{"id":160696,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160696"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:43:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:43:43","slug":"turms-etruscanski-glasnik-bogov-bozanstvo-mrtvih","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/turms-etruscanski-glasnik-bogov-bozanstvo-mrtvih\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogov in bo\u017eanstvo mrtvih"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160696\" class=\"elementor elementor-160696 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogov, ustreznica gr\u0161kemu Hermesu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etru\u0161\u010danski religiji glasnik bogov in spremljevalec mrtvih v podzemlje. Funkcijsko ustreza gr\u0161kemu Hermesu in rimskemu Merkurju. Ta prikaz opisuje njegovo religiologsko mesto, njegove ikonografske zna\u010dilnosti in njegovo vlogo v etru\u0161\u010danskem eshatolo\u0161kem sistemu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Glasnik tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Glasnik<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Etru\u0161\u010danska.\">Etru\u0161\u010danska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Glasnik bogov in spremljevalec mrtvih.\">Glasnik bogov in spremljevalec mrtvih<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas 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vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162570\" alt=\"Turms \u2013 bogovi iz etru\u0161\u010danske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev v etru\u0161\u010danskem panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms spada med pomembnej\u0161e bogove etru\u0161\u010danskega panteona. Je glasnik med bogovi in med svetovi, \u017eivih in mrtvih. V tej funkciji v veliki meri ustreza gr\u0161kemu Hermesu Psihopompu.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante in Nancy Thomson de Grummond sta Turmsa obravnavali v svojih delih o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji. V etru\u0161\u010danski likovni umetnosti je pogosta figura, ve\u010dkrat upodobljena na zrcalih z napisi.<\/p><p>Bo\u017eanski glasnik Turms pripada religiji, ki je za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske zaveze raziskuje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologijo<\/span> zato tako pomenljiva, ker povezuje gr\u0161ko-sredozemsko in italsko-rimsko izro\u010dilo. Bistvene raziskovalne prispevke so podali Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani in Giovanni Colonna, katerih delo je izostrilo podobo samostojne verske tradicije.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> je poznala jasno urejen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skupnost vseh bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> s stopnjevanimi rangi in natan\u010dno razdeljenimi nalogami; Turms je bil v njem trdno zasidran kot glasnik med bogovi in med svetovi. Kjer so starej\u0161e \u0161tudije ta sistem prikazovale kot uganko ali tujost, danes vidimo samostojno razli\u010dico sredozemske religije.<\/p><p>V verski zgodovini Italije so Etru\u0161\u010dani zasedali posredni\u0161ko mesto med gr\u0161kimi vplivi in nastajajo\u010do rimsko religijo. Ta vmesni\u0161ka vloga, ki se nekako zrcali v poslanski funkciji Turmsa, je za religiologijo posebej zanimiva.<\/p><p>Religijsko-etnolo\u0161ke raziskave zadnjih desetletij obravnavajo etru\u0161\u010dansko religijo kot znotraj sebe zaklju\u010den, religiofenomenolo\u0161ko samostojen sistem. Starej\u0161e branje, ki jo je razumelo kot zgolj izpeljanko gr\u0161ke religije, je zamenjal precej bolj diferenciran pogled, iz katerega izhaja tudi bolj\u0161e razumevanje Turmsa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Turms je izpri\u010dano na \u0161tevilnih etru\u0161\u010danskih zrcalih in napisih. Zanesljiv etimolo\u0161ki pomen ni rekonstruiran. Helmut Rixova <em>Editio Minor<\/em> dokumentira epigrafske dokaze.