{"id":160681,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160681"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:43:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:43:21","slug":"thunderbird-gromovnik-severnoamerika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/thunderbird-gromovnik-severnoamerika\/","title":{"rendered":"Thunderbird \u2013 gromovnik severnoameri\u0161kih Indijancev"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160681\" class=\"elementor elementor-160681 elementor-2593 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thunderbird, gromovnik in kozmi\u010dno nevihtno bitje severnoameri\u0161ke indijanske tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird (v jeziku Lakota <em>Wakinyan<\/em>, v jeziku Anishinabe <em>Binesi<\/em>, na severozahodni obali <em>T&#8217;iista&#8217;as<\/em> v razli\u010dnih jezikih) je gromovnik in kozmi\u010dno nevihtno bitje skoraj vseh severnoameri\u0161kih indijanskih tradicij. Sodi med najbolj raz\u0161irjena religiozna bitja religij ameri\u0161ke celine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Naravno bitje tradicije Native American.\">Naravno bitje<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160655\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gromovno bitje.\">Gromovno bitje<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-thunderbir-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-thunderbir-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-thunderbir-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162591\" alt=\"Thunderbird - bogovi iz izro\u010dila prvotnih ljudstev Severne Amerike, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-thunderbird elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-thunderbird\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-thunderbird\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-thunderbird\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-thunderbird elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-thunderbird\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird je <strong>nevihtno bitje<\/strong> severnoameri\u0161ke indijanske tradicije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev v severnoameri\u0161ke indijanske religije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird je ena redkih podob bitij, ki je raz\u0161irjena skoraj po vseh domorodnih ameri\u0161kih jezikovnih dru\u017einah Severne Amerike.<\/p><p>Njegovo raz\u0161irjenostno obmo\u010dje obsega Velike planjave (Lakota, Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho), regijo Velikih jezer (Anishinabe, Cree, Innu), severozahodno obalo (Tlingit, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka&#8217;wakw, Nuu-chah-nulth), jugozahod (Pueblo, Navajo) in severni del ameri\u0161kega jugovzhoda (Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek). Ta panameri\u0161ka raz\u0161irjenost je z religioznoetnolo\u0161kega vidika nenavadna in ka\u017ee bodisi na skupno praizvorno tradicijo bodisi na intenzivno zgodovino medplemenskih stikov.<\/p><p>Religiologno Thunderbird sodi v \u0161ir\u0161i razred <em>gromovnih bitij<\/em>, ki imajo pomembno vlogo skoraj v vsaki poljedelski ali lovski kulturi. Strukturno primerljivi so gr\u0161ki Zevs-gromovnik, germanski Tor, hindujski Indra, baltski Perkunas, mezoameri\u0161ki Tlaloc, in v ne-antropomorfni, zoomorfni obliki andsko-amazonski kompleks gromovnih bitij (glej <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160670\">Illapa<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160672\">Yacumama<\/a>).<\/p><p>Posebnost tradicije Thunderbird v primerjavi z antropomorfnimi bogovi groma je zoomorfna podoba velikanske ptice. Thunderbird je hkrati grom in ptica; z udarci peruti povzro\u010da grom, z bliskom o\u010di ustvarja strele, s svojim letom prina\u0161a de\u017e. Ta zoomorfna utelesitev vremena je religiozno-filozofsko samostojen prispevek indijanskih tradicij Amerike k svetovni religijski zgodovini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in regionalna raznolikost<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird se v razli\u010dnih jezikih imenuje: <em>Wakinyan<\/em> pri Lakotih (iz <em>wak<\/em> = <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pripadajo\u010d bo\u017eanskemu in s tem izvzet iz vsakdanje rabe.