{"id":160714,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160714"},"modified":"2026-09-05T01:09:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T01:09:28","slug":"astarta-fenicanska-boginja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/astarta-fenicanska-boginja\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarta \u2013 feni\u010danska boginja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160714\" class=\"elementor elementor-160714 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarta, feni\u010danska boginja ljubezni, vojne in kraljeve oblasti<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta (feni\u010dansko <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) je najpomembnej\u0161e \u017eensko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v okviru neke religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> feni\u010danskega panteona in se pojavlja v mestnih dr\u017eavah Sidon, Tir, Biblos, Kition ter po celotnem feni\u010danskem Sredozemlju. Je boginja ljubezni, vojne, kraljeve oblasti in rodovitnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boginja tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Boginja<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Feni\u010danska.\">Feni\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo.\">Vrhovno bo\u017eanstvo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162554\" alt=\"Astarte Feniks - bogovi iz feni\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev in kratek profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta (akadsko I\u0161tar, ugaritsko \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) je feni\u010danska oblika enega najstarej\u0161ih \u017eenskih bo\u017eanstev Bli\u017enjega vzhoda. Sabatino Moscati je v delu <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) pokazal, da ima Astarta v skoraj vsaki feni\u010danski mestni dr\u017eavi osrednje mesto, pogosto kot soproga lokalnega glavnega boga.<\/p><p>V Sidonu je soproga Eshmuna; v Tiru se pojavlja ob boku <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/melkart-mestni-bog-tira\/\">Melkarta<\/a>; v Biblosu ob boku Baalat. Znotraj <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">feni\u010danske tradicije<\/a> je dale\u010d najpomembnej\u0161a boginja.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet je v delu <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) predstavila najobse\u017enej\u0161o monografijo o tem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v okviru neke religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span>. Poka\u017ee, da je imela Astarta zelo \u0161irok funkcijski profil: boginja ljubezni in spolnosti, boginja vojne, za\u0161\u010ditnica kraljev, za\u0161\u010ditnica mornarjev, boginja zdravljenja, v nekaterih kontekstih pa tudi htonsko-podzemna funkcija. Ta ve\u010dfunkcionalnost je zna\u010dilna za starovzhodne boginje iz dru\u017eine \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Z religiozno-zgodovinskega vidika spada Astarta v zapadnosemitski tip boginj, ki se je razvil iz starosirsko-amoritske tradicije A\u1e6ftart. V 1. tiso\u010dletju pr. n. \u0161t. je bila ena\u010dena z gr\u0161ko Afrodito; ciprska tradicija Afrodite izhaja neposredno iz feni\u010danske Astarte, kot je opazil \u017ee Herodot.<\/p><p>Pomembna lokalna oblika je &#8216;Astarta z Libanona&#8217;, omenjena v ve\u010d napisih; verjetno je bila istovetna z Astarto iz Bejruta. Prav tako je v Tiru izpri\u010dana &#8216;Astarta morja&#8217;. Ta raznovrstnost hipostaz je zna\u010dilna za feni\u010dansko religijo in Astarto uvr\u0161\u010da med najbolj raz\u010dlenjena bo\u017eanstva panteona.<\/p><p>Astartin polo\u017eaj v feni\u010danskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> je primerljiv s hetitsko <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/arinna-soncna-boginja\/\">boginjo Sonca iz Arinne<\/a> ali s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/hebat-huritska-visoka-boginja\/\">Hebat<\/a> kot najvi\u0161jo \u017eensko dr\u017eavno boginjo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarta) je zapadnosemitsko in izhaja iz korena <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, ki je osnova tudi za \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) in I\u0161tar (Mezopotamija). Etimologija ni dokon\u010dno pojasnjena; ena verjetna razlaga povezuje koren z izrazom &#8216;zvezda&#8217; in v Astarti vidi &#8216;boginjo zvezde&#8217;, verjetno z nana\u0161anjem na jutranjo zvezdo (Venero).