<\/p><p>Turms se pojavlja tudi pod vzdevkom Turms Aitas (&#8216;Turms od Aite&#8217;), kar ga izrecno ozna\u010duje kot spremljevalca podzemnega boga <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160699\">Aite<\/a>. Ta povezava je znanstveno pomembna: ka\u017ee na njegovo dvojno funkcijo glasnika bogov in spremljevalca mrtvih.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danski jezik jezikovno stoji zase; velja za izoliranega ali pa ga hipoteti\u010dno uvr\u0161\u010dajo v tirzensko dru\u017eino, ki naj bi ji pripadala tudi lemnij\u0161\u010dina in retij\u0161\u010dina. Na razvozlavanju besedil raziskovalci delajo od 19. stoletja, delo pa ni dokon\u010dano, kar velja tudi za razlago imena Turms.<\/p><p>Klju\u010dna epigrafska zbirka etru\u0161\u010danskega jezikovnega korpusa je Helmut Rixova Editio Minor; v njej so dokumentirani tudi dokazi za ime Turms. Danes jo dopolnjujeta Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae in spletna podatkovna baza ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>\u017de v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiki<\/span> so se mnenja o izvoru Etru\u0161\u010danov razhajala: Herodot jih je izpeljeval iz Lidije, Dionizij Halikarna\u0161ki pa je v njih vidal doma\u010de italsko ljudstvo. Za versko zgodovino je to vpra\u0161anje pomembno, saj je od njega odvisno, ali ima etru\u0161\u010danska religija povezave z malezijskimi kulti iz Male Azije.<\/p><p>Jezikoslovje in epigrafika danes tesno sodelujeta. Digitalna izdaja etru\u0161\u010danskih besedil, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), bistveno olaj\u0161uje primerjalne raziskave, na primer glede teonimov, kot je Turms. Pomembne prispevke k temu sta podala Marie-Laurence Haack in Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etru\u0161\u010danski umetnosti upodobljen kot mladeni\u010d, pogosto s potovalnim klobukom (petasos), krilatimi sandali in kadukejem (glasni\u0161ko palico). Ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauk o vsebinah podob in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> je prevzeta iz gr\u0161ke tradicije Hermesa. Znane so etru\u0161\u010danske bronaste figurice Turmsa, ki so ohranjene v ve\u010d zbirkah po svetu.<\/p><p>Na etru\u0161\u010danskih ogledalih (4.\/3. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.) se Turms pojavlja v \u0161tevilnih mitolo\u0161kih prizorih &#8211; pogosto kot spremljevalec umirajo\u010dih ali preseljenih junakov, v\u010dasih tudi kot sel med bogovi.<\/p><p>Z religiofenomenolo\u0161kega vidika je likovna umetnost Etru\u0161\u010danov izjemno bogata in obenem glavni vir na\u0161ega znanja, prav tako tudi za \u0161tevilne upodobitve Turmsa. Ogledala, vaze, grobne slike in bronasti predmeti prispevajo ve\u010dino gradiva. Larissa Bonfante je v svojih \u0161tudijah poudarila, da gre za samostojno likovno tradicijo, ne le za izpeljano.<\/p><p>Prvovrsten vir za religijo in eshatologijo Etru\u0161\u010danov so grobne poslikave, ohranjene predvsem v Tarquiniji, Cerveteriju in Vulciju. Njihove podobe prikazujejo pojedine, mitolo\u0161ke prizore ter ples in glasbo; onstranstvo, v katero Turms vodi kot spremljevalec mrtvih, se pri tem ka\u017ee kot nadaljevanje zemeljskega \u017eivljenja.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauk o vsebinah podob in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span> daje prednost kompozicijam z ve\u010d liki, pripovednim namigom in simbolno zgo\u0161\u010denim sporo\u010dilom podob; tudi Turms se pogosto pojavlja v tak\u0161nih prizorih. Razumevanje te podobne govorice je naloga etru\u0161\u010danske religijske ikonografije.