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveto<\/span> in <em>kinyan<\/em> = leteti, torej <em>sveti letalec<\/em>); <em>Binesi<\/em> ali <em>Animikii<\/em> pri Anishinabejih; <em>Hino<\/em> pri Irokezih; <em>Tlathl&#8217;aakwa<\/em> pri Tlingitih; <em>Kwunusela<\/em> pri Kwakwaka&#8217;wakwih; <em>T&#8217;iista&#8217;as<\/em> pri Tsimshianih; <em>Heyoka-Wakinyan<\/em> pri Lakotih v posebni povezavi s kompleksom svetega norca Heyoka.<\/p><p>Pri ljudstvih Pueblo obstaja lastna tradicija Thunderbirda pod imenom <em>Shiwanna<\/em>, izraz, ki se uporablja tudi za de\u017eonosna obla\u010dna bitja ka\u010dina (glej <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160679\">Ka\u010dina<\/a>). Pueblovske shiwanne je delno mogo\u010de razumeti kot predhodnike ali tesne sorodnike velike panameri\u0161ke tradicije Thunderbirda.<\/p><p>V angle\u0161kem standardnem jeziku se je izraz <em>Thunderbird<\/em> uveljavil kot skupno poimenovanje za vsa ta razli\u010dna domorodna bitja. Ta posplo\u0161itev je z religioznoetnolo\u0161kega vidika problemati\u010dna, ker zabri\u0161e specifi\u010dno kulturno posebnost posameznih tradicij. Kljub temu je v akademski razpravi uveljavljena kot prakti\u010dno zbirno poimenovanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird je v vseh tradicijah opisan kot velikanska ptica, katere razpon peruti naj bi dosegal ve\u010d deset metrov (v nekaterih pripovedih celo ve\u010d kilometrov).<\/p><p>Njegov videz se razlikuje glede na regijo: pri ljudstvih Velikih planjav je najpogosteje opisan kot orlu podobna ujeda z oprijemalnimi kremplji in mo\u010dnim kljunom; pri ljudstvih severozahodne obale kot enako bogato okra\u0161ena, ornamentalno oblikovana ptica z dolgim kljunom; pri Anishinabejih kot manj\u0161a, vendar gosto operjena nevihtna ptica.<\/p><p>Na totemskih drogovih ljudstev severozahodne obale (Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian) je Thunderbird eden najpomembnej\u0161ih motivov. Tam je upodobljen kot stilizirano plo\u0161\u010data ptica z razprtimi perutmi, ostrim kljunom in bogatimi ornamenti. Tlingitski totemski drogovi pogosto na vrhu prikazujejo Thunderbirda, ki simbolizira celotno mo\u010d zgornjega neba.<\/p><p>V lakotski in planjavski ikonografiji se Thunderbird pojavlja na poslikanih bojevni\u0161kih \u0161\u010ditih, na bobnih in na tkaninah znojnih ko\u010d.<\/p><p>Tipi\u010dna planjavska upodobitev Thunderbirda prikazuje stilizirano ptico z dvema \u010drtama v obliki \u010drke W, ki ponazarjata peruti in strelo, ter <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadome\u0161\u010da predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolom<\/span> o\u010di, ki predstavlja nastajanje strele. Na ohranjenih skalnih petroglifih iz regije Velikih planjav in na jugozahodnem obmo\u010dju Anasazijev je najti \u0161tevilne upodobitve Thunderbirda, ki segajo tiso\u010dletja v preteklost.<\/p><p>Posebna sestavina ikonografije Thunderbirda na severozahodni obali je zlitje z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivom<\/span> kita. V \u0161tevilnih tlingitskih in kwakwaka&#8217;wakwskih pripovedih je Thunderbird lovec kitov: iz neba se spusti na velike kite, jih zagrabi s kremplji in jih odnese na gorske vrhove.<\/p><p>Ta tradicija lova na kite odra\u017ea ekolo\u0161ko resni\u010dnost pacifi\u0161ke severozahodne obale, kjer je bilo opazovanje velikih kitov pomemben gospodarski in versko-obredni dogodek. Na \u0161tevilnih totemskih drogovih ljudstev severozahodne obale je konstelacija Thunderbirda s kitom upodobljena kot osrednji grbovni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ka pripovedovanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitolo\u0161ko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predajanje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilo<\/span> o Thunderbirdu je obse\u017eno. Osrednji pripovedni sklop opisuje njegov ve\u010dni boj proti bitju <em>Underwater Panther<\/em> ali <em>Horned Serpent<\/em>, htoni\u010dnemu bitju, pogosto opisanemu kot vodna ka\u010da, ki \u017eivi v globinah jezer in rek.