{"id":160697,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160697"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:43:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:43:40","slug":"voltumna-zvezni-bog-etrurske-zveze","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/voltumna-zvezni-bog-etrurske-zveze\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; zvezni bog etru\u0161\u010danske zveze mest"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160697\" class=\"elementor elementor-160697 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - zvezni bog etru\u0161\u010danske lige in bo\u017eanstvo dvanajstih mest<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (latinsko tudi Vertumnus ali Veltha, etru\u0161\u010dansko Veltha ali Velthune) je najvi\u0161ji zvezni bog lige dvanajstih etru\u0161\u010danskih mest. Njegovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae, je stalo blizu Volsinij in je bilo prizori\u0161\u010de letnega zbora etru\u0161\u010danske lige. Ta prikaz opisuje njegov religiozno-politi\u010dni in kultni polo\u017eaj v etru\u0161\u010danski dr\u017eavni ureditvi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Etru\u0161\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zvezni in dr\u017eavni bog.\">Zvezni in dr\u017eavni bog<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162567\" alt=\"Voltumna \u2013 bogovi iz etru\u0161\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev v etru\u0161\u010danskem panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna ima v etru\u0161\u010danskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> posebno mesto: ni prvenstveno &#8216;kozmi\u010dni&#8217; vrhovni bog, kot je <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160692\">Tinia<\/a>, temve\u010d politi\u010dno-religiozno dolo\u010den zvezni bog. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota religioznih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je bil povezan z institucijo zveze dvanajstih mest (dodekapolis). Mesto Volsinii je bilo varuh njegovega zveznega sveti\u0161\u010da.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani in Simonetta Stopponi so v ve\u010d delih zaznamovali raziskovanje Voltumne. Izkopavanja Stopponijeve na Campo della Fiera pri Orvietu so omogo\u010dila verjetno lokalizacijo Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Zvezni bog Voltumna pripada religiji, ki je za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske vezanosti raziskuje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologijo<\/span> tako pomenljiva, ker povezuje gr\u0161ko-sredozemsko in italsko-rimsko izro\u010dilo. Pomembne prispevke k njenemu raziskovanju so podali Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani in Giovanni Colonna, katerih delo je izostrilo podobo samostojne religiozne tradicije.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> je poznala jasno strukturiran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> z razdeljenimi rangi in porazdeljenimi pristojnostmi, znotraj katerega je imela Voltumna svoje, politi\u010dno-religiozno dolo\u010deno mesto. Kjer so starej\u0161e \u0161tudije ta sistem prikazovale kot skrivnosten ali tujski, danes v njem vidimo samostojno razli\u010dico sredozemske religije.<\/p><p>V religijski zgodovini Italije so Etru\u0161\u010dani delovali kot posredniki med gr\u0161kimi vplivi in nastajajo\u010do rimsko religijo. Dejstvo, da je etru\u0161\u010dansko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> Voltumna nadaljevalo obstoj v rimskem Vertumnu, je zgled te posredni\u0161ke vloge, ki vzbuja posebno religiolo\u0161ko zanimanje.<\/p><p>Religijsko-etnolo\u0161ko raziskovanje zadnjih desetletij obravnava etru\u0161\u010dansko religijo kot zaklju\u010den, religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ko samostojen sistem. Starej\u0161a nagnjenost k branju te religije kot zgolj izpeljanke gr\u0161ke religije je umaknila prostor precej bolj diferenciranemu pogledu, od katerega ima korist tudi razumevanje Voltumne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etru\u0161\u010dansko ime Veltha oz. Velthune se v latin\u0161\u010dini prevaja kot Voltumna ali Vertumnus. Etimologija je negotova; predlogi segajo od &#8217;tisti, ki rase&#8217; (z navezavo na vertere, &#8216;obrniti&#8217;) do &#8216;spremenljivega&#8217;. V stroki se razpravlja o povezavi s sezonsko menjavo vegetacije.