<\/p><p>Zna\u010dilna za etru\u0161\u010dansko likovno umetnost je gosta pripovedna plastenost. \u017de posamezno ogledalo ali vaza lahko vsebuje ve\u010d mitolo\u0161kih navezav hkrati, na primer kadar se Turms pojavi ob drugih figurah. Ta zgo\u0161\u010denost od raziskovalcev zahteva skrbno analizo slikovnega konteksta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms kot bo\u017eji sel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V svoji funkciji sla bogov Turms prena\u0161a sporo\u010dila med olimpijskimi bogovi, med bogovi in ljudmi ter med \u017eivimi in mrtvimi. Na etru\u0161\u010danskih ogledalih je pogosto upodobljen v prizorih, kjer bogovi med seboj komunicirajo &#8211; Turms pri tem nastopa kot posrednik.<\/p><p>Ta funkcija je dobro znana iz tradicije Hermesa in so jo Etru\u0161\u010dani verjetno prevzeli iz gr\u0161kega mitolo\u0161kega kroga. Vendar so Etru\u0161\u010dani postavili lastne poudarke, zlasti s povezavo s podzemljem.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologija<\/span> Etru\u0161\u010danov, druga\u010de kot gr\u0161ka ali rimska, ni izro\u010dena v izdelanih pripovednih besedilih. Mite o Turmsu je treba razbrati iz slikovnih upodobitev, napisov in gr\u0161ko-rimskega posrednega izro\u010dila. Ta posredna viroslovna podlaga zahteva posebno metodolo\u0161ko previdnost.<\/p><p>Razmerje med etru\u0161\u010dansko in gr\u0161ko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologijo<\/span> je zapleteno. Etru\u0161\u010dani so po eni strani prevzeli \u0161tevilne gr\u0161ke snovi, na primer o Ahilu, Odiseju in Ojdipu, po drugi strani pa so jim dali lastne razlage in poudarke. Kako je ta prilastitev potekala v podrobnostih, na primer pri prevzemu Hermesovih potez pri Turmsu, intenzivno raziskuje znanost.<\/p><p>Zna\u010dilna poteza etru\u0161\u010danske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> je svet bogov, consensus deorum. Vrhovni bog Tinia ne ravna sam, temve\u010d se posvetuje z drugimi bogovi, in Turms posreduje med njimi kot sel. Z religiofenomenolo\u0161kega vidika je ta zbor posebnost.<\/p><p>Sklenjenega pripovednega izro\u010dila etru\u0161\u010danska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologija<\/span> ni zapustila; treba ga je sestaviti iz slikovnih prizorov, napisov in posrednih virov, kar zahteva skrbno razlago. Ker se Turms pojavlja predvsem na ogledalih, se pri tem posebej izka\u017ee povezovanje etru\u0161\u010danskega napisa, gr\u0161kega slikovnega predloga in kontekstualnega branja posameznega prizora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms kot spremljevalec mrtvih<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161a eshatolo\u0161ka funkcija Turmsa je spremljanje mrtvih v podzemlje. Na etru\u0161\u010danskih sarkofagih in grobnih poslikavah (Tarquinia, Vulci) je pogosto upodobljen skupaj z drugimi spremljevalci mrtvih, kot sta <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160698\">Charun<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160700\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010danska eshatologija je znanstveno posebej zanimiva, ker ponuja izrazito predstavo o podzemlju (etru\u0161\u010dansko delno calusna). Turms je del te predstave. Jean-Rene Jannot je v <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> sistemati\u010dno obravnaval eshatologijo.<\/p><p>Religiozno ozadje Turmsa tvori Disciplina Etrusca, sistem vede\u017eevanja Etru\u0161\u010danov, ki poznal tri veje: gledanje drobovja (haruspicina), razlaganje strel (fulguratio) in opazovanje ptic (auspicia). Etru\u0161\u010dani so ga predali Rimljanom, kjer je vse do 4. stoletja n. \u0161t. ostal \u017eiva praksa. Cicero in Seneka sta ga podrobno opisala.<\/p><p>Izro\u010deno znanje, v katerem je zasidrana tudi figura kot Turms, so ohranjale specializirane duhovni\u0161ke \u0161ole, v katerih se je Disciplina Etrusca prena\u0161ala iz roda v rod.<\/p><p>Za njena pomembna besedila veljajo Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini in Libri Fulgurales. Ta besedila niso ohranjena; iz navedkov pri Ciceru, Festu in Makrobiju pa jih je mogo\u010de delno rekonstruirati.