{"id":160717,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160717"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:44:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:44:20","slug":"baal-hammon-vrhovni-bog","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/baal-hammon-vrhovni-bog\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 karteljanski vrhovni bog"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160717\" class=\"elementor elementor-160717 elementor-2628 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, punsko-kartaginski vrhovni bog in Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (punsko <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) je vrhovni mo\u0161ki bog punske Kartagine in njenih kolonij. Pojavlja se redno skupaj z <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a> in je prejemnik zaobljubnih daritev iz tofeta. V rimski dobi je bil ena\u010den s Saturnom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Feni\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.\">Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162553\" alt=\"Baal Hammon - bogovi iz feni\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev in kratek profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je eno najpomembnej\u0161ih bo\u017eanstev zapadnomediteranskega punskega sveta. Sabatino Moscati je v delu <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) pokazal, da je bil Baal-Hammon v feni\u010danski mati\u010dni domovini sicer izpri\u010dan, vendar drugorazreden; v Kartagini pa je dosegel vrh panteona in si to mesto deli s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a>. Znotraj <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">feni\u010danske tradicije<\/a> je prototipski punski vrhovni bog.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet je v delu <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumentirala njegovo mediteransko raz\u0161irjenost; sveti\u0161\u010da Baal-Hammona so izpri\u010dana v Kartagini, Motyi, Tharrosu, Sulcisu, Hadrumetumu in \u0161tevilnih drugih najdi\u0161\u010dih. V rimski cesarski dobi se njegovo \u010da\u0161\u010denje nadaljuje kot Saturnus Africanus in dose\u017ee v numidijsko-mavretanski provinci opazno vztrajnost vse do 4. stoletja po Kr.<\/p><p>Religijskozgodovinsko Baal-Hammon predstavlja tip vrhovnega boga s ktoni\u010dnimi in solarnimi razse\u017enostmi. Marcel Le Glay je v delu <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) pokazal, da ena\u010denje z rimskim Saturnom temelji na dvojni naravi Baal-Hammona: je hkrati bog \u017eita in letine (saturnski vidik) ter ktoni\u010den bog-o\u010de.<\/p><p>Stele iz tofeta in \u0161tevilni napisi izpri\u010dujejo njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> kot osrednje religijskozgodovinsko dejstvo.<\/p><p>Vztrajnost Baal-Hammona v rimski cesarski dobi kot Saturnus Africanus je eden najbolj opaznih primerov verskozgodovinske kontinuitete po politi\u010dnem zlomu punske dr\u017eave. Iz severnoafri\u0161kih provinc je ohranjenih ve\u010d kot dva tiso\u010d Saturnovih stel, od 1. do 4. stoletja po Kr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> je sestavljeno iz <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;gospod&#8217; in <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, katerega etimologija je sporna. Ena razlaga povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s korenom <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8216;biti vro\u010d&#8217; in vidi Baal-Hammona kot &#8216;gospoda vro\u010dine&#8217;, domnevno s solarnim vidikom.<\/p><p>Druga razlaga vidi v <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> krajevno ime &#8216;Hammon&#8217; (morda kraj v Feniciji) in Baal-Hammona kot &#8216;gospoda Hammona&#8217;. Tretja mo\u017enost povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> s predmeti kadilnega kulta (&#8216;kadilni altar&#8217;).