<\/p><p>Latinski Vertumnus je v Rimu izpri\u010dan kot bog spremembe in vegetacije; ali je istoveten z Voltumno ali gre za samostojno rimsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>, je predmet razprave. Etru\u0161\u010danski viri so pri tem bogatej\u0161i od rimskih.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski jezik je jezikovno osamljen; velja za izoliranega ali se hipoteti\u010dno uvr\u0161\u010da v tirenijsko jezikovno dru\u017eino, ki naj bi ji pripadala tudi lemnij\u0161\u010dina in retij\u0161\u010dina. Na de\u0161ifriranju besedil se dela od 19. stoletja, in ni \u0161e zaklju\u010deno, kar zadeva tudi razlago imen, kot sta Veltha ali Velthune.<\/p><p>Klju\u010dna epigrafska zbirka etru\u0161\u010danskega jezikovnega korpusa je Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa. Danes jo dopolnjujeta Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae in spletna zbirka ETP, Etruscan Texts Project, v katerih je mogo\u010de najti tudi gradivo o Voltumni.<\/p><p>\u017de v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiki<\/span> je potekalo prepiranje o izvoru Etru\u0161\u010danov: Herodot jih je izvajal iz Lidije, Dionizij Halikarna\u0161ki pa jih je imel za doma\u010de italsko ljudstvo. Religijsko-zgodovinsko je to vpra\u0161anje pomembno, ker od njega zavisi, ali etru\u0161\u010danska religija ka\u017ee povezave z malooazijskimi kulti.<\/p><p>Jezikoslovje in epigrafika danes tesno sodelujeta. Digitalna izdaja etru\u0161\u010danskih besedil, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), bistveno olaj\u0161uje primerjalne raziskave, na primer o teonimih, kot je Veltha. Pomembne prispevke k temu sta podala Marie-Laurence Haack in Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonografsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilo<\/span> o Voltumni je razmeroma redko. Na nekaterih etru\u0161\u010danskih kovancih je upodobljena mo\u0161ka postava, ki jo povezujejo z Voltumno. Ta ob\u010dasno nosi vegetativne simbole &#8211; \u017eitno klasje, cvetlice, trte -, kar bi podpiralo njegovo vegetacijsko funkcijo.<\/p><p>V Rimu je Vertumnus izpri\u010dan z znamenitim kipom na Vicus Tuscusu, ki ga prikazuje kot potujo\u010de vegetacijsko bo\u017eanstvo. Ta kip omenjajo Propercij in drugi rimski avtorji.<\/p><p>S religijskofenomenolo\u0161kega vidika je etru\u0161\u010danska likovna umetnost izjemno bogata in obenem glavni vir na\u0161ega znanja. Ogledala, vaze, grobne poslikave in bronaste izdelke predstavljajo ve\u010dino gradiva, medtem ko je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilo<\/span> o samem Voltumni razmeroma skopo. Larissa Bonfante je v svojih \u0161tudijah poudarila, da gre pri tej podobni govorici za samostojno tradicijo, ne le za izpeljanko.<\/p><p>Prvovrsten vir za religijo in eshatologijo Etru\u0161\u010danov so grobne poslikave, ohranjene predvsem v Tarquiniji, Cerveteriju in Vulciju. Njihove podobe prikazujejo gostije, mitolo\u0161ke prizore ter ples in glasbo, in izrisujejo onstranstvo, zami\u0161ljeno kot nadaljevanje zemeljskega \u017eivljenja.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda o slikovnih vsebinah in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> daje prednost kompozicijam z ve\u010d liki, pripovednim namigom in simbolno zgo\u0161\u010denim slikovnim izrazom. Razbiranje te podobne govorice je naloga etru\u0161\u010danske religijske ikonografije.