{"id":160715,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160715"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:44:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:44:19","slug":"melkart-mestni-bog-tira","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/melkart-mestni-bog-tira\/","title":{"rendered":"Melkart \u2013 mestni bog Tira"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160715\" class=\"elementor elementor-160715 elementor-2626 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melkart, feni\u010danski mestni bog Tira in 'Herakles' Feni\u010danov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart (feni\u010dansko <em>mlqrt<\/em>, dobesedno &#8216;kralj mesta&#8217;) je vrhovni mestni bog Tira in eden najpomembnej\u0161ih feni\u010danskih bogov nasploh. Grki so ga ena\u010dili s Heraklom (&#8216;Herakles-Melkart&#8217;), in v helenisti\u010dno-rimskem svetu je bil pogosto \u010da\u0161\u010den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije feni\u010danski.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije feni\u010danski.\">Feni\u010danski<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mestni bog.\">Mestni bog<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162551\" alt=\"Melkart \u2013 bogovi iz feni\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev in kratek profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart je glavni bog feni\u010danskega mati\u010dnega mesta Tira in tako zaseda klju\u010dno mesto v mediteranski zgodovini religij.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet je v svoji monografiji <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) predstavila najobse\u017enej\u0161o \u0161tudijo o tem bogu; poka\u017ee, da je bil Melkart hkrati mestni bog, za\u0161\u010ditnik kraljev, heroj in kontonski bog vstajenja. Znotraj <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">feni\u010danske tradicije<\/a> je osrednji mo\u0161ki glavni bog tirske tradicije.<\/p><p>Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota religioznih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se je s tirskimi kolonijami raz\u0161iril po celotnem Sredozemlju. V Gadesu (danes C\u00e1diz, \u0160panija) je stal najpomembnej\u0161i Melkartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> zahodno od samega Tira; prisoten je bil tudi v Kartagini. Maria Eugenia Aubet je v <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) podrobno dokumentirala njegovo mediteransko raz\u0161irjenost.<\/p><p>Z vidika zgodovine religij Melkart predstavlja tip mestnega in kraljevskega boga, ki se vsako pomlad sezonsko obnavlja z &#8216;prebujenjem&#8217; (<em>egersis<\/em>). To prebujenjsko praznovanje je ena od zna\u010dilnih religijsko-zgodovinskih potez Melkarta in ga razlikuje od drugih mestnih bo\u017eanstev. Povezava z gr\u0161kim Heraklom je nastala zaradi funkcionalnih podobnosti in intenzivnih gr\u0161ko-feni\u010danskih stikov od 8. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. dalje.<\/p><p>Posebna zna\u010dilnost Melkarta je tesna povezanost s tirsko kraljevo hi\u0161o: kralj Tira je bil hkrati tudi vrhovni Melkartov duhovnik; letno prebujenjsko slovesnost je osebno izvajal kralj. Ta enotnost politi\u010dne in obredne vrhovne oblasti je z religijsko-zgodovinskega vidika primerljiva z egiptovskim faraonom ali rimskim <em>pontifex maximusom<\/em>.<\/p><p>Tudi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/hetitsko-anatolska-tarhunna-zascita\/\">hetitska tradicija<\/a> je poznala primerljive mestne in kraljeve za\u0161\u010ditne bogove; tesna primerjava s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/sarruma-hurijski-gorski-bog-zascitnik-kraljev\/\">Sarrumo<\/a> omogo\u010da pomemben strukturni vpogled v poznobronastodobno kraljevo teologijo vzhodnega Sredozemlja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Melkart je sestavljenka iz <em>mlk<\/em> &#8216;kralj&#8217; in <em>qrt<\/em> &#8216;mesto&#8217;, torej dobesedno &#8216;kralj mesta&#8217;. Mesto je Tir, in Melkart je &#8216;kralj Tira&#8217; v bo\u017eanskem pomenu.<\/p><p>Ta etimologija je nesporna in jasno dokumentirana v napisih. V klinopisnih besedilih se pojavlja kot <em>Milqartu<\/em>, v gr\u0161kih virih kot Melkart ali Melkart, v helenisti\u010dnih sinkretizmih kot Herakles-Melkart.