<\/p><p>V feni\u010danskih napisih se pojavlja kot <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, enako v punskih besedilih. Pomembna helenisti\u010dna oblika je <em>A\u0161tart<\/em> z aramejsko glasovno spremembo.<\/p><p>V akad\u0161\u010dini je ena\u010dena z I\u0161tar; v helenisti\u010dnem svetu z Afrodito ali Hero (odvisno od poudarjene funkcije); v Egiptu se od Novega kraljestva pojavlja kot samostojno uvo\u017eeno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v okviru neke religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> pod imenom Astarta. Tudi tam ohrani svoj zapadnosemitski zna\u010daj.<\/p><p>Gr\u0161ka Afrodita Uranija ustreza neposredno feni\u010danski Astarti; Herodot njeno \u010da\u0161\u010denje izpeljuje iz Fenicije preko Cipra v Gr\u010dijo. Ta dedi\u0161\u010dinska linija dela Astarto eno od religiozno-zgodovinsko najvplivnej\u0161ih boginj sredozemskega sveta.<\/p><p>V nekaterih besedilih je imenovana tudi &#8216;Nebe\u0161ka gospa&#8217; ali &#8216;Kraljica nebes&#8217;, naziv, ki se pojavi tudi v svetopisemski knjigi Jeremija (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) in je tam kriti\u010dno komentiran. To izro\u010dilo &#8216;kraljice nebes&#8217; je religijsko-zgodovinsko preu\u010deval Saby Caves in predstavlja pomembno povezavo med kanaansko in svetopisemsko religiozno zgodovino.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta se v feni\u010danski ikonografiji pojavlja v ve\u010d upodobitvenih tipih: kot naga stoje\u010da boginja (pozicija &#8216;Astartine plo\u0161\u010dice&#8217;), kot sede\u010da kraljica s krono-polosom, kot boginja vojne s sulico in \u0161\u010ditom, kot jezdec na levu ali kot nebe\u0161ka kraljica v okviru zvezd. Ta raznolikost upodobitev odra\u017ea njeno ve\u010dfunkcionalnost.<\/p><p>Njena sveta \u017eival je lev ali levinja; v Sidonu in Kartagini se pogosto pojavlja sede\u010d ali jezde\u010d na levu. Prav tako ji je pripisana golobica, zlasti v ciprskih in sredozemskih kontekstih; Afroditine golobice so neposredna dedi\u0161\u010dina feni\u010danske Astarte. Nadaljnja \u017eivalska povezava je ka\u010da, ki predstavlja njeno htonsko plat.<\/p><p>V zapadnosredozemskih kolonijah, predvsem v Tartesu (\u0160panija), so Astarto \u0161e posebej intenzivno \u010dastili; slavna bronasta figurica &#8216;Astarta iz Carambola&#8217; iz 7. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. jo prikazuje kot sede\u010do boginjo s feni\u010danskim posvetilnim napisom. Tudi v Sevilli, C\u00e1dizu in na drugih najdi\u0161\u010dih so odkrili figurice Astarte, ki dokumentirajo intenzivno prisotnost njenega kulta.<\/p><p>V Kitionu (Ciper) je bil izkopan velikanski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> Astarte, ki spada med najve\u010dja sveti\u0161\u010da \u017eeleznodobnega sredozemskega sveta. Izkopavanja pod vodstvom Vassosa Karageorghisa in v novej\u0161em \u010dasu Marie Iacovou so bistveno raz\u0161irila podobo feni\u010danskega kulta na Cipru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ka pripovedovanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V ugaritskih besedilih (KTU 1.92 in drugih) se Astarte prikazuje kot lovska boginja in spremljevalka <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/baal-hadad-fenicanski-bog-nevihte\/\">Baala<\/a>; v Baalovem ciklu pa ima manj\u0161o vlogo kot njena sestra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/anat-fenicanska-boginja-vojne\/\">Anat<\/a>. V feni\u010danskih mitolo\u0161kih fragmentih, predvsem pri Filonu iz Biblosa (ki ga navaja Evzebij), se prikazuje kot kraljica, ki potuje s bikom v Tir in tam prevzame kraljevi prestol.