<\/p><p>Ta kozmi\u010dni spopad med zgornjo mo\u010djo ptice groma in spodnjo mo\u010djo vodne ka\u010de je teolo\u0161ko-mitolo\u0161ka poosebitev vremenskega kroga: Thunderbird s svojim gromom prisili vodno ka\u010do, da vodo preda zemlji (kot de\u017e), medtem ko vodna ka\u010da posku\u0161a vodo obdr\u017eati v globinah.<\/p><p>Ta soo\u010denje med gromom in vodno ka\u010do se strukturno podobno pojavlja pri ljudstvih Lakota, Anishinabe, Iroquois in Pueblo. Religijska etnologinja Aase Hultkrantz jo je v delu <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981) opisala kot panameri\u0161ko kozmolo\u0161ko konstelacijo, kar nakazuje skupno izvorno izro\u010dilo ali zelo zgodnjo zgodovino stikov med plemeni.<\/p><p>Drugi pripovedni sklop opisuje Thunderbirda kot u\u010ditelja svetih norcev heyoka pri Lakotih. Kdor prejme vizijo Wakinyana, je prisiljen postati heyoka, sveti norec, ki svet do\u017eivlja obrnjeno in se tudi obrnjeno vede (pozimi v poletni obleki, smeh ob \u017ealosti, jok ob praznovanjih).<\/p><p>Izro\u010dilo heyoka je ena najbolj posebnih religiozno-ritualnih struktur lakotske religije, ki so jo podrobno opisali Black Elk in Lame Deer v ve\u010d avtobiografskih delih.<\/p><p>Tretji pomemben pripovedni sklop opisuje sre\u010danja posameznih bojevnikov s Thunderbirdom. Znana lakotska pripoved govori o bojevniku, ki ga med iskanjem vizije v Black Hillsu sprejme Wakinyan; Wakinyan ga na svojih perutih nese v zgornje nebo in mu poka\u017ee kozmi\u010dno strukturo sveta.<\/p><p>Po vrnitvi postane bojevnik velik zdravilec, ki pozna pesmi Wakinyana in lahko izvaja zdravljenja v potilnicah. Take poklicanske pripovedi so osrednje v lakotskem izro\u010dilu iskanja vizije in tvorijo teolo\u0161ko podlago bitja specialista za Wakinyana. Black Elk je v svojih pripovedih opisal lastno vizijo Wakinyana, ki ga je za vse \u017eivljenje naredila heyoko.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in ritualno-prakti\u010dna prisotnost<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obredna \u010da\u0161\u010denje Thunderbirda je razli\u010dno izra\u017eeno v posameznih izro\u010dilih. Pri Lakotih je Wakinyan eno najpomembnej\u0161ih bitij wakan in je redno priklican v velikih obredih (Sun Dance, iskanje vizije). Pri ljudstvih severozahodne obale ima Thunderbird lastne maskarade in je osrednja grbovna \u017eival ve\u010d klanov (zlasti klana volka pri Tlingitih in klana orla pri Haidih).<\/p><p>Pri Anishinabejih na obmo\u010dju Velikih jezer poteka najpomembnej\u0161e \u010da\u0161\u010denje Thunderbirda v letnih spomladanskih obredih dru\u017ebe Mide. Ko se spomladi prvi\u010d zasli\u0161i grom Thunderbirda, to velja za znamenje, da se zima dokon\u010dno kon\u010da in se znova za\u010denja poletje.<\/p><p>Anishinabejski obredi Mide za pozdrav Thunderbirdov vklju\u010dujejo zapletene sekvence bobnanja, darovanja tobaka in pripravo prvih spomladanskih sadik ob <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosilno ali rotilno nagovarjanje bo\u017eanstva ali mo\u010di.\" tabindex=\"0\">klicanju<\/span> Thunderbirdov.<\/p><p>Pri Pueblo ljudstvih je Thunderbird kot Shiwanna vklju\u010den v plese ka\u010din. Ka\u010dine Shiwanna nastopajo v poletnih plesih, ko je potreba po de\u017eju najvi\u0161ja, in so priklicane s posebnimi pesmimi, ki posnemajo glas groma. Frank Cushing je v svojih zunijskih \u0161tudijah sistemati\u010dno opisal izro\u010dilo Shiwanne.<\/p><p>Posebno obredno-prakti\u010dno sestavino tvori izro\u010dilo <em>Thunderbird-Drumming<\/em>. Na ve\u010djih zborovanjih ljudstev Plains se uporablja poseben komplet bobnov Wakinyan, ki je posebej povezan z mo\u010djo ptice groma.