<\/p><p>Charles Krahmalkov je v delu <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) zbral epigrafske razli\u010dice; v napisih se pojavlja kot <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> ali na kratko <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. Gr\u0161ka oblika je \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Ammon), v helenisti\u010dni dobi je bil ob\u010dasno ena\u010den tudi z egiptovskim Amonom (v sledovih). Rimsko ena\u010denje s Saturnom je najbolj trajno in zaznamuje afri\u0161ko-rimsko religijsko zgodovino.<\/p><p>V hebrejskem gradivu se Hammon pojavlja kot krajevno ime v Galileji; ali obstaja neposredna zgodovinska povezava, ni jasno. V aramejskih napisih iz Palmire se pojavlja bog <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> s podobnimi funkcijami kot Baal-Hammon; tudi tu je natan\u010dno sorodstvo sporno. Religijskozgodovinsko je Baal-Hammon specifi\u010dno zahodni razvoj.<\/p><p>\u0160e ena etimolo\u0161ka hipoteza povezuje <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> z aramejskim <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> &#8216;usmiliti se&#8217;, kar bi imelo teolo\u0161ko globok pomen, vendar jezikovnozgodovinsko ni potrjena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon se v punski ikonografiji ve\u010dinoma pojavlja kot sede\u010d bradat starec s krono iz bikovih rogov, dolgim nagubanim obla\u010dilom in \u017eezlom. To slikovno izro\u010dilo je ve\u010dkrat izpri\u010dano na tofetskih stelah in ga razlikuje od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/baal-hadad-fenicanski-bog-nevihte\/\">Baal-Hadada<\/a>, ki se pojavlja kot mladostni bog nevihte z dvignjeno sekiro. Baal-Hammonov star\u010devski profil ga teolo\u0161ko povezuje z ugaritskim Elom in s Saturnom.<\/p><p>Njegova sveta \u017eival je oven ali kozel; v punskih daritvenih obredih je bil oven priljubljena \u017ertvena \u017eival. Na nekaterih stelah se pojavlja ob sfingah ali grifonih.<\/p><p>V Kartagini je bil v mestnem templju postavljen kolosalen bronast kip Baal-Hammona; omenjajo ga viri v zvezi s tofetskimi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu, s katerim se izra\u017ea zahvala, pro\u0161nja ali \u010da\u0161\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritvami<\/span>, kip pa naj bi imel mehanizme, s katerimi so \u017ertvene \u017eivali ali otroci padli v ogenj pod njim. Kritika teh virov je sporna in se danes ocenjuje bolj zadr\u017eano.<\/p><p>V helenisti\u010dno-rimskem obdobju se ikonografija Baal-Hammona vse bolj zliva s tradicijo Saturna; poznorimske Saturnove stele iz Severne Afrike (3. in 4. stoletje po Kr.) prikazujejo boga kot bradatega starca s srpom, natanko po Saturnovem vzoru. S to ikonografijo Saturna Afri\u0161kega se je podrobno ukvarjal Marcel Le Glay v svoji monografiji, ki je tudi njegova osrednja tema.<\/p><p>Pomemben arheolo\u0161ki vir so \u0161tevilne bronaste kipce iz tofeta, ki Baal-Hammona prikazujejo sede\u010dega z dvignjeno roko, v gesti podeljevanja blagoslova. Te kipce so delno postavljali kot zaobljubne darove v samem tofetu, delno pa v bivalnih hi\u0161ah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ka pripovedovanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samostojni miti o Baal-Hammonu niso izpri\u010dani; tako kot pri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a> gre pri njem predvsem za kultno-ritualno postavo. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dna<\/span> poro\u010dila (Diodor, Polibij, Plutarh, Tertulijan) omenjajo otro\u0161ke \u017ertve v tofetu kot njegov najpomembnej\u0161i kultni obred.<\/p><p>Diodor (20.14) podrobno poro\u010da o velikem otro\u0161kem \u017ertvovanju leta 310 pr. Kr., ko je Kartagino obkolil Agatoklej Siraku\u0161ki; v skrajni sili so \u017ertvovali 200 plemenitih de\u010dkov, da bi pomirili jezo boga.