<\/p><p>Filon poro\u010da, da je Astarte &#8216;na\u0161la bikovo glavo&#8217; in si jo nadela na svojo glavo, s \u010dimer je potrdila svojo bo\u017eanskost. Ta pripoved spominja na egiptovsko izro\u010dilo o Hator in na mezopotamsko zgodbo o Inani in Anu. Albert Baumgarten je gradivo kriti\u010dno uredil v delu <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>V helenisti\u010dnih besedilih je Astarte povezana z zgodbo o Evropi: Evropo, h\u010der kralja Agenorja iz Tira, je Zevs v podobi bika odpeljal na Kreto. Ta povezava je zgodovinsko izjemna: Astarte je hkrati Evropina mati in njeno bo\u017eansko ozadje. Evropski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> je tako heleno-feni\u010danska sinteza.<\/p><p>Iz karta\u017eanskega obdobja je izpri\u010dana povezava med Astarte in heroinsko postavo Dido; kraljico Dido, ustanoviteljico Kartagine, nekateri rimski viri razlagajo kot &#8216;duhovni\u0161ko inkarnacijo&#8217; Astarte. Ta identifikacija je religiozgodovinsko zelo zanimiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161a kultna sredi\u0161\u010da Astarte so bila Sidon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> Astarte, ki ga je zgradil E\u0161munazar II.), Tir, Biblos (s Baalat), Kition (Ciper, kjer je velikanski Astartin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> obvladoval otok), Kartagina in mediteranske kolonije. Maria Eugenia Aubet je v delu <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumentirala njeno raz\u0161irjenost po Sredozemlju.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti postavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> je obsegal \u017egalne daritve, pitne daritve in tako imenovani &#8216;sveti plesni praznik&#8217;, ki ga omenjajo nekateri feni\u010danski viri.<\/p><p>Posebno vlogo so imeli <em>qedeshim<\/em> in <em>qedeshot<\/em>, posve\u010deni mo\u0161ki in \u017eenske, katerih natan\u010dna funkcija je predmet znanstvene razprave; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet in Stephanie Budin so nasprotovale starej\u0161i razlagi kot &#8216;tempeljski prostituciji&#8217;, vpra\u0161anje pa ni dokon\u010dno razjasnjeno.<\/p><p>V helenisti\u010dnem obdobju je bila Astarte ena\u010dena z Afrodito; slavno Afroditino <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mesto, posve\u010deno \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> v Pafosu na Cipru je zgodovinsko neposredno nadaljevanje feni\u010danskega \u010da\u0161\u010denja Astarte. Tudi v Korintu, v Eriksu (Sicilija) in na \u0161tevilnih drugih mediteranskih najdi\u0161\u010dih se je feni\u010dansko izro\u010dilo o Astarte nadaljevalo pod gr\u0161kim imenom.<\/p><p>V Kartagini je Astarte kasneje vse bolj izpodrivala <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/tanit-vrhovna-boginja-kartagine\/\">Tanit<\/a>, \u010deprav ni povsem izginila; v tofetskih napisih se obe boginji ob\u010dasno pojavljata drug ob drugi. Ta tekmovalnost dveh \u017eenskih vrhovnih boginj je ena najzna\u010dilnej\u0161ih potez punske religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa in apotropejsko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte je bila za\u0161\u010ditna boginja kraljevskih dru\u017ein, nose\u010dnic, mornarjev in bojevitih mo\u017e. V Sidonu se pojavlja na kraljevih pe\u010datih kot za\u0161\u010ditnica kraljeve hi\u0161e; znani <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> kralja E\u0161munazarja II. (5. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.) jo omenja skupaj z E\u0161munom kot vrhovno za\u0161\u010ditno boginjo.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odganjajo\u010d zlo: o znakih in predmetih, ki naj bi odvra\u010dali \u0161kodljive vplive.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejsko<\/span> so v hi\u0161ah postavljali Astartine figurice; tako imenovane &#8216;Astartine plo\u0161\u010dice&#8217;, majhni terakotni reliefi nage \u017eenske, so znane v tiso\u010dih izvodih iz feni\u010danskih najdi\u0161\u010d. Verjetno so slu\u017eile za\u0161\u010diti, klicanju rodovitnosti in varovanju doma. Funkcija teh plo\u0161\u010dic je v znanosti predmet razprave; njihova pogostost pa vsekakor pri\u010da o intenzivnem doma\u010dem \u010da\u0161\u010denju Astarte.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">V feni\u010danskih obredih, povezanih s potovanji, so Astarte klicali kot za\u0161\u010ditnico ladjarstva; kapitani in trgovci so ji darovali daritve pred in po pomorskih potovanjih. Ta &#8216;potovalna pobo\u017enost&#8217; je religiozgodovinsko zanimiva, ker neposredno versko ume\u0161\u010da mednarodno mobilnost feni\u010danskega sveta. iWell Guard navaja Astarte kot zgodovinsko-kulturno postavo brez sodobnih obljub o zdravilnem u\u010dinku.