<\/p><p>Boben je velik dvoro\u010dni boben z napeto bivolovo ko\u017eo, katerega grome\u010d zvok posnema grom Thunderbirda in s tem njegovo prisotnost prina\u0161a v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simboli\u010dnih dejanj z religiozno ali kulturno pomembnostjo.\" tabindex=\"0\">obred<\/span>. To bobnarsko izro\u010dilo se je prena\u0161alo skozi generacije in sodi med najbolj vtisljive glasbeno-obredne pojave v religijah ameri\u0161kih Indijancev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa in apotropejsko delovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird je v ve\u010dini izro\u010dil hkrati bitje, ki mu ljudje pripisujejo strah, in bitje, h kateremu se obra\u010dajo za za\u0161\u010dito. Udar strele velja povsod za neposreden izraz mo\u010di Thunderbirda; kdor strelo pre\u017eivi, velja za osebo, ki jo je poklical sam Grme\u010di pti\u010d, in mora zato opraviti ustrezno obredno predelavo tega klica.<\/p><p>Konkretne za\u0161\u010ditne prakse proti nevihtam vklju\u010dujejo kajenje bivalnega prostora z bivolskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved z pogosto zgodovinskim jedrom in \u010dude\u017enimi potezami.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017eajbljem<\/span> ali sladko travo ob prvem grmenju, skrivanje vseh ostrih kovinskih predmetov (ki naj bi privla\u010dili strelo), izogibanje zadr\u017eevanju pri oknu ali pod samostojnim drevesom ter obra\u010danje k Thunderbirdu s spo\u0161tljivimi molitvenimi formulami namesto z izrazi strahu.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odganjajo\u010de zlo: o znakih in predmetih, ki naj bi odganjali \u0161kodljive vplive.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropejsko<\/span> proti samemu Grme\u010demu pti\u010du, na primer kadar je dru\u017eina v nevarnosti, da bi jo zadela strela, so veljala orlova peresa (zlasti peresa skalnega orla, ki je v tesni ikonografski povezavi s Thunderbirdom) za majhen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predmet, ki ga nosi oseba in mu pripisuje za\u0161\u010ditno, zlo odganjajo\u010do mo\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, obe\u0161en ob postelji.<\/p><p>Pogosta praksa je bilo tudi no\u0161enje majhnih upodobitev Thunderbirda iz turkiza ali kosti. Te prakse so ve\u010dkrat opisane v etnografskih delih o ljudstvih Prerij (DeMallie, Walker, Brown).<\/p><p>Opazna je povezava s kompleksom svetega norca <em>Heyoka<\/em> pri Lakotih. Kdor je prejel videnje Wakinyana, mora \u017eiveti kot Heyoka, torej mora v vsakdanjem \u017eivljenju delati stvari narobe: hoditi vzvratno, pozimi se obla\u010diti v poletno obla\u010dilo, se smejati, kadar drugi jokajo, in jokati, kadar drugi smejijo.<\/p><p>To paradoksno vedenje ne velja za norost, temve\u010d za versko-obredno manifestacijo mo\u010di Grme\u010dega pti\u010da, ki izziva obi\u010dajno razumevanje sveta. William Powers je v delu <em>Sacred Language<\/em> (1986) sistemati\u010dno opisal izro\u010dilo Heyoka-Wakinyan in poudaril njegov teolo\u0161ki pomen kot <em>protiintuitivno svetost<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Izro\u010dilo o Grme\u010dem pti\u010du je religiologa presenetljivo raz\u0161irjeno. Strukturno primerljivi so: hindujsko izro\u010dilo o Garudi (bog-pti\u010d, ki sicer nima primarno funkcije grmenja, je pa strukturno podobno zoomorfen), staroperzijski Simurg, gr\u0161ko-starosemitsko izro\u010dilo o feniksu (v njegovi povezavi s soncem in vro\u010dino), vzhodnoafri\u0161ki grme\u010di pti\u010d Mandara in jugovzhodnoazijska Karura.<\/p><p>Religiolo\u0161ko-etnolo\u0161ko posebej opazna je strukturna podobnost ameri\u0161ko-indijanskega izro\u010dila o Thunderbirdu s srednjeazijsko-sibirskim izro\u010dilom o Grme\u010dem pti\u010du (zlasti z jakutskim grme\u010dim pti\u010dem <em>Suor<\/em> in kitajsko-miti\u010dnim <em>Lei Gongom<\/em>). Ta podobnost je privedla do previdne domneve, da bi lahko bila severnoameri\u0161ka izro\u010dila o Thunderbirdu kulturnozgodovinsko povezana z azijskimi izro\u010dili o Grme\u010dem pti\u010du, verjetno prek zgodnjega preseljevanja avtohtonih ameri\u0161kih ljudstev \u010dez Beringov preliv.