<\/p><p>Alternativna razlaga vidi v <em>mlk<\/em> ne le pomen &#8216;kralj&#8217; v posvetnem smislu, temve\u010d tudi &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje zahvale, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritev<\/span>&#8216; (molk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje zahvale, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritev<\/span>), torej dvojni pomen istega korena v feni\u010dan\u0161\u010dini. Ta razlaga pa je v raziskavah manj zastopana.<\/p><p>Na gr\u0161ki strani se njegovo ime pojavlja kot &#8216;Herakles-Tirios&#8217;, &#8216;Herakles&#8217; ali pod teofori\u010dnim delom imena &#8216;Melikartos&#8217;. Ena\u010denje s Heraklom je literarno dokumentirano od 5. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. (Herodot 2.44). Gr\u0161ka mitska figura Herakla nosi poteze feni\u010danskega Melkarta, zlasti v mitih o potovanju na &#8216;zahod&#8217; in umoru Geriona.<\/p><p>Teofori\u010dno osebno ime Hamilkar je bilo v Kartagini zelo raz\u0161irjeno; nosili so ga \u0161tevilni pomembni kartaginski poveljniki, med njimi Hamilkar Barka, o\u010de Hanibala. Ta imenska tradicija pri\u010da o trajnem pomenu Melkarta v politi\u010dnem \u017eivljenju punske dr\u017eave.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart se v feni\u010danski ikonografiji ve\u010dinoma prikazuje kot bradat mo\u0161ki v kratkem predpasniku, z dvignjeno bojno sekiro ali kijem, v\u010dasih z lokom, pogosto oble\u010den v levjo ko\u017eo. Ta ikonografija levje ko\u017ee je zgodovinsko pomembna, ker se je neposredno prenesla v gr\u0161ko heraklovsko tradicijo s levjo ko\u017eo in kijem.<\/p><p>Na helenisti\u010dnih kovancih Tira se Melkart-Herakles pogosto pojavlja s kijem in levjo ko\u017eo; na kartaginskih stelah iz tofeta stoji ob\u010dasno ob <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160717\">Baal-Hamonu<\/a>. Pomembna ikonografska tradicija je &#8216;Melkart na morskem konju&#8217;, ki pri\u010da o njegovi povezavi s pomorstvom in morjem.<\/p><p>Njegova sveta \u017eival je lev; na nekaterih reliefih je upodobljen korakajo\u010d po levu ali kako du\u0161i leva. Tudi orel se v nekaterih poznej\u0161ih upodobitvah pojavlja kot njegov spremljevalec. Aphakide Bonnet je podrobno dokumentirala ikonografsko raznolikost; poka\u017ee, da je Melkart v vsakem sredozemskem okolju razvil rahlo druga\u010dne slikovne tradicije.<\/p><p>Na znameniti &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pokon\u010dno stoje\u010da, napisana ali poslikana kamnita ali lesena plo\u0161\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">steli<\/span> Jehavmilka&#8217;, kralja Biblosa (5. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.), se sicer ne pojavlja Melkart sam, vendar pa slikovna formula kraljevsko-bo\u017eanskega sre\u010danja, ki je zna\u010dilna za feni\u010dansko tradicijo kraljevskega boga. Ta ikonografska konvencija sega od Tira preko Biblosa do Kartagine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ka pripovedovanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feni\u010danski miti o Melkartu so ohranjeni le v fragmentih. Evzebij Cezarejski navaja pripoved iz dela Filona iz Biblosa (Praeparatio Evangelica 1.10), v kateri je Melkart prikazan kot heroj in o\u017eivljevalec. Tudi po anti\u010dnih poro\u010dilih se Melkart vsako leto zbudi na prazniku prebujenja (<em>egersis<\/em>) in se s tem uvr\u0161\u010da v tradicijo vsako leto umirajo\u010dih in vstajajo\u010dih vegetacijskih in mestnih bogov.<\/p><p>Ena pomembna pripoved povezuje Melkarta s samo ustanovitvijo Tira: naj bi z \u017ertvovanjem ptice utrdil plavajo\u010de skale, na katerih je bil Tir zgrajen. Druga pripoved ga povezuje z izumom barvanja s purpurjem, gospodarsko klju\u010dno dejavnostjo Feni\u010danov: Melkartov pes naj bi po nesre\u010di ugriznil purpurno \u0161koljko in s tem odkril purpurno barvilo.<\/p><p>V gr\u0161kem prevzemu kot Herakles-Melkart podeduje pripovedi iz Heraklesove <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologije<\/span>, predvsem epizodo z Geryonom, v kateri Herakles v zahodnem Sredozemlju (na mestu poznej\u0161ega Gadesa) ugrabi govejo \u010dredo tridesetoglavega velikana Geryona. Ta povezava je religijskozgodovinsko pomenljiva, saj je bil Gades dejansko feni\u010danska ustanovitev in Melkartovo najpomembnej\u0161e zahodno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mesto, posve\u010deno \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pomembna psevdepigrafija je &#8216;Sanchunjaton&#8217; (Sankuniathon), domnevni feni\u010danski duhovnik, katerega delo naj bi bilo ohranjeno prek Filona iz Biblosa. Kriti\u010dna izdaja Alberta Baumgartena ka\u017ee, da je gradivo v veliki meri poznej\u0161a helenisti\u010dna izmi\u0161ljotina, vendar vsebuje pravi ostanek feni\u010danske mitolo\u0161ke tradicije, zlasti glede Melkarta in genealogije bogov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkartov glavni kult je bil v Tiru, v najstarej\u0161em in najveli\u010dastnej\u0161em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> mesta. Herodot ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> podrobno opisuje (2.44) in omenja dva stolpa, enega iz zlata, enega iz smaragda, ki sta pono\u010di svetila, verjetno pojav fosforescirajo\u010dih mineralov, imenovan &#8216;s\u00eew\u00e2n&#8217;.