<\/p><p>Etru\u0161\u010dansko kultno \u017eivljenje je bilo mo\u010dno vezano na posamezno mesto. Vsako od velikih sredi\u0161\u010d, torej Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia in Roselle, je imelo lastne glavne kulte in religiozne posebnosti.<\/p><p>Raven religioznosti, v kateri ima Turms svoje mesto, se ka\u017ee v Disciplini Etrusci: kot koherenten religiozno-vede\u017eevalski sistem sodi med najbolj razvite vede\u017eevalske prakse anti\u010dnega sveta. Rimljani so jo sistemati\u010dno prevzeli, njena praksa pa je segala vse do pozne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span>. Zgodovinsko si ta kontinuiteta zaslu\u017ei pozornost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in obredi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms so \u010dastili v lastnih templjih, \u010deprav ne s tolik\u0161no vidnostjo kot Tinia, Uni ali Menrva. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je bil usmerjen bolj prakti\u010dno in pragmati\u010dno: nanj so se sklicevali popotniki, trgovci in odposlanci, ob pogrebih pa so ga klicali na pomo\u010d, da bi mrtve varno popeljal v podzemlje.<\/p><p>Izrazita praksa je bila polaganje majhnih Turmsovih kipcev v grobove. Ti naj bi mrtvim kazali pot. Tak\u0161ni kipci so bili najdeni v \u0161tevilnih etru\u0161\u010danskih grobovih.<\/p><p>Tudi stavbe, v katerih so \u010dastili bo\u017eanstva, kakr\u0161no je bil Turms, imajo svoj poseben slog. Etru\u0161\u010danske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templje<\/span> zaznamuje tuskanski slog s svojevrstnim redom stebrov, ki ga opisuje Vitruvij v delu De Architectura. V tlorisu izrazito izstopata cela in \u0161iroka \u010delna dvorana, po \u010demer se te stavbe jasno razlikujejo od gr\u0161kih zgledov.<\/p><p>Pogosto so bili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templji<\/span> kultnega sveta, ki mu pripada tudi Turms, zasnovani monumentalno. Primer je Jupitrov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelj<\/span> na Kapitolu v Rimu, ki so ga zgradili etru\u0161\u010danski arhitekti in umetniki, predvsem Vulca iz Veji. Velja za arhitekturno pri\u010devanje etru\u0161\u010danske religioznosti v zgodnjem Rimu.<\/p><p>Za Turmsa kot bo\u017ejega sla je zgovoren nadregionalni kultni okvir, znotraj katerega so ga \u010dastili: na sveti\u0161\u010du Fanum Voltumnae pri Volsiniih se je etru\u0161\u010danska zveza dvanajstih mest vsako leto zbirala na verskem in hkrati politi\u010dnem zborovanju. Voltumna je pri tem nastopal kot zvezni bog dr\u017eavne zveze in imel versko vlogo, ki je presegala posamezne mestne kulte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna izro\u010dila<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turmsa so v okviru za\u0161\u010dite predvsem klicali potniki, trgovci, odposlanci in vede\u017eevalci. Kdor je odhajal na potovanje, je Turmsu izrekal karakia (molitve); trgovci so ga vklju\u010devali v svoje poslovne prakse kot zavetnika. Turms je imel vlogo tudi pri vede\u017eevalskih praksah, zlasti pri opazovanju ptic in razlaganju sanj.<\/p><p>Apotropejske prakse na podro\u010dju Turmsa so vklju\u010devale no\u0161enje Turmsovih figuric, postavljanje Turmsovih hermov ob vhodih v hi\u0161e in mesta ter klicanje pred pomembnimi pogajanji. Ta praksa je prevzeta iz gr\u0161ke tradicije Hermesa.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etru\u0161\u010dansko za\u0161\u010ditno izro\u010dilo pozna \u0161tevilna odvra\u010dalna znamenja: fali\u010dne amulete, podobe gorgonjeglave, simbole o\u010di, bule in dolo\u010dene formule. Podobje teh apotropejskih simbolov je raz\u010dlenila Larissa Bonfante v svojem delu Etruscan Mirrors, ki je izhajalo od leta 1980 dalje.<\/span><\/p><p>Kot druge podobe etru\u0161\u010danskega panteona je tudi Turms ume\u0161\u010den v okolje, pre\u017eeto z odvra\u010dalnimi znamenji. Tinijevo oko, fali\u010dni amuleti in podobe gorgonjeglave so se pojavljale na templjih in grobovih, prav tako na hi\u0161nih sveti\u0161\u010dih in osebnih predmetih. Ta praksa je u\u010dinkovala tudi zunaj etru\u0161\u010danske kulture, v rimskem in \u0161ir\u0161em sredozemskem ljudskem verovanju.