<\/p><p>Za etru\u0161\u010dansko likovno umetnost je zna\u010dilno gosto pripovedno plastenje: \u017ee samo eno ogledalo ali vaza lahko vsebuje ve\u010d mitolo\u0161kih navezav hkrati. Ta zgo\u0161\u010denost od raziskovalcev zahteva natan\u010dno analizo posameznega slikovnega konteksta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna in etru\u0161\u010danska zveza mest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dvanajst etru\u0161\u010danskih glavnih mest &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia in Roselle &#8211; je oblikovalo religijsko-politi\u010dno zvezo (Dodekapolo), ki se je vsako leto zbirala pri Fanum Voltumnae. To zborovanje je slu\u017eilo hkrati religijskim in politi\u010dnim namenom: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu v izraz zahvale, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritvam<\/span>, zvezinim odlo\u010ditvam, skupnim praznovanjem.<\/p><p>Livij (4.23, 5.17) podrobno poro\u010da o teh zvezinih sre\u010danjih. Ta so bila zgled za poznej\u0161i rimski Concilium in so bistveno vplivala na razvoj politi\u010dnih institucij v Italiji. Znanstveno gledano je Voltumna tako primer &#8216;politi\u010dnega boga&#8217;, \u010digar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota religijskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali svetemu bitju.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nosi dr\u017eavna organizacija.<\/p><p>Izdelane pripovedne literature, kakr\u0161no poznamo iz gr\u0161kega in rimskega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dila<\/span>, za etru\u0161\u010dansko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologijo<\/span> ni. Kar vemo, tudi o Voltumni, je treba razbrati iz slikovnih upodobitev, napisov ter poro\u010dil gr\u0161kih in rimskih avtorjev. Ta posredna virska podlaga narekuje posebno metodolo\u0161ko previdnost.<\/p><p>Razmerje med etru\u0161\u010dansko in gr\u0161ko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologijo<\/span> je ve\u010dplastno. Etru\u0161\u010dani so sicer prevzeli \u0161tevilne gr\u0161ke snovi, na primer o Ahilu, Odiseju in Ojdipu, vendar so jih pogosto preoblikovali in postavili svoje poudarke. Kako je potekal ta proces prila\u0161\u010danja, je predmet poglobljenega raziskovanja.<\/p><p>K etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> zna\u010dilno spada svet bogov, consensus deorum. Celo vrhovni bog Tinia ne ravna sam, temve\u010d se posvetuje z drugimi bogovi, med katerimi je z Voltumno tudi zvezni bog dr\u017eavne zveze. S religijskofenomenolo\u0161kega vidika predstavlja ta zbor posebnost.<\/p><p>Zaklju\u010dene pripovedne tradicije etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologija<\/span> ni zapustila; treba jo je razbrati iz slikovnih prizorov, napisov in sekundarnih virov, kar zahteva skrbno razlago. Prav pri tako redko izpri\u010dani postavi, kot je Voltumna, je pri tem pomembna metoda povezovanje etru\u0161\u010danskih pripisov, gr\u0161kih slikovnih predlog in kontekstualnega branja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae je najpomembnej\u0161e etru\u0161\u010dansko zvezno sveti\u0161\u010de. Njegova natan\u010dna lokacija je bila dolgo \u010dasa predmet znanstvenih razprav. Simonetta Stopponi je od leta 2000 na Campo della Fiera pri Orvietu izkopala pomemben tempeljski kompleks, ki je danes z veliko verjetnostjo prepoznan kot Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Kompleks obsega ve\u010d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templjev<\/span>, altarjev, vodnjakov in prostorov za zbiranje. Najdbe segajo od 7. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t. do rimskega obdobja. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, namenjen \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> je neprekinjeno delovalo kot versko in politi\u010dno sredi\u0161\u010de pribli\u017eno 1000 let.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, urejeno etru\u0161\u010dansko vede\u017eevalstvo, se deli na gledanje drobovja (haruspicina), razlaganje strele (fulguratio) in gledanje ptic (auspicia). Etru\u0161\u010dani so jo predali Rimljanom, pri katerih je ostala \u017eiva praksa do 4. stoletja n. \u0161t. Podrobne opise nam dolgujemo Ciceronu in Seneki.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca se je prena\u0161ala v posebnih duhovni\u0161kih \u0161olah. Med njenimi pomembnimi spisi so bili Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini in Libri Fulgurales. Ti besedili se niso ohranili, vendar jih je mogo\u010de delno rekonstruirati na podlagi navedb rimskih avtorjev, kot so Cicero, Festus in Makrobij.