<\/p><p>Feni\u010danski skarabejski pe\u010dati iz 7. in 6. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. pogosto prikazujejo motive Astarte: nago stoje\u010do boginjo, Astarte na levu, Astarte z lotosovim cvetom. Ti majhni pe\u010dati so se nosili kot osebni za\u0161\u010ditni amuleti in so bili v feni\u010danskem svetu zelo raz\u0161irjeni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte spada v veliko zahodnosemitsko-mezopotamsko boginjsko dru\u017eino \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Tesno je povezana z ugaritsko \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, mezopotamsko I\u0161tar, srednjearamejsko Atargatis (ki se je razvila samostojno), hurijsko \u0160au\u0161go in hetitsko I\u0161tar iz \u0160amuhe. V akadskem gradivu je ve\u010dfunkcijskost \u0161e posebej dobro dokumentirana pri I\u0161tar iz Uruka.<\/p><p>Z gr\u0161ko Afrodito je Astarte religijskozgodovinsko istovetna; ciprska Afrodita je neposredna naslednica feni\u010danske Astarte. Tudi gr\u0161ka Hera, Atena in v nekaterih vidikih Artemida nosijo dedi\u0161\u010dino Astarte. V Kartagini se vse bolj zliva s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/tanit-vrhovna-boginja-kartagine\/\">Tanit<\/a>, ki razvije svojo lastno funkcijo.<\/p><p>V hebrejskem gradivu se Astarte pojavlja kot A\u0161toret, polemi\u010dno negativno obarvana (1 Kraljev 11,5; 2 Kraljev 23,13). Ta polemika je usmerjena proti kanaanski religiji v njeni feni\u010danski obliki.<\/p><p>Z znanstvenega vidika je Astarte za staro Izraelo konkuren\u010dno bo\u017eanstvo iz iste kanaanske tradicije; biblijski protia\u0161tartizem je teolo\u0161ki odziv na resni\u010dno versko sosedstvo. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/hetitsko-anatolska-tarhunna-zascita\/\">Hetitske<\/a> vzporednice najdemo pri \u0160au\u0161gi iz \u0160amuhe.<\/p><p>Ena\u010denje Astarte z Afrodito ni zgodovinsko naklju\u010dno; Pavzanij in drugi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dni<\/span> avtorji pri\u010dajo o izpeljavi gr\u0161ke Afrodite iz feni\u010danskih predlog. Standardno referenco v tem vpra\u0161anju predstavljajo \u0161tudije Walterja Burkerta v delu <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> in Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobno sprejemanje in raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raziskovanje Astarte je danes na visoki ravni. Monografija Corinne Bonnet <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) je standardna referenca; Stephanie Budin v delu <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) kriti\u010dno obravnava povezavo z Afrodito. Sabatino Moscati in Maria Eugenia Aubet sta avtoriteti za raz\u0161irjenost po Sredozemlju. Izdaja feni\u010danskih napisov, ki jo sta pripravila Charles Krahmalkov in Wolfgang R\u00f6llig, prina\u0161a primarna besedila.<\/p><p>V popularni recepciji je Astarte znana predvsem po svoji identifikaciji z Afrodito in po biblijski polemiki. Duhovna obnovitev v neopaganskem smislu, predvsem v feministi\u010dnih in neopaganskih krogih od osemdesetih let 20. stoletja naprej, je Astarte sprejela kot &#8216;boginjo mater&#8217;; ta sodobna recepcija je z religijskozgodovinskega vidika problemati\u010dna, ker poenostavlja njen zgodovinski profil.<\/p><p>Znanstveno velja Astarte danes za enega najpomembnej\u0161ih predmetov prou\u010devanja zahodnosemitske religije. Aktualna raziskovalna te\u017ei\u0161\u010da so usmerjena v razlikovanje lokalnih hipostaz Astarte (Astarte iz Sidona, Tira, Biblosa, Kitiona), v povezavo z afroditsko tradicijo in v vpra\u0161anje <em>qedeshot<\/em> v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti osebi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> Astarte. iWell Guard uvr\u0161\u010da Astarte kot osrednjo \u010dlanico <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteona<\/span>, ne pa kot sodoben naslov za varovanje.<\/p><p>Novej\u0161e arheolo\u0161ke najdbe s feni\u010danskih najdi\u0161\u010d v \u0160paniji (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) in Maroku (Lixus) pomembno \u0161irijo podobo njenega \u010da\u0161\u010denja na zahodu. Raziskave Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamos in Manuele Mar\u00edn so v zadnjih letih objavile pomembne nove dokaze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura in viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naslednji izbor zdru\u017euje najpomembnej\u0161a standardna dela s podro\u010dja raziskovanja Astarte. Vklju\u010duje monografije, izdaje napisov in zgodovinske sinteze. Delo Corinne Bonnet <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> je prvi vstop v temo; Budinova \u0161tudija o Afroditi obravnava gr\u0161ko linijo; Aubetova pa \u0161irjenje po Sredozemlju. Krahmalkova slovnica feni\u010dansko-punskega jezika prina\u0161a jezikovnozgodovinsko gradivo, Moscatijeva klasi\u010dna sinteza pa kulturnozgodovinski okvir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte na sarkofagu E\u0161munazarja in v kraljevih napisih iz Sidona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eden najpomembnej\u0161ih epigrafskih virov o Astarte je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> na sarkofagu kralja E\u0161munazarja II. iz Sidona, ki ga datirajo v zgodnje 5. stoletje pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem. Sarkofag sam je egiptovskega izvora in je bil najden leta 1855; danes se hrani v Louvru. Feni\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> spada med najdalj\u0161a ohranjena besedila v tem jeziku.<\/p><p>V njem kraljeva hi\u0161a poro\u010da, da je Astarte zgradila <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span>. Omenjeno je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mesto, namenjeno \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> <em>Astarte \u0160em Baal<\/em>, torej Astarte, imena Baala, izraz, ki je bli\u017ee formulaciji Tanit pene Baal iz punskih napisov in izra\u017ea teolo\u0161ko povezavo med boginjo in bogom.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">Napis<\/span> omenja tudi boga E\u0161muna in tako razkriva versko usmeritev sidonske kraljeve dinastije.<\/p><p>Drugi osrednji vir je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> kralja Boda\u0161tarta, tudi iz Sidona, ki prav tako govori o gradbeni dejavnosti za Astarte in E\u0161muna. Iz teh besedil izhaja, da je bila Astarte glavna boginja Sidona in da je bil mestni kult tesno povezan z legitimacijo kraljeve hi\u0161e.<\/p><p>Feni\u010danski kraljevi napisi so tako vredni prav zato, ker, druga\u010de kot mitolo\u0161ka besedila iz Ugarita, izvirajo neposredno iz feni\u010danskega jedrnega ozemlja in iz dejanskega kultnega delovanja.<\/p><p>Astarte ne ka\u017eejo kot pripovedno osebo, temve\u010d kot prejemnico templjev, darovanj in kraljevega \u010da\u0161\u010denja. Izdaje teh besedil najdemo v standardnih zbirkah feni\u010danskih napisov, na primer pri Herbertu Donnerju in Wolfgangu R\u00f6lligu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Afrodita in gr\u0161ki prevod boginje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grki, ki so bili s Feni\u010dani v stiku po vsem Sredozemlju, so Astarto ena\u010dili s svojo lastno boginjo ljubezni in lepote, Afrodito. To ena\u010denje je ve\u010d kot le prevod imena.<\/p><p>Herodot poro\u010da o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraju, posve\u010denemu \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010du<\/span> nebe\u0161ke Afrodite v Askalonu in ga imenuje najstarej\u0161e izmed vseh sveti\u0161\u010d te boginje, od katerega naj bi izviralo tudi sveti\u0161\u010de na Cipru. S tem izrecno ume\u0161\u010da izvor Afrodite v sirsko-feni\u010dno obmo\u010dje.<\/p><p>Ciper ima v tej zgodbi klju\u010dno vlogo. Otok so zgodaj poselili Feni\u010dani, zlasti mesto Kition, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> ciprske boginje, ki so jo Grki \u010dastili kot Afrodito, ka\u017ee o\u010ditne sledove Astarte.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraju, posve\u010denemu \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> v Pafosu na Cipru je njeno bo\u017eansko podobo \u010dastilo v obliki koni\u010dastega kamna, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010deno ravnanje, ki se v skupnosti redno ponavlja.