<\/p><p>Hiram I. Tirski (10. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.) je tesno povezan z Melkartovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templjem<\/span>; po Jo\u017eefu Flaviju ga je zgradil iz zlata in bronaste.<\/p><p>Letni praznik prebujenja je bil vrhunec kulta; &#8216;o\u017eivljevalec&#8217; (<em>mqm-\u02belm<\/em>, &#8217;tisti, ki postavlja boga&#8217;) je vodil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simboli\u010dnih dejanj z religiozno ali kulturno pomembnostjo.\" tabindex=\"0\">obred<\/span>. Kralj Tira je bil osrednja obredna oseba. Podobni prazniki prebujenja so izpri\u010dani v Kartagini in Gadesu; zgodovinsko povezujejo Melkarta s Tamuzom\/Dumuzijem in z Adonisom.<\/p><p>Melkart je bil prisoten tudi v Kartagini; letni davek Melkartovemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> v Tiru je Kartagina vzdr\u017eevala \u0161e v pozni republiki, kar ka\u017ee na tesno povezavo z mati\u010dnim mestom.<\/p><p>V Gadesu je Melkartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> stal na majhnem otoku; opisali so ga Polibij, Strabon in Silij Italik. Tudi po rimski osvojitvi je Gades-Melkart kot Herkulovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mesto, posve\u010deno \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> ostal dejaven in so ga obiskovali Hanibal, Cezar in Hadrijan.<\/p><p>Arheolo\u0161ko raziskovanje Melkartovega templja v Tiru je ovirano zaradi sodobne pozidave; v Gadesu pa so ostanki sveti\u0161\u010da na dana\u0161njem otoku Sancti Petri dostopnej\u0161i. Teko\u010da podvodna izkopavanja pod vodstvom Antonia S\u00e1eza Romera so v zadnjih letih prinesla pomembne nove najdbe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa in apotropejsko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart je bil za\u0161\u010ditni bog kraljeve hi\u0161e, mesta in pomorstva. Na kraljevih pe\u010datih iz Tira se prikazuje kot za\u0161\u010ditnik; v feni\u010danskih osebnih imenih je njegovo teoforno ime pogosto (Hamilkar = &#8216;Melkartov slu\u017eabnik&#8217;, Bomilkar = &#8216;z Melkartovo roko&#8217;). Pogostost teofori\u010dnih imen z Melkartovim elementom pri\u010da o intenzivni zasebni pobo\u017enosti.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odganjajo\u010d zlo: o znakih in predmetih, ki naj bi odganjali \u0161kodljive vplive.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejsko<\/span> so nosili Melkartove skarabeje in majhne bronaste kipce ali jih postavljali v gospodinjstvu. Znamenita &#8216;Melkartova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pokon\u010dno stoje\u010da, popisana ali poslikana kamnita ali lesena plo\u0161\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span>&#8216; iz Breid\u017ea v severni Siriji, napisna posvetitev aramejskega kralja Bar-Hadada Melkartu, je eno najpomembnej\u0161ih epigrafskih pri\u010devanj o Melkartovem kultu zunaj Tira.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">V pomorski pobo\u017enosti je bil Melkart najvi\u0161ja za\u0161\u010ditna sila; feni\u010danski kapitani in kolonisti so mu ob odhodu in prihodu darovali votivne darove. Ta popotna pobo\u017enost je pomembna religijskozgodovinska zna\u010dilnost feni\u010danske mobilnosti. iWell Guard obravnava Melkarta kot zgodovinsko-kulturno figuro brez sodobnih obljub o zdravilnem u\u010dinku.<\/p><p>V kartaginskih templjih 5. in 4. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. se Melkart prikazuje kot drugi ali tretji bog za <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160717\">Baal-Hamonom<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a>. Trias feni\u010danskih bogov mati\u010dnega mesta (Baal-\u0160amem, Astarta, Melkart) je bil v Kartagini preoblikovan v novo konfiguracijo, ne da bi bil Melkart povsem izrinjen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religijsko-zgodovinsko najpomembnej\u0161a vzporednica je gr\u0161ka identifikacija s Heraklejem. Walter Burkert je v delu <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) in v ve\u010d poznej\u0161ih \u0161tudijah pokazal, da je gr\u0161ka podoba Herakleja mo\u010dno vplivana s feni\u010danskim Melkartom, zlasti v epizodi z Geryonom in pri &#8216;Herkulovih stebrih&#8217; (Gibraltarska o\u017eina), ki so bili prvotno &#8216;Melkartovi stebri&#8217;.