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je bil mo\u010dno vezan na posamezno mesto. Vsako od pomembnih sredi\u0161\u010d, torej Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia in Roselle, je gojilo lastne glavne kulte in verske posebnosti. Volsinii je imel posebno vlogo, saj je varoval zvezno sveti\u0161\u010de Voltumne.<\/p><p>Kot zaklju\u010den verski in vede\u017eevalski sistem sodi Disciplina Etrusca med najbolj razvite vede\u017eevalske prakse anti\u010dnega sveta. Rimljani so jo sistemati\u010dno prevzeli, in ohranjala se je vse do pozne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span>. Ta kontinuiteta je z religiologijskega vidika izjemna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in obredi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kultna praksa v Fanum Voltumnae je obsegala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje hvale\u017enosti, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritve<\/span> (bikov, ovc, pra\u0161i\u010dev), molitve, procesije in slovesnosti. Letna zborovanja so bila pomembni verski in politi\u010dni dogodki za celoten etru\u0161\u010danski svet.<\/p><p>Po rimski osvojitvi Volsinij (264 pr. n. \u0161t.) sveti\u0161\u010de Voltumne ni bilo opu\u0161\u010deno; obstajalo je naprej v spremenjeni obliki in bilo delno vklju\u010deno v rimski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>. Ta kontinuiteta dokazuje versko pomembnost Voltumne tudi po politi\u010dnem propadu Etrurije.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templji<\/span> imajo posebne arhitekturne zna\u010dilnosti. Zna\u010dilen je tuskanski slog, samosvoj stolpni red, ki ga opisuje Vitruvij v delu De Architectura. Tlorisi poudarjajo celo (cella) in \u0161iroko sprednjo dvorano ter se v tem jasno razlikujejo od gr\u0161kih vzorov.<\/p><p>Mnogi etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templji<\/span> so bili zasnovani monumentalno. Jupitrov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> na rimskem Kapitolu je bil na primer zgrajen po zaslugi etru\u0161\u010danskih arhitektov in umetnikov, predvsem Vulke iz Vejev, in velja za arhitekturno pri\u010devanje etru\u0161\u010danske religioznosti v zgodnjem Rimu.<\/p><p>Vsako leto se je zveza dvanajstih etru\u0161\u010danskih mest zbrala pri Fanum Voltumnae blizu Volsinij, kjer so hkrati obravnavali verske in politi\u010dne zadeve. Voltumna je bila zvezno bo\u017eanstvo te dr\u017eavne zveze in je imela pomen, ki je presegal posamezne mestne kulte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditne tradicije in politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna je bila za\u0161\u010ditno bo\u017eanstvo etru\u0161\u010danske zveze kot celote. Kdor se je obrnil na zvezo, se je obrnil na Voltumno. Ta politi\u010dno-verska zlitost je znanstveno zanimiva: ka\u017ee religijo, ki ne organizira le posamezne pobo\u017enosti, temve\u010d tudi medrr\u017eavne odnose.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odganjajo\u010d zlo: o znamenjih in predmetih, ki naj bi odvra\u010dali \u0161kodljive vplive.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejsko<\/span> so Voltumno klicali pri ustanavljanju mest, sklepanju zvez in politi\u010dnih pogodbah. Ta praksa se je delno nadaljevala v rimskih obredih ob ustanavljanju mest.<\/p><p>K etru\u0161\u010danskim za\u0161\u010ditnim obi\u010dajem sodi vrsta odganjajo\u010dih znamenj: falusni amuleti, podobe gorgonjeona, o\u010desni simboli, bule in dolo\u010dene formule. Podobjezik teh apotropejskih simbolov je raz\u010dlenila Larissa Bonfante v svojem delu Etruscan Mirrors, ki je izhajalo od leta 1980 dalje.<\/p><p>Odganjajo\u010di simboli so bili v etru\u0161\u010danski kulturi zelo raz\u0161irjeni, med njimi oko Tinije, falusni amuleti in gorgonjeoni. Krasili so <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templje<\/span> in grobove, prav tako hi\u0161ne sveti\u0161\u010de in osebno lastnino. V rimskem in \u0161ir\u0161em mediteranskem ljudskem verovanju je ta praksa \u017eivela naprej.