<\/p><p>Znotraj indijanskih izro\u010dil Severne Amerike je soo\u010denje Grme\u010dega pti\u010da z Vodno ka\u010do, Thunderbird proti Rogati ka\u010di, panameri\u0161ka kozmolo\u0161ka konstelacija. Strukturno se pojavlja tudi v azte\u0161ko-mehi\u0161kem izro\u010dilu o Quetzalcoatlu (Quetzalcoatl kot vodna ka\u010da) in v nekaterih ju\u017enoameri\u0161kih izro\u010dilih o vodnih ka\u010dah (glej <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160672\">Yacumama<\/a>). Ta panameri\u0161ka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o zgradbi in ureditvi sveta znotraj kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologija<\/span> Grme\u010dega pti\u010da in vodne ka\u010de je ena najbolj opaznih versko-mitolo\u0161kih strukturnih konstant ameri\u0161ke celine.<\/p><p>Dodatno opazno vzporednico ka\u017ee staroslovansko-baltsko izro\u010dilo o Grme\u010dem pti\u010du. V latvijsko-litovski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiji<\/span> obstaja bog groma <em>Perkons<\/em>, ki se ob\u010dasno pojavlja v podobi pti\u010da; stare ruske pripovedi poznajo velikansko ptico <em>Stratim<\/em>, povezano z nevihto.<\/p><p>Ta strukturna konvergenca med ameri\u0161kimi, azijskimi in severovzhodnoevropskimi izro\u010dili o Grme\u010dem pti\u010du je religiolo\u0161ko-etnolo\u0161ko zanimiva in odpira vpra\u0161anje o morebitnih kulturnozgodovinskih povezavah preko severnih morskih migracijskih poti ali preko zgodnjega preseljevanja \u010dez Beringov preliv.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobno sprejemanje in raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird je v sodobnem izro\u010dilu ameri\u0161kih Indijancev \u0161e vedno \u017eiv in nespremenjen. Pri Lakotih je Wakinyan osrednja referenca obredov son\u010dnega plesa (Sun Dance) in iskanja videnj (Vision Quest); pri ljudstvih severozahodne obale je grbovna \u017eival pomembnih klanov in del sodobne domorodne umetni\u0161ke tradicije (zlasti v delih tlingitskih kiparjev Billa Reida in Roberta Davidsona).<\/p><p>Pri Ani\u0161inabejih je del verske prakse mide in sodobne domorodne duhovnosti.<\/p><p>V akademskem raziskovanju so tradicijo Thunderbird sistemati\u010dno opisali \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, James Walker, Joseph Epes Brown, tlingitski antropolog Sergei Kan in ani\u0161inabejski pisatelj Gerald Vizenor (<em>The Trickster of Liberty<\/em>, 1988).<\/p><p>Sodobna domorodna pisateljica Louise Erdrich je Thunderbirda v ve\u010d svojih romanih uporabila kot simbolno podobo domorodne odpornosti in nepretrgane kulturne povezanosti.<\/p><p>Z znanstvenega vidika je Thunderbird pomemben primer panameri\u0161ke religiozno-mitolo\u0161ke figure, katere strukturna trajnost skozi razli\u010dne jezikovne dru\u017eine in kulturne regije odpira staro vpra\u0161anje o skupnih pradavnih izro\u010dilih ameri\u0161kih Indijancev.<\/p><p>Posebna zoomorfna upodobitev groma, ptica namesto antropomorfnega boga, je izvirna ameri\u0161ko-domorodna teolo\u0161ka zasnova in sodi med poglavitne poudarke panameri\u0161ke religijske zgodovine. Sklic iWell Guard na tradicijo Thunderbird te ugotovitve opisuje z religiozno-zgodovinskega vidika, brez obljub u\u010dinka ali duhovnih priporo\u010dil.<\/p><p>Pomembna novej\u0161a raziskovalna smer povezuje tradicijo Thunderbird s sodobnimi razpravami o podnebju. Ko se vzorci padavin v Severni Ameriki zaradi podnebnih sprememb spreminjajo, s pogostej\u0161imi ekstremnimi vremenskimi dogodki, tornadi in nevihtami, postane teologija Thunderbirda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in o veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologija<\/span> v domorodnih skupnostih kulturni odmevni prostor, v katerem se te spremembe versko obravnavajo.