<\/p><p>Zgodovinska verodostojnost teh poro\u010dil je \u017ee generacije predmet razprav; gre za gr\u0161ko-rimske polemi\u010dne vire, ki jih je treba kriti\u010dno presojati. Arheolo\u0161ke najdbe iz tofeta pa potrjujejo, da so tam v precej\u0161njem \u0161tevilu pokopavali dojen\u010dke in majhne otroke; ali so vedno \u0161li za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje hvale\u017enosti, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span> ali tudi za naravno umrle, je predmet tofetske kontroverze.<\/p><p>Avgu\u0161tin Hiponski v delu <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 polemizira proti kultom Saturna Africanusa in opisuje otro\u0161ke \u017ertve kot &#8216;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8217;. Ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehodno obdobje med antiko in srednjim vekom, pribli\u017eno od 3. do 7. stoletja.\" tabindex=\"0\">poznoanti\u010dna<\/span> polemika je del konstrukcije kr\u0161\u010danske Kartagine in jo je treba zgodovinsko brati previdno, vendar odra\u017ea trajno povezavo Baal-Hammona z motivi otro\u0161kega \u017ertvovanja v anti\u010dnem dojemanju. Znanstvena presoja te prakse ostaja sporna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno kultno mesto Baal-Hammona je bil tofet v Kartagini; poleg tega so tofeti obstajali tudi v Motyi, Tharrosu, Sulcisu, Hadrumetumu, Cirti, Lambafundiju in na \u0161tevilnih drugih najdi\u0161\u010dih. Na vsakem od teh sveti\u0161\u010d je bil Baal-Hammon glavni prejemnik posvetilnih daril, pogosto skupaj s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a>. Posvetilni napisi sledijo standardni formuli: &#8216;Gospodu Baal-Hammonu, kar je N.N. obljubil, ker ga je usli\u0161al&#8217;.<\/p><p>Poleg tega so obstajali mestni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templji<\/span> Baal-Hammona, na primer v Thinissutu in v Kartagini sami (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> na gri\u010du Byrsa). Sabatino Moscati je punsko templjansko arhitekturo dokumentiral v ve\u010d publikacijah.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templji<\/span> sledijo tridelni zasnovi: predvorje, glavna dvorana, najsvetej\u0161i prostor. V notranjosti je stala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slikovna upodobitev bo\u017eanstva, \u010da\u0161\u010denega v templju ali sveti\u0161\u010du.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultna podoba<\/span> ali &#8216;mazeba&#8217; (sveti steber), pri \u010demer je slednja zna\u010dilna za feni\u010dansko brezpodobnost najvi\u0161jega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>.<\/p><p>V rimski cesarski dobi so Baal-Hammona \u0161e naprej \u010dastili kot Saturna Africanusa; njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> v Kartagini so preimenovali in na novo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Z religioznim dejanjem izro\u010deno svetemu in tako izvzeto iz vsakdanjega.\" tabindex=\"0\">posvetili<\/span>.<\/p><p>\u0160tevilo stel Saturna v severni Afriki presega \u0161tevilo stel vseh drugih rimskih bo\u017eanstev v tej regiji; Baal-Hammon-Saturn je bil vse do 4. stoletja po Kr. najpomembnej\u0161e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> afri\u0161kih provinc. Kr\u0161\u010danjenje in invazija Vandalov sta njegovemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skupek verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za dolo\u010deno bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> naredila konec.<\/p><p>Pomemben numizmati\u010dni vir so kartaginske tetradrahme iz 4. in 3. stoletja pr. Kr., ki na sprednji strani prikazujejo Baal-Hammonovo kronio iz bikovih rogov kot za\u0161\u010ditno formulo. Kovanci so bili kovani v velikem \u0161tevilu za pla\u010do kartaginskih vojska in so Baal-Hammonovo podobo raz\u0161irili vse do \u0160panije in Sicilije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa in apotropejsko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je bil za\u0161\u010ditnik mesta, dru\u017eine in letine. V punskih napisih se pojavlja kot prejemnik zaobljub <em>n\u0113der<\/em> v kriznih razmerah: pred potovanji, pred bitkami, ob boleznih, ob porodih. Pogostost njegovega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prose\u010dno ali rotilno nagovarjanje bo\u017eanstva ali mo\u010di.