<\/p><p>V etru\u0161\u010danskem okviru je bilo za\u0161\u010ditno ravnanje tesno povezano z Disciplino Etrusco. Pred vsakim pomembnim podvigom, bodisi ustanovitvijo mesta, vojnim pohodom ali gradnjo hi\u0161e, so z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razlaganje znamenj za spoznanje skritega ali prihodnjega.\" tabindex=\"0\">vede\u017eevanjem<\/span> ugotavljali voljo bogov, kar je veljalo tudi za politi\u010dne odlo\u010ditve zveze okoli Voltumne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna je mogo\u010de primerjati z drugimi zvezoznimi bogovi: Zevsom Helanijem (panhelenski Zevs), Dies Piterjem Latiarisom (latinski Jupiter) ali Jahvejem v njegovi funkciji izraelskega zvezoznega boga. Povezava med politi\u010dno konfederacijo in verskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span> je raz\u0161irjen pojav v anti\u010dni religijski zgodovini.<\/p><p>Posebej vzporednica s poznej\u0161im Jupitrom Latiarisom latinske zveze je zgodovinsko izjemno pou\u010dna. Oba zvezna kulta sta se vsako leto sre\u010devala na osrednjem kraju, oba sta imela politi\u010dne funkcije, oba sta pre\u017eivela politi\u010dne spremembe.<\/p><p>Skozi interpretatio Romana so etru\u0161\u010danska bo\u017eanstva dobila rimska imena: Tinia je postal Jupiter, Uni Junona, Menrva Minerva, Voltumna pa je nadaljeval obstoj v rimskem Vertumnu. Take ena\u010ditve so bile praviloma delne in so poudarjale le posamezne vidike. Raziskave zadnjih petdesetih let razkrivajo, katere etru\u0161\u010danske posebnosti so se ob tem ohranile.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska religija ka\u017ee \u0161tevilne sti\u010dne to\u010dke z anatolskim, feni\u010danskim in bli\u017enjevzhodnim izro\u010dilom. Feni\u010dansko izmenjavo posebej pri\u010dajo tablice iz Pyrgija. Ta sredozemska medkulturna povezanost je v zadnjih desetletjih pomembno raziskovalno podro\u010dje.<\/p><p>V religiologijsko primerjalnem pogledu spada etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> v \u0161ir\u0161o sredozemsko religijsko dru\u017eino in je povezan z Gr\u010dijo, Fenicijo, Egiptom, Anatolijo in Latijem. Ta vpetost predstavlja pomembno raziskovalno podro\u010dje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobne raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raziskovanje Voltumne je od 2000. let do\u017eivelo velik razmah zaradi izkopavanj na Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Univerza v Perugii). Letna poro\u010dila o izkopavanjih in ve\u010d monografij dokumentirajo najdbe.<\/p><p>Tudi interdisciplinarne \u0161tudije o etru\u0161\u010danski dr\u017eavnosti (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) sistemati\u010dno vklju\u010dujejo Voltumno. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj za bo\u017eanstvo ali sveto bitje.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je klju\u010d za razumevanje etru\u0161\u010danskega federalizma.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010dansko religijo danes preu\u010duje mednarodno povezana raziskovalna skupnost. Med pomembnimi sredi\u0161\u010di so univerze v Firencah, Rimu (Sapienza), Pisi, T\u00fcbingenu in Princetonu. Vsako leto je temi namenjenih ve\u010d mednarodnih znanstvenih sre\u010danj.<\/p><p>Mednarodni projekti o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji danes uporabljajo digitalne metode: tridimenzionalne skene templjev in grobnic, podatkovne zbirke napisov in slikovnih virov ter GIS-analize poselitvene strukture. Take metode odpirajo nova spoznanja, na primer pri lokalizaciji kultnih mest, kot je Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>\u0160ir\u0161i javnosti se sodobno etru\u0161\u010dansko raziskovanje predstavlja prek razstav, med drugim v Vatikanskem muzeju, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia in v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ter prek \u0161tevilnih publikacij.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in stanje raziskav<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161i viri za raziskovanje Voltumne so arheolo\u0161ke najdbe na Campo della Fiera, etru\u0161\u010danski napisi, omembe pri Liviju, rimski viri o Vertumnu ter epigrafske najdbe iz etru\u0161\u010danskih mest.