na skrivaj izdelani predmeti, ki jih ni smel videti nih\u010de in ki po uporabi niso bili ohranjeni.<\/p><p>Izrezljane figure so nastale \u0161ele ob stiku z Evropejci. Popotniki, misijonarji in kasneje turisti so \u017eeleli videti, kako naj bi tupilak izgledal, zato so Grenlandci ustvarili vidne upodobitve tega, kar je do tedaj obstajalo le kot predstava.<\/p><p>Iz tega sre\u010danja se je od poznega 19. in zlasti v 20. stoletju razvila samostojna rezbarska umetnost, posebej v vzhodni Grenlandiji okoli Ammassalika. Figure tupilak so postale trdno vpeta prvina grenlandske ljudske umetnosti in jih izdelujejo \u0161e danes.<\/p><p>Za znanost je ta razvoj instruktiven primer koloninalno zaznamovane zgodovine predmetov. Kar je v muzejih in zbirkah pospravljeno kot tupilak, je ve\u010dinoma izdelek obdobja stikov, ne pa pri\u010da predkolonialne obredne prakse. Etnologi, kot je William Thalbitzer, ki je zgodaj v 20. stoletju raziskoval vzhodno Grenlandijo, so razlike med izro\u010deno predstavo in vidno figuro opredelili \u017ee zgodaj.<\/p><p>Izrezljani tupilaki vseeno niso zgolj ponaredki, temve\u010d samostojna umetni\u0161ka tradicija, ki je staro predstavo prenesla v novo, materialno obliko. Pri vsaki izjavi o predmetih tupilak je zato treba razlo\u010devati, ali gre za izro\u010deno predstavo ali za rezbarsko umetnost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak v grenlandskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilu<\/span> velja za umetno ustvarjenega <strong>ma\u0161\u010devalnega duha<\/strong>, ki ga je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verski specialist, ki naj bi posredoval med ljudmi in duhovnim svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> ali angakkoq izdelal iz kosti, \u017eivalskih ostankov in ko\u017ee, da bi prizadel dolo\u010denega nasprotnika.<\/p><p>Kot namensko ustvarjen ma\u0161\u010devalni duh se tupilak razlikuje od svobodno blode\u010dih duhovnih bitij inuitskega izro\u010dila, ker je usmerjen na konkretno osebo in se lahko, kot navajajo viri, obrne proti lastnemu stvarniku, br\u017e ko je napadena tar\u010da bolje zavarovana, kot je bilo pri\u010dakovano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni izrazi: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait duh \u0161kode izrezljana figura vzhodna Grenlandija zob kita Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadaljuje kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/inuiti-in-arktika-sedna-tornit-zascitna-praksa\/\">Inuitov<\/a> in mnogih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak inuitski ma\u0161\u010devalni duh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - ma\u0161\u010devalni duh in rezljana figura Inuitov","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak je umetno ustvarjeni ma\u0161\u010devalni duh grenlandskih Inuitov, kasneje rezljana figura. Religiologska uvrstitev in viri.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160746","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tupilak - ma\u0161\u010devalni duh in rezljana figura Inuitov<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tupilak je umetno ustvarjeni ma\u0161\u010devalni duh grenlandskih Inuitov, kasneje rezljana figura. 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