<\/p><p>Z mezopotamskim Gilgame\u0161em si Melkart deli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> smrtno-nesmrtnega heroja s kraljevo funkcijo. V Kartagini se iz njegove tradicije ne razvije samostojno glavno bo\u017eanstvo, ker si je kartaginska religija z <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160717\">Baal-Hamonom<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160716\">Tanit<\/a> oblikovala lastno vrh bo\u017eanskega sveta; Melkart pa je vseeno ostal ves \u010das navzo\u010d.<\/p><p>Zgodovinsko je Melkart prototipski feni\u010danski mestni in kraljevski bog. S <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/sarruma-hurijski-gorski-bog-zascitnik-kraljev\/\">Sarumo<\/a> iz <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/hetitsko-anatolska-tarhunna-zascita\/\">hetitske tradicije<\/a> si deli funkcijo osebnega za\u0161\u010ditnika kralja, z mezopotamskim Mardukom pa funkcijo obujenega mestnega boga po sezonskem porazu. V helenisti\u010dnem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zlitje predstav ali bo\u017eanstev iz razli\u010dnih religijskih tradicij.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinkretizmu<\/span> postane prototipsko &#8216;prevajalsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>&#8216; med feni\u010dansko in gr\u0161ko religijo.<\/p><p>V zahodnem Sredozemlju je Melkart pod gr\u0161kim imenom Herakles prisoten v \u0161tevilnih napisih in na kovancih; meje med &#8216;Melkartom&#8217; in &#8216;Heraklejem&#8217; so v helenisti\u010dni rabi jezika pogosto zabrisane. V Kartagini je bilo to dvojno poimenovanje politi\u010dno izkori\u0161\u010deno za odpiranje feni\u010danske religije gr\u0161kim zaveznikom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobno sprejemanje in raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raziskovanje Melkarta je danes na visoki ravni. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) in njene poznej\u0161e \u0161tudije so standardna referenca; Maria Eugenia Aubet, Sabatino Moscati in H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader so prispevali pomembna dela na arheolo\u0161kem podro\u010dju. Napisi so dostopni v izdajah Charlesa Krahmalkova in Wolfganga R\u00f6lliga.<\/p><p>V popularni percepciji je Melkart znan predvsem po identifikaciji s Heraklejem in po tartesijskih legendah (povezanih s zakladom Karambolo, &#8216;zlatim jabolkom Hesperid&#8217;). V sodobnem Libanonu je Tir od devetdesetih let 20. stoletja z obnovo svojih arheolo\u0161kih najdi\u0161\u010d rehabilitiral Melkarta kot kulturni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadomestno predstavlja neko predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Znanstveno velja Melkart danes za osrednji predmet raziskav feni\u010danske religije, za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in o veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijo<\/span> mestnega boga in za sredozemsko religijsko dinamiko. Trenutna raziskovalna te\u017ei\u0161\u010da so na razlikovanju lokalnih hipostaz Melkarta, na ikonografskem prenosu v gr\u0161ko heraklejsko tradicijo in na arheolo\u0161kem raziskovanju sveti\u0161\u010da v Gadesu. iWell Guard vodi Melkarta kot zgodovinskega \u010dlana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tudi helenisti\u010dni kovanci iz Tira in Kartagine prikazujejo podobe Melkarta, pogosto s kijem, lokom ali ladijskim kljunom. Ta kovani\u0161ka ikonografija je pomemben vir za zgodovino Melkartove podobe.<\/p><p>Novej\u0161e \u0161tudije Josephine Quinn in Briana Doaka so na novo raziskale vlogo Melkarta v punski konstrukciji identitete in v rimsko-feni\u010danskem sti\u010dnem obmo\u010dju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura in viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naslednji izbor obsega najpomembnej\u0161a standardna dela za raziskovanje Melkarta. Zajema monografije, izdaje napisov in religijsko-zgodovinske sinteze. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Melqart<\/em> je prvi vstop; Burkert obravnava gr\u0161ko linijo; Aubet sredozemsko raz\u0161irjenost; Krahmalkov jezikovnozgodovinsko gradivo. Najnovej\u0161a monografija H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader ponuja arheolo\u0161ko sintezo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff50c6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ff50c6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp202ddb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp202ddb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egersis, praznik obujanja Melkarta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2683cd7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2683cd7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27bc6d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27bc6d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Posebnost Melkartovega kulta v Tiru je bil letni praznik, ki ga gr\u0161ki viri imenujejo <em>egersis<\/em>, obujanje ali vstajenje boga. Izraz nakazuje, da je bila podlaga praznika predstava, da Melkart umre in se povrne v \u017eivljenje.<\/p><p>S tem se Melkart uvr\u0161\u010da med bo\u017eanstva starega Orienta, katerih <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za neko bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je bil povezan s ciklom smrti in vrnitve, podobno kot Adonis ali mezopotamski Dumuzi.<\/p><p>Natan\u010dni obredi egersisa so znani le fragmentarno. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dni<\/span> avtorji omenjajo se\u017eig podobe ali figure boga in govorijo o osebi, ki je nosila naziv obujevalca boga.<\/p><p>Praznik je bil verjetno povezan s spomladanskim terminom in torej z obnovitvijo narave, vendar viri ne omogo\u010dajo zanesljive rekonstrukcije. Pomemben <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali vklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> iz ciprskega Kitiona omenja <em>mqm \u02belm<\/em>, obujevalca boga, kot kultovsko funkcijo in tako posredno potrjuje obstoj tak\u0161nega praznika.<\/p><p>Zgodovinsko je egersis pomemben, ker Melkarta razlikuje od zgolj mestnega in kraljevskega boga ter mu podeljuje odre\u0161enjski, cikli\u010dni zna\u010daj. Corinne Bonnet je v svoji monografiji o Melkartu kriti\u010dno pretehtala razpolo\u017eljivo gradivo o egersisu in svarila pred prehitro uvrstitvijo v starej\u0161o shemo umirajo\u010dih in vstajajo\u010dih bogov.<\/p><p>Raziskovalci se strinjajo, da je praznik obstajal, a se razhajajo glede njegove natan\u010dne oblike. Ostaja eden najbolj intenzivno obravnavanih elementov feni\u010danskega praznikovanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25186adb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25186adb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e3a4f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e3a4f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melkart in Herakles, dvojna identiteta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp226fa5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp226fa5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243726bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243726bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grki so Melqarta dosledno ena\u010dili s svojim herojem Heraklejem. To ena\u010denje je bilo tako trdno, da se slavno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> Melqarta v Gadirju, dana\u0161njem C\u00e1dizu na \u0161panski atlantski obali, v anti\u010dnih virih omenja kot Heraklejev tempelj.<\/p><p>Heraklejevi stolpi, Gibraltarska o\u017eina, so poimenovani po tej povezavi; prvotno so bili verjetno Melqartovi stolpi.<\/p><p>Razlogi za ena\u010denje le\u017eijo v skupnih potezah obeh likov. Oba veljata za heroja, ki se podajata na dolga potovanja, prodirata na rob znanega svet\u00e1 in \u0161irita kulturo ter red.<\/p><p>Melqart je veljal za zavetnika tirske kolonizacije; kjerkoli je Tir ustanovil h\u010derinsko mesto, od Kartagine do Gadirja, so mu postavili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span>. Herakles pa v gr\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved z pogosto zgodovinskim jedrom in \u010dude\u017enimi potezami.\" tabindex=\"0\">pripovedki<\/span> prehodi celoten Sredozemski svet. Oba povezujeta smrt in premago smrti, Melqart z obredom egersis, Herakles s svojim sprejemom med bogove po grmadi.<\/p><p>Znanost govori o identifikaciji, ki je delovala v obe smeri. Nekatere poteze gr\u0161kega Herakleja, zlasti epizoda z grmado, so morda oblikovali pod vplivom feni\u010danskega Melqarta. Nasprotno se Melqart v dvojezi\u010dnih napisih, na primer na znameniti feni\u010dansko-gr\u0161ki bilingvi z Malte, neposredno ena\u010di s Heraklejem.