<\/p><p>Poglobljena umestitev v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\">etru\u0161\u010dansko religijsko zgodovino<\/a> kot celoto poka\u017ee, kako je treba Voltumno razumeti v odnosu s Tinio, Uni, Menrvo in drugimi Atua &#8211; s tisto posebnostjo, da je opredeljen predvsem politi\u010dno-religiozno.<\/p><p>Viri o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji so neenotni: epigrafska pri\u010devanja, zbrana v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, arheolo\u0161ke najdbe, slikovni viri in sekundarna literatura. Ta raznolikost zahteva medpodro\u010dni pristop, novej\u0161e raziskave pa sistemati\u010dno povezujejo filologijo, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki preu\u010duje pretekle kulture na podlagi materialnih najdb.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologijo<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske vezanosti preu\u010duje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologijo<\/span> in antropologijo.<\/p><p>Ustrezna kritika virov predpostavlja poznavanje tako izvirnih etru\u0161\u010danskih pri\u010devanj kot gr\u0161ko-rimskega sekundarnega izro\u010dila. Ravno pri Voltumni, katerega rimska ustreznica Vertumnus je zapustila obse\u017enej\u0161e sledi kot nekateri etru\u0161\u010danski viri, je ta dvojni pogled nujen.<\/p><p>Kdor \u017eeli Voltumno temeljito umestiti v religijsko zgodovino, mora poznati epigrafske, arheolo\u0161ke in literarne vire ter metode sodobne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske vezanosti preu\u010duje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span>. Ta raznolika obravnava velja v raziskovanju za standard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: zvezno sveti\u0161\u010de etru\u0161\u010danskih mest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, ki so ga rimski avtorji imenovali tudi <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, je tesno povezan z dolo\u010denim kultnim krajem, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. Rimski zgodovinar Tit Livij ve\u010dkrat poro\u010da, da so se predstavniki etru\u0161\u010danskih mest zbirali na tem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010du<\/span>, da bi razpravljali o skupnih zadevah, odlo\u010dali o vojni in miru ter obhajali verske praznike skupaj z igrami.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> je bil tako hkrati versko sredi\u0161\u010de in politi\u010dno zborno mesto etru\u0161\u010danske zveze mest.<\/p><p>Natan\u010dna lega sveti\u0161\u010da je bila dolgo neznana in predmet razli\u010dnih hipotez. Od zgodnjih 2000-ih se raziskave osredoto\u010dajo na obmo\u010dje Campo della Fiera pri Orvietu, anti\u010dnem <em>Velzni<\/em> ali Volsiniih.<\/p><p>Tam so izkopavanja pod vodstvom Simonette Stopponi razkrila obse\u017eno sveti\u0161\u010dno obmo\u010dje s temelji templjev, altarji, votivnimi darovi in dolgo zgodovino uporabe. Identifikacija s <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> se mnogim raziskovalcem zdi verjetna, vendar, kot pri \u0161tevilnih etru\u0161\u010danskih najdbah, ni zanesljivo potrjena z enozna\u010dnim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali vklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napisom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Najdbe v Campo della Fiera ka\u017eejo, da je bil kraj v uporabi \u0161e dolgo po etru\u0161\u010danskem obdobju, v rimskem in celo poznoanti\u010dnem \u010dasu.<\/p><p>To se sklada z opa\u017eanjem, da je Voltumnov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> obstajal tudi po rimski osvojitvi Volsinijev, bog pa je bil v rimski obliki \u0161e naprej \u010da\u0161\u010den kot <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. Zvezno sveti\u0161\u010de ka\u017ee, da etru\u0161\u010danska vera ni bila zgolj zadeva posameznih mest, temve\u010d je imela tudi nadregionalno, identitetno vlogo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus in vpra\u0161anje narave boga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O naravi Voltumne v raziskavah ni soglasja, kar je povezano z zna\u010dilnostmi virov.