<\/p><p>Kdor se pribli\u017ea podro\u010dju delovanja Turmsa, naleti na religioznost, katere za\u0161\u010ditno ravnanje je bilo tesno povezano z Disciplino Etrusca. Ustanovitve mesta, vojnega pohoda ali gradnje hi\u0161e niso pri\u010deli brez predhodnega divinacijskega poizvedovanja o volji bogov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms po funkciji ustreza gr\u0161kemu Hermesu in rimskemu Merkurju. Povezava je tesna, tako tipolo\u0161ko kot zgodovinsko: etru\u0161\u010dansko izro\u010dilo Turmsa neposredno izhaja iz gr\u0161kega izro\u010dila Hermesa. Etru\u0161\u010dani pa so vseeno postavili lastne poudarke, zlasti v eshatologiji.<\/p><p>V religijski primerjavi je mogo\u010de Turmsa povezati z drugimi bo\u017ejimi glasniki: Anubisom (egiptovski, spremljevalec umrlih), Hermesom (gr\u0161ki), Merkurjem (rimski) in Wotanom\/Odinom v njegovi vlogi vodnika umrlih (germanski). Zamisel o bo\u017ejem glasniku kot posredniku med svetovi je religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ko univerzalna.<\/p><p>Z interpretatio Romana so etru\u0161\u010danska bo\u017eanstva dobila rimska imena: Tinia je postala Jupiter, Uni Junona, Menrva Minerva. Take ena\u010ditve so praviloma zajele le izbrane poteze, ne pa celotne podobe. Raziskave zadnjih petdesetih let ugotavljajo, katere etru\u0161\u010danske posebnosti so se pri tem ohranile, denimo pri glasni\u0161kem bogu Turmsu v razmerju do Hermesa in Merkurja.<\/p><p>Da je Turms kot bo\u017eji glasnik bli\u017eje gr\u0161kemu Hermesu in rimskemu Merkurju, ka\u017ee na \u0161ir\u0161o prepletenost: etru\u0161\u010danska religija izkazuje \u0161tevilne stike z anatolskimi, feni\u010danskimi in bli\u017enjevzhodnimi izro\u010dili. Feni\u010dansko posredovanje potrjujejo Pirgijeve tablice. Ta transmediteranska povezanost je \u017ee nekaj desetletij pomembno raziskovalno podro\u010dje.<\/p><p>V religijsko-primerjalnem pogledu spada etru\u0161\u010danski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denjskih dejanj, posve\u010denih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti podobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> v \u0161ir\u0161o sredozemsko religijsko dru\u017eino in je povezan z Gr\u010dijo, Fenicijo, Egiptom, Anatolijo in Lacijem. Ta vpetost, v katero spada tudi glasni\u0161ka podoba Turmsa, predstavlja pomembno raziskovalno podro\u010dje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobne raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raziskovanje Turmsa je v zadnjih 30 letih pomembno napredovalo zaradi sistemati\u010dne analize etru\u0161\u010danskih ogledal (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante je v ve\u010d izdajah ogledal raz\u010dlenila upodobitve Turmsa.<\/p><p>Raziskave intenzivno preu\u010dujejo razmerje med gr\u0161ko izro\u010dilom Hermesa in etru\u0161\u010dansko samobitnostjo Turmsa. Kje gre za neposredno prevzemanje, kje za etru\u0161\u010danske izvirne poteze? To vpra\u0161anje je predmet aktualne razprave.<\/p><p>Tudi like, kot je Turms, danes obravnavajo v okviru mednarodno zasnovanega raziskovanja etru\u0161\u010danske religije. Kot pomembna sredi\u0161\u010da veljajo univerze v Firencah, Rimu (Sapienza), Pisi, T\u00fcbingenu in Princetonu. Vsako leto se ve\u010d mednarodnih kongresov posve\u010da posameznim vidikom tega podro\u010dja.<\/p><p>Mednarodni projekti o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji danes uporabljajo digitalne metode: tridimenzionalne skene templjev in grobnic, podatkovne zbirke napisov in slikovnih virov ter analize GIS naselbinske strukture. Te metode odpirajo nova spoznanja, tudi glede ogledal, na katerih je upodobljen Turms.<\/p><p>Kar raziskovanje o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji in njenih bo\u017eanstvih, med njimi Turmsu, prinese na dan, dose\u017ee javnost prek razstav, na primer v Vatikanskem muzeju, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia in v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, poleg tega prek \u0161tevilnih publikacij.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in stanje raziskav<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161i viri za raziskovanje Turmsa so etru\u0161\u010danska ogledala (zlasti s pripisi), grobne poslikave, sarkofagi in napisi. Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (ve\u010d zvezkov) je najpomembnej\u0161a zbirka podob z ogledal.<\/p><p>Poglobljena umestitev v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\">etru\u0161\u010dansko religijsko zgodovino<\/a> kot celoto poka\u017ee, kako je treba Turmsa razumeti v odnosnem sistemu z olimpijskimi bo\u017eanstvi in podzemnimi bogovi Aito, Charunom in Vanth. Ta povezanost je znanstveno bistvena.<\/p><p>Viri o etru\u0161\u010danski religiji so neenotni: epigrafska pri\u010devanja, zbrana v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, arheolo\u0161ke najdbe, slikovni viri in sekundarna literatura. Kdor \u017eeli ustrezno zaobjeti Turmsa, mora to raznolikost analizirati medpodro\u010dno; novej\u0161e raziskovanje pri tem sistemati\u010dno povezuje filologijo, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki preu\u010duje pretekle kulture na podlagi materialnih najdb.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologijo<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske vezanosti preu\u010duje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologijo<\/span> in antropologijo.<\/p><p>Ustrezna kritika virov zahteva poznavanje tako etru\u0161\u010danskih izvirnih pri\u010devanj kot gr\u0161ko-rimskega sekundarnega izro\u010dila. Ta dvojni pristop je zahteven, vendar nepogre\u0161ljiv za trdno religijsko-zgodovinsko rekonstrukcijo Turmsa.<\/p><p>Temeljita zgodovinska umestitev Turmsa predpostavlja poznavanje epigrafskih, arheolo\u0161kih in literarnih virov ter hkrati pristopov sodobne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno in brez verske vezanosti preu\u010duje religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span>. Ta raznoplastna obravnava velja v raziskovanju za standard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms na bronasti jetri iz Piacenze in v etru\u0161\u010danski disciplini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osrednji dokument o etru\u0161\u010danskem redu bogov je tako imenovana bronasta jetra iz Piacenze, leta 1877 v severni Italiji odkrit bronast model ov\u010dje jetre, razdeljen v polja in popisan z imeni bogov v etru\u0161\u010danski pisavi.<\/p><p>Verjetno je slu\u017eil kot u\u010dno ali ponazoritveno pripomo\u010dilo etru\u0161\u010danskega gledanja v drobovje, <em>haruspicine<\/em>. Na robu modela je razporejenih \u0161estnajst polj, znotraj pa \u0161e dodatna.<\/p><p>Na tem predmetu se pojavlja tudi <em>Turms<\/em>. Njegova umestitev omogo\u010da sklepe o tem, v katerem delu etru\u0161\u010danskega neba so ga duhovniki ume\u0161\u010dali in s katerimi drugimi bo\u017eanstvi je bil po njihovem prepri\u010danju v sosedstvu.<\/p><p>Bronasta jetra je tako redek vir, ki ne izhaja iz rimskega ali gr\u0161kega sekundarnega izro\u010dila, temve\u010d neposredno iz etru\u0161\u010danske kultne prakse, tako imenovane <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>Branje in razlaga jetre pa je te\u017eavno. Etru\u0161\u010danska pisava je sicer berljiva, vendar le delno razumljiva, ker ni tesno sorodnega jezika. Raziskovalci, kot so Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig in pozneje Nancy de Grummond, so prispevali k umestitvi, ne da bi bila razjasnjena vsa polja in njihova teolo\u0161ka logika. Turms tako ponazarja temeljni problem etruskologije: poznamo njegovo ime in njegov polo\u017eaj v obrednem sistemu, vendar nauk, ki ga obdaja, ostaja fragmentaren.