\" tabindex=\"0\">klicanja<\/span> v zasebnih posvetilnih darilih ka\u017ee na intenzivno zasebno pobo\u017enost punskega prebivalstva.<\/p><p>Na vhodih hi\u0161 in v bivalnih prostorih so njegove simbole uporabljali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odganjajo\u010de zlo: o znakih in predmetih, namenjenih odganjanju \u0161kodljivih vplivov.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropejsko<\/span>: kroniio iz bikovih rogov, srp in &#8216;kaducejski&#8217; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadome\u0161\u010da neko predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>, ki je v punskem svetu redno povezan z Baal-Hammonom. Bronaste kipce bradatega sede\u010dega boga s krono iz bikovih rogov so odkrili na \u0161tevilnih punskih bivalnih najdi\u0161\u010dih.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Z znanstvenega vidika je Baal-Hammonova za\u0161\u010ditna funkcija mo\u010dno povezana z dr\u017eavnim redom, obenem pa je zasidrana tudi v osebno-dru\u017einski sferi. Prakso tofeta je treba razumeti kot posebno obliko krizne pobo\u017enosti, ne da bi jo danes znanstveno pozitivno vrednotili. iWell Guard navaja Baal-Hammona kot zgodovinsko-religiozno figuro brez sodobnih navezav na obljube ozdravljenja.<\/p><p>Tesna povezava Baal-Hammona s punskim bojevanjem je dobro dokumentirana; Hanibalova zaobljuba pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dvignjeno mesto ali miza za \u017ertvovanja in verska dejanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">oltarju<\/span> Baal-Hammona v devetem letu starosti, da bo Rim vedno obravnaval kot ve\u010dnega sovra\u017enika, je ena najbolj znanih anti\u010dnih anekdot in sodi v tradicijo punskih vojnih prisege.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon je zgodovinsko soroden ugaritskemu Elu (staremu bogu-o\u010detu), mezopotamskemu Anu, rimskemu Saturnu in gr\u0161kemu Kronosu. Identifikacija s Saturnom je najbolj trajna; Marcel Le Glay je v delu <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) pokazal, da je ta sinkreza temeljno oblikovala afri\u0161ki Saturnov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> v cesarskem obdobju.<\/p><p>S Kronosom si Baal-Hammon deli profil ostarelega boga-o\u010deta, povezanega z otro\u0161kimi \u017ertvovanji; gr\u0161ki Kronosov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved o bogovih, izvorih in redu sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> vklju\u010duje po\u017eiranje lastnih otrok, kar so v helenisti\u010dni zavesti povezovali s karta\u017eanskimi \u017ertvovanji v Tofetu. Plutarh (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) to povezavo izrecno navaja.<\/p><p>S <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/kumarbi-hurritski-oce-bogov\/\">Kumarbijem<\/a> iz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/hetitsko-anatolska-tarhunna-zascita\/\">hetitskega izro\u010dila<\/a> si Baal-Hammon deli tip strmoglavljenega ali izpodrinjenega boga-o\u010deta. Religiozno-zgodovinsko spada v mednarodno dru\u017eino starih sredozemskih bogov-o\u010detov, katerih funkcijo je deloma izpodrinila mlaj\u0161a generacija bogov nevihte. V rimski provinci Africa Proconsularis je to staro sredozemsko izro\u010dilo nenavadno dolgo ostalo \u017eivo.<\/p><p>Povezava med Baal-Hammonom in egiptovskim Amon-Rejem je bila aktivirana v helenisti\u010dni dobi; oaza Siva z Amonovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraj ali ustanova, kjer se pridobi bo\u017eansko sporo\u010dilo.