<\/p><p>Rimski u\u010denjak Varon ozna\u010duje Voltumno kot najvi\u0161jega boga Etrurije, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. Druga pri\u010devanja nakazujejo boga vegetacije ali preobrazbe, kar podpira predvsem rimska podoba <em>Vertumnusa<\/em>, ki je bila povezana z menjavo letnih \u010dasov in dozorevanjem sadja.<\/p><p>Pesnik Properc v znameniti elegiji da spregovoriti samemu <em>Vertumnusu<\/em>, ki hvali svojo sposobnost preobrazbe.<\/p><p>Te\u017eava je v tem, da te izjave izhajajo iz rimske perspektive in so bile zapisane stoletja po razcvetu etru\u0161\u010danskega kulta. Ali je bila Voltumna prvotno bog vegetacije, politi\u010dno zvezno bo\u017eanstvo ali obse\u017eno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko znotraj neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span> z ve\u010d vidiki, iz redkih etru\u0161\u010danskih lastnih pri\u010devanj ni mogo\u010de ugotoviti.<\/p><p>Nekateri raziskovalci samo ime povezujejo s korenom, ki pomeni obra\u010dati ali spreminjati, kar bi ustrezalo temi preobrazbe, vendar tudi ta etimologija ni potrjena.<\/p><p>Voltumna je tako zgled temeljne te\u017eave etruskologije: bo\u017eanstvo je lahko dobro izpri\u010dano pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">anti\u010dnih<\/span> avtorjih, a kljub temu njegova prvotna narava ostaja nejasna, saj so pri\u010devanja pozna, tuja in interesno obarvana.<\/p><p>Resni prikazi zato ve\u010dinoma navajajo ve\u010d razlag hkrati, namesto da bi se opredelili za eno samo. Zanesljiva je le izpostavljena vloga boga kot referen\u010dne to\u010dke etru\u0161\u010danske mestne zveze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (ve\u010d zvezkov)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: prispevki o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji<\/li><li>Livij: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, imenovan tudi Veltha ali Vertumnus, je bil <strong>bo\u017eanski<\/strong> za\u0161\u010ditnik dvanajstih mest etru\u0161\u010danske zveze. Njegovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span>, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> blizu Volsinijev, je po pri\u010devanju Livija slu\u017eilo kot letno zborno mesto predstavnikov zveze, kjer so skupaj obravnavali verska, politi\u010dna in pravna vpra\u0161anja.<\/p><p>Kot bo\u017eanska referen\u010dna to\u010dka zveze je Voltumna manj sodil v doma\u010di <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj bo\u017eanstva ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, temve\u010d predvsem v dr\u017eavno predstavitev, s \u010dimer je zagotavljal obredno vez med sicer samostojnimi mestnimi dr\u017eavami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span><\/em> imenuje Voltumno kot najvi\u0161jega zveznega boga dvanajstih mest; v njegovem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010du<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae pri Volsinijih, so se predstavniki etru\u0161\u010danske zveze vsako leto zbirali za posvetovanja in prazni\u010dni kult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Voltumna Etru\u0161\u010dani Fanum Voltumnae Zveza Dodekapolis Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se navezuje na kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\">Etru\u0161\u010danov<\/a> in mnogih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna etru\u0161\u010danska liga","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna - etru\u0161\u010danski zvezni bog, mit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna je zvezni bog etru\u0161\u010danske zveze mest, \u010da\u0161\u010den v Fanum Voltumnae. Religiologska obravnava z mitom in viri.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160697","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Voltumna - etru\u0161\u010danski zvezni bog, mit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Voltumna je zvezni bog etru\u0161\u010danske zveze mest, \u010da\u0161\u010den v Fanum Voltumnae. 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