\" tabindex=\"0\">navade<\/span>, ki bolj ustreza bli\u017enjevzhodnemu kot gr\u0161kemu razumevanju kulta.<\/p><p>Znanost razpravlja, koliko je Afrodita sploh izvorno gr\u0161ko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v neki religiji \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> ali pa je v bistvu nastala s prevzemom feni\u010dne Astarte. Walter Burkert je v svojih delih o orientalskem vplivu na gr\u0161ko religijo to povezavo mo\u010dno poudaril. Drugi raziskovalci vidijo me\u0161anico indoevropske boginje jutranje zarje in bli\u017enjevzhodnih elementov.<\/p><p>Gotovo je, da so Astarto in Afrodito stoletja obravnavali kot dve imeni za sorodno boginjo. To pomeni, da se zgodovina delovanja Astarte razteza dale\u010d prek feni\u010danskih mest in se nadaljuje v gr\u0161ki in kasneje rimski religiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarta in A\u0161toret v hebrejski Bibliji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarta se v hebrejski Bibliji pojavlja v obliki <em>A\u0161toret<\/em>, v mno\u017eini <em>A\u0161tarot<\/em>. Vokalizacija tega imena velja v raziskavah za namerno popa\u010ditev: masoretski u\u010denjaki naj bi prvotne samoglasnike nadomestili s samoglasniki hebrejske besede za sramoto, kar je postopek, ki ga domnevajo tudi pri drugih tujih bo\u017eanstvih.<\/p><p>Svetopisemska besedila omenjajo A\u0161toret na ve\u010d mestih. V prvi knjigi kraljev je ozna\u010dena kot boginja Sidoncev, katere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za neko bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> naj bi dovolil kralj Salomon.<\/p><p>Pogosto se pojavlja v mno\u017eini ob Baalih, baalskih podobah, kot poosebitev tujih kultov, proti katerim polemizirajo svetopisemski avtorji. Knjiga sodnikov in Samuelove knjige uporabljajo besedno zvezo, da je ljudstvo slu\u017eilo Baalom in A\u0161tartam.<\/p><p>Ti viri so za zgodovino religije pomembni iz dveh razlogov. Prvi\u010d, od zunaj potrjujejo, da je bila Astarta dejansko glavna boginja Sidona, kar iz lastne perspektive pri\u010dajo tudi feni\u010danski kraljevski napisi. Drugi\u010d, ka\u017eejo, da je bil Astartin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za neko bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> raz\u0161irjen tudi med prebivalstvom izraelskega in judovskega prostora, sicer prero\u0161ka polemika ne bi imela tar\u010de.<\/p><p>Biblija je v tem primeru sovra\u017een, a prav zato zgovoren vir. Ne izro\u010da teologije Astartinih \u010dastilcev, temve\u010d posredni dokaz, da je bil njihov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za neko bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> dovolj \u017eiv, da so ga stoletja dojemali kot versko konkurenco.<\/p><p>Vpra\u0161anje, kako se A\u0161toret razmerja do prav tako v Bibliji omenjene A\u0161ere, ostaja predmet nadaljnjih razprav v raziskavah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rim 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V feni\u010danskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010deni zgodbi o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span> Astarta zdru\u017euje ljubezen, vojno in kraljevo oblast; njen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> sega od Sidona in Tira do Kartagine ter kasneje zaznamuje helenisti\u010dna ena\u010denja z Afrodito in Hero.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Astarta Feni\u010dani boginja ljubezen vojna I\u0161tar Afrodita Sidon Tir.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se navezuje na kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/fenicani-kartagina-baal-tanit-zascita\/\">Feni\u010danov<\/a> in \u0161tevilnih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2847,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astarta feni\u010danska boginja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astarta \u2013 feni\u010danska boginja, mit, kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astarta je najpomembnej\u0161e \u017eensko bo\u017eanstvo feni\u010danskega panteona, povezana z ljubeznijo, vojno in kraljevo 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