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vodnik du\u0161: Turms v etru\u0161\u010danski grobni poslikavi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V nasprotju z gr\u0161kim Hermesom, ki ga bogato literarno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilo<\/span> ka\u017ee kot bogovega glasnika, \u0161aljivca in izumitelja, je <em>Turms<\/em> zanas skoraj izklju\u010dno podoba.<\/p><p>Ena njegovih najbolj razvidnih vlog je vloga vodnika du\u0161, <em>psychopompos<\/em>, ki umrle spremlja v podzemlje. Ta funkcija se \u0161e posebej izra\u017ea v etru\u0161\u010danski grobni poslikavi in na pepelnicah poznej\u0161ega etru\u0161\u010danskega obdobja.<\/p><p>V stenskih poslikavah etru\u0161\u010danskih komornih grobnic, na primer v okolici Tarquinie in v velikih nekropolah, se pojavlja lik s potovalnim klobukom in palico, ki umrlega prime za roko ali mu koraka naprej.<\/p><p>Ta lik pogosto identificirajo s Turmsom, deloma s pripisom, deloma le na podlagi ikonografije. V\u010dasih nosi vzdevek, ki ga izrecno ozna\u010duje kot spremljevalca v podzemlje, v raziskovanju ga pogosto beremo kot <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, torej Turms v krogu podzemnega boga Aite.<\/p><p>Ta mo\u010dan poudarek na funkciji spremljanja mrtvih je dober primer, kako lahko <em>interpretatio<\/em> zavede. \u010ce bi Turmsa preprosto odpravili kot &#8220;etru\u0161\u010danskega Hermesa&#8221;, bi spregledali, da etru\u0161\u010danska umetnost prav posmrtni vidik postavlja v ospredje, medtem ko tatinska, prevejana plat gr\u0161kega Hermesa ostaja skoraj neopazna. Ali je to posledica narave virov, ki jih v Etruriji mo\u010dno dolo\u010dajo grobovi, ali resni\u010dno druga\u010dnega poudarka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v okviru neke religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>, je odprto raziskovalno vpra\u0161anje. O metodologiji etru\u0161\u010danske religije glej tudi \u010dlanek o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\">etru\u0161\u010danski mitologiji<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (razni zvezki)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (ve\u010d zvezkov)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Nadaljnja temeljna dela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160475\">seznamu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je etru\u0161\u010danski bo\u017eji glasnik in v anti\u010dnih virih ter v raziskavah pogosto obravnavan kot <em>interpretatio<\/em>-figura: nastopa kot neposredni <strong>ustreznik<\/strong> gr\u0161kega Hermesa in rimskega Merkurja.<\/p><p>Na bronastih ogledalih iz \u010detrtega in tretjega stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem nosi krilate \u010devlje in glasni\u0161ko palico ter prevzema podobne funkcije, na primer spremljanje umrlih. Ta uvrstitev kot ustreznik ka\u017ee, kako tesno je bil etru\u0161\u010danski svet bogov povezan z gr\u0161ko-rimskimi predstavami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etru\u0161\u010danski <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span><\/em> prikazuje Turmsa kot bo\u017ejega glasnika in vodnika du\u0161, katerega funkcija se tesno ujema z gr\u0161kim Hermesom; podobno je upodobljen na bronastih ogledalih iz petega in \u010detrtega stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Turms Etru\u0161\u010dani bo\u017eji glasnik Caduceus Hermes Merkur spremljevalec du\u0161 Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se navezuje na kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160656\">Etru\u0161\u010danov<\/a> in mnogih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms Etru\u0161\u010dan","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogov, mit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms je etru\u0161\u010danski glasnik bogov in spremljevalec mrtvih, ustreznica gr\u0161kemu Hermesu. 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