<\/p><p>Domorodni pisatelji in aktivisti, kot sta Winona LaDuke in Robin Wall Kimmerer (<em>Braiding Sweetgrass<\/em>, 2013), so tradicijo Thunderbird vpeljali kot simbolno izhodi\u0161\u010de domorodnega razmisleka o podnebju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura in viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naslednji izbor navaja osrednja dela s podro\u010dja religije severnoameri\u0161kih Indijancev in raziskav gromovni\u0161ke ptice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d7180c0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d7180c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20917068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20917068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gromovni\u0161ka ptica v pripovedih Prerij: Wakinyan in Unktehi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21fcb14d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21fcb14d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26851dc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26851dc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pri Lakotih in sorodnih skupinah Siouxov je gromovni\u0161ka ptica znana kot <em>Wakinyan<\/em>, izraz, ki izhaja iz <em>kinyan<\/em> (&#8220;leteti&#8221;) in elementa, povezanega s svetim ali skrivnostnim.<\/p><p>Wakinyan stojijo v sredi\u0161\u010du kozmolo\u0161kega nasprotja, ki je razdelano v \u0161tevilnih ustno izro\u010denih pripovedih: so nepomirljivi sovra\u017eniki <em>Unktehi<\/em>, rogatih vodnih po\u0161asti, ki prebivajo v jezerih, rekah in podzemnih vodah.<\/p><p>Grom nad Prerijami se v teh pripovedih razlaga kot izraz nenehnega boja med silami neba in silami globine.<\/p><p>Etnografski zapisi, ki jih je James R. Walker med letoma 1896 in 1914 zbral v rezervatu Pine Ridge, tem predstavam dajejo razmeroma gost obris. Walkerjevi sogovorniki, med njimi svetnik George Sword, so Wakinyan opisali kot bitja z domom na zahodu, na gori, kjer gnezdijo v gnezdu iz suhega lesa.<\/p><p>Njihov pogled ustvarja blisk, udarjanje njihovih kril pa grom. Vendar je pri branju Walkerja treba upo\u0161tevati, da je svoje gradivo delno sistematiziral in ga posku\u0161al urediti v skladno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in o veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologijo<\/span>, ki ne ustreza vedno prvotni raznoglasnosti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dila<\/span>.<\/p><p>V pripovedih se gromovni\u0161ka ptica pogosto ka\u017ee kot ambivalentna. Je \u010distilna mo\u010d, ki odstranjuje gnilobo in nesnago z de\u017eele, obenem pa je nevarna in nepredvidljiva. Kdor je udarjen z bliskom ali ga v sanjah obi\u0161\u010dejo Wakinyan, v nekaterih izro\u010dilih velja za zavezanega, da postane <em>heyoka<\/em>, obredni nasprotnik, ki po\u010dne vse narobe.<\/p><p>Ta povezava med gromovni\u0161ko ptico in vlogo heyoke ka\u017ee, da to bitje ni bilo razumljeno le kot naravna sila, temve\u010d kot vir posebnega dru\u017ebenega in religioznega poklica. Sorodne predstave najdemo pri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160655\">severnoameri\u0161kih kulturah<\/a> Velikih jezer, prav tako pri plemenih severozahodne obale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp260990d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp260990d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246ab7ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp246ab7ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gromovni\u0161ka ptica in kit: ikonografija severozahodne obale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2704b64e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2704b64e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243b7354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243b7354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medtem ko so predstave o gromovni\u0161ki ptici na Prerijah mo\u010dno miti\u010dno-pripovedne, se to bitje na severozahodni obali Pacifika izra\u017ea predvsem v likovni umetnosti in obrednih sistemih.