<\/p><p>Ta malte\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izrezljano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> je bil mimogrede v 18. stoletju eden od klju\u010dev za de\u0161ifriranje feni\u010danske pisave. Dvojna identiteta Melqart-Herakles je tako zgleden primer, kako sta dve kulturi prepoznali isto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> in prepletli svoja izro\u010dila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22fd1a8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22fd1a8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fd95ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fd95ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart v zgodovini od Kartagine do Tira<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274edf27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp274edf27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27b9f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27b9f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart je bil mestni bog Tira, in njegov pomen sega dale\u010d prek religije v politi\u010dno zgodovino feni\u010danskega zahoda. Ko je Tir v devetem stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem ustanovil Kartagino, je novo mesto ostalo zavezano bogu mati\u010dnega mesta.<\/p><p>Kartaginski viri in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dna<\/span> poro\u010dila pri\u010dajo, da je Kartagina vsako leto po\u0161iljala desetino svojih dohodkov v Melqartovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> v Tiru, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010deno, v skupnosti redno ponavljano dejanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">obi\u010daj<\/span>, ki je stoletja izpri\u010deval versko in politi\u010dno vez med kolonijo in mati\u010dnim mestom.<\/p><p>Obleganje Tira, ki ga je leta 332 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem izvedel Aleksander Veliki, je tesno povezano z Melqartom. Aleksander je \u017eelel darovati v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010du<\/span> boga, ki ga je razumel kot Herakleja, od katerega je izvajal svoj rod.<\/p><p>Prebivalci Tira mu vstop niso dovolili, kar je spro\u017eilo ve\u010dmese\u010dno, kon\u010dno uspe\u0161no obleganje. Ta epizoda ka\u017ee, kolik\u0161no politi\u010dno mo\u010d je lahko imel dostop do mestnega sveti\u0161\u010da.<\/p><p>Tudi v rimskem \u010dasu je Melqartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ostal \u017eiv. Septimij Sever je izhajal iz severnoafri\u0161kega Lepcis Magna, prvotno feni\u010danske ustanovitve z lastnim Melqartovim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span>, in njegova dinastija je spodbujala feni\u010danske tradicije.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet je to dolgo zgodovino od zgodnje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prazgodovinsko obdobje po bronasti dobi, zaznamovano z obdelavo \u017eeleza.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017eelezne dobe<\/span> do cesarske dobe podrobno raziskala in pokazala, da je Melqart dosledno ostal bog mesta, oblasti in kolonizacije. Njegova zgodovina je tako obenem del zgodovine feni\u010danske \u0161iritve po celotnem Sredozemlju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Melqart<\/em> (Leuven\/Namur 1988)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mit<\/span><\/em> o Melqartu povezuje njegovo letno smrt v ognju in njegovo vstajenje s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span> Tira ter je zaznamoval feni\u010danska sveti\u0161\u010da od Gadesa do Kartagine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Melqart, Tir, Feni\u010dani, Herakles, Gades, mestni bog, egersis, vstajenje.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-melqart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se navezuje na kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">Feni\u010danov<\/a> in \u0161tevilnih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-hover 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data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2850,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Melkart Tir Feni\u010dani","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Melkart \u2013 mestni bog Tira, mit, kult, Herakles","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Melkart, 'kralj mesta', je feni\u010danski mestni bog Tira, ki so ga Grki ena\u010dili s Heraklom. 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