\" tabindex=\"0\">prero\u010di\u0161\u010dem<\/span> je bila iz Kartagine dobro dosegljiva, nekateri viri pa poro\u010dajo o karta\u017eanskih romanjih tja. Zgodovinski pomen te sinkreze je sporen, vendar zanimiv.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobno sprejemanje in raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raziskovanje Baal-Hammona danes poteka na visoki ravni. Delo Marcela Le Glaya <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) je klasi\u010dna standardna referenca; Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar in Lawrence Stager so prispevali pomembne raziskave o Tofetu. Delo Briana Doaka <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) obravnava brezpodobno izro\u010dilo Baal-Hammona. \u0160tudije Josephine Quinn o punski identiteti so v zadnjih letih pomemben prispevek.<\/p><p>V popularni recepciji je Baal-Hammon znan predvsem po polemiki o Tofetu in po <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dni<\/span> kr\u0161\u010danski polemiki; podoba je izkrivljena in znanstveno malo utemeljena. Bolj poglobljene znanstvene predstavitve najdemo v omenjenih delih.<\/p><p>Znanstveno velja Baal-Hammon danes za osrednji predmet raziskav punske religije, tradicije Saturna Afri\u0161kega in sredozemske zgodovine religij. Trenutna raziskovalna poudarja so na bioarheolo\u0161ki analizi Tofeta, na tradiciji stel Saturna Afri\u0161kega in na vpra\u0161anju berberske komponente. iWell Guard ga uvr\u0161\u010da kot zgodovinskega \u010dlana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aktualne raziskave Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) so na novo obravnavale punsko identiteto in njeno versko samoopredelitev ter postavile v vpra\u0161anje vlogo Baal-Hammona kot &#8216;boga Feni\u010danov&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura in viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naslednji izbor zdru\u017euje najpomembnej\u0161a standardna dela o raziskovanju Baal-Hammona. Vklju\u010duje arheolo\u0161ka poro\u010dila, religiozno-zgodovinske sinteze in epigrafske izdaje. Monografija Marcela Le Glaya je klasi\u010dna referenca; Moscati in Aubet ponujata punski okvir; Doak ikonolo\u0161ko perspektivo. Novej\u0161a \u0161tudija Quinn pa raziskovanje usmerja v kriti\u010dno razpravo o identiteti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tofet Kartagine in najdbe stel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavna pri\u010da kulta Baal Hammona ni besedilo, temve\u010d sveti okoli\u0161. Gre za tako imenovani Tofet Kartagine, sveti\u0161\u010de na obrobju anti\u010dnega mesta, v dana\u0161nji mestni \u010detrti Salammb\u00f4. Izkopavanja so se za\u010dela v dvajsetih letih 20. stoletja. Odlo\u010dilna je bila kampanja ameri\u0161ke arheologinje in njene ekipe v sedemdesetih letih, znana pod imenom &#8220;Punic Project&#8221;.<\/p><p>Okoli\u0161 vsebuje tiso\u010de majhnih \u017ear z zoglenelimi ostanki dojen\u010dkov in mladih \u017eivali, nad njimi pa postavljene kamnite stele.<\/p><p>Mnoge od teh stel nosijo posvetilne napise v punski pisavi. Obi\u010dajna formula najprej omenja <em>Baal Hammona<\/em> in boginjo <em>Tinnit<\/em> (pogosto imenovano &#8220;Tinnit, obli\u010dje Baala&#8221;), nato ime darovalca in njegovo pro\u0161njo.<\/p><p>Ti napisi so najgostej\u0161i epigrafski vir za punsko religijo nasploh in Baal Hammona s tem uvr\u0161\u010dajo med najbolje izpri\u010dana karta\u017eanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>.<\/p><p>Razlaga Tofeta je sporna \u017ee od 19. stoletja. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dni<\/span> gr\u0161ki in rimski avtorji, kot sta Diodor in Plutarh, poro\u010dajo o karta\u017eanskih otro\u0161kih \u017ertvovanjih, in del raziskovalcev v Tofetu vidi arheolo\u0161ko potrditev tega.<\/p><p>Nasprotno stali\u0161\u010de, ki ga zastopajo med drugim Sabatino Moscati in kasneje drugi, razlaga okoli\u0161 kot pokopali\u0161\u010de za sicer \u017ee umrle dojen\u010dke. Novej\u0161e osteolo\u0161ke raziskave zoglenelih kosti razprave niso dokon\u010dno razre\u0161ile. Za opis Baal Hammona to pomeni: njegovo najpomembnej\u0161e kultno mesto je hkrati najbolj sporno najdi\u0161\u010de punske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki raziskuje pretekle kulture na podlagi materialnih najdb.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologije<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretatio: Saturn, Kronos in nadaljnje \u017eivljenje v rimskem obdobju<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon ni izginil z uni\u010denjem Kartagine leta 146 pr. n. \u0161t. V rimski severni Afriki je \u0161e naprej \u017eivel pod imenom <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, kar predstavlja enega najbolje pri\u010danih kultov province Africa.<\/p><p>Stotine stel boga Saturna iz rimskega obdobja ka\u017eejo, da je punsko prebivalstvo svoje staro glavno bo\u017eanstvo \u0161e naprej \u010dastilo pod rimskim imenom, z lastnimi ikonografskimi potezami, na primer bog pod tan\u010dico ali s srpom.<\/p><p>\u017de Grki so Baal Hammona ena\u010dili s <em>Kronosom<\/em>, kar igra pomembno vlogo predvsem v poro\u010dilih o otro\u0161kih \u017ertvovanjih, saj je Kronos po\u017eiral svoje lastne otroke.<\/p><p>Rimljani so nato izbrali Saturna, latinsko ustreznico Kronosa. Ta <em>interpretatio<\/em> je za raziskovanje dvorezno orodje: po eni strani ka\u017ee kontinuiteto, po drugi pa punsko podobo prekriva z gr\u0161ko-rimskimi predstavami.<\/p><p>Vpra\u0161anja, kdo je bil Baal Hammon prvotno, torej s poznej\u0161o ena\u010dbo s Saturnom samo ni mogo\u010de odgovoriti. Razpravlja se, ali vzdevek <em>Hammon<\/em> napeljuje na krajevno ime, na primer na severnosirski Hamath ali na neko goro, ali pa na semitsko besedo za &#8220;posodo z \u017eerjavico&#8221; oziroma &#8220;kadilni altar&#8221;.<\/p><p>Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella in drugi so obravnavali ta vpra\u0161anja, brez da bi bilo dose\u017eeno soglasje. Zagotovo je le to, da je rimska maska Saturna najmlaj\u0161a, ne pa prvotna plast te podobe. O zahodnosemitskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je znotraj neke religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span> z enakim korenom imena glej tudi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160719\">Yam<\/a> v ugaritskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota vseh bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon nastopa kot punsko-kartaginsko vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo, \u010digar tofetska sveti\u0161\u010da v Kartagini pri\u010dajo o njegovem statusu najvi\u0161jega za\u0161\u010ditnega bo\u017eanstva; v rimskem obdobju ga \u0161e naprej \u010dastijo kot Saturnusa Africanusa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Baal Hammon, Kartagina, Punsko, Saturnus, Tofet, otro\u0161ka \u017ertvovanja, Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se navezuje na kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">Feni\u010danov<\/a> in \u0161tevilnih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb 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2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2848,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hammon Kartagina vrhovni bog","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Kartagina vrhovni bog, tofet, Saturn","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mo\u0161ki bog Kartagine, soprog Tanit in prejemnik posvetil v tofetu. Religiologska umestitev.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160717","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hammon \u2013 Kartagina vrhovni bog, tofet, Saturn<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon je vrhovni mo\u0161ki bog Kartagine, soprog Tanit in prejemnik posvetil v tofetu. 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