<\/p><p>Pri Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwakwaka&#8217;wakw in sosednjih skupinah je gromovni\u0161ka ptica pomembna grbovna \u017eival, ki se pojavlja na totemskih drogovih, hi\u0161nih pro\u010deljih, maskah in obredni opremi. Zna\u010dilna je upodobitev z zaklonjenimi krili, mo\u010dnim kljunastim kljunom in pogosto dvema pokon\u010dnima peresnima u\u0161esoma ali rogovoma.<\/p><p>Ponavljajo\u010da se slikovna tema je gromovni\u0161ka ptica, ki iz morja dviguje kita. Ta prizor napotuje na pripovedni cikel, v katerem se gromovni\u0161ka ptica pojavlja kot lovec, ki kita odnese kot plenino.<\/p><p>V nekaterih izro\u010dilih Nuu-chah-nulth je ta motiv povezan s spominom na resni\u010dne katastrofe. Raziskovalci, kot je Ruth Ludwin, so pripovedi o boju gromovni\u0161ke ptice in kita povezali z zgodovinskimi potresi in cunamiji vzdol\u017e subdukcijske cone Cascadia. To \u0161e posebej velja za veliki potres leta 1700. Ta razlaga ostaja hipoteza. Vendar ka\u017ee, kako tesno so mitske podobe lahko povezane z geofizi\u010dno izku\u0161njo neke regije.<\/p><p>V obrednih plesih se gromovni\u0161ka ptica pojavlja kot maskirna figura, pogosto s premikajo\u010dimi se deli, ki spro\u017eajo gibanje kljuna ali kril. Take transformacijske maske so se lahko med predstavo odprle in razkrile drugi obraz, kar je nazorno prikazalo preobrazbeno sposobnost bitja.<\/p><p>Maska je bila dedna lastnina dolo\u010denih dru\u017ein in so jo lahko nosili le upravi\u010deni. S tem gromovni\u0161ka ptica na severozahodni obali ni bila zgolj kozmi\u010dna mo\u010d, temve\u010d tudi element dru\u017ebene ureditve, ki je razviden naredil rang, poreklo in lastninske pravice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b4a06af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b4a06af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp235d774b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp235d774b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in zgodovina raziskovanja: kako je bil Gromski pti\u010d izro\u010den<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ecea6cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ecea6cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22cb6c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22cb6c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Znanje o Gromskem pti\u010du temelji skoraj v celoti na ustnem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilu<\/span>, ki je bilo zapisano \u0161ele pozno in v glavnem s strani neavtohtonih opazovalcev.<\/p><p>Najpomembnej\u0161i viri so nastali v okviru severnoameri\u0161ke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanost, ki primerjalno raziskuje kulture in dru\u017ebe.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologije<\/span> med pribli\u017eno 1880 in 1930. Franz Boas in njegovi sodelavci, med njimi George Hunt, so na severozahodni obali zbrali obse\u017ene besedilne korpuse; na ravninah so poleg Walkerja delovali tudi drugi zapisovalci, kot je Frances Densmore, ki je poleg tega dokumentirala tudi pesmi.<\/p><p>Ta izro\u010dila so metodolo\u0161ko ob\u010dutljiva. Zapisi so nastali v obdobju hudega kulturnega zatiranja: obredi, kot je potla\u010d, so bili v Kanadi za\u010dasno prepovedani z zakonom, v ZDA pa so bile religiozne prakse rezervatnega prebivalstva ovirane.<\/p><p>Pri\u010devalci so torej govorili pod pritiskom in v\u010dasih z zadr\u017ekom. Poleg tega so prevajalci in zbiralci vna\u0161ali lastne predstave; izraz \u00bbGromski pti\u010d\u00ab sam je angle\u0161ka tvorba, ki pod skupnim imenom zdru\u017euje zelo razli\u010dne doma\u010de koncepte.<\/p><p>Novej\u0161e raziskave so zato opustile prizadevanje, da bi rekonstruirale enoten \u00bb<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Izro\u010dena pripoved o bogovih, izvorih in ureditvi sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> o Gromskem pti\u010du\u00ab. Namesto tega poudarjajo, da gre za dru\u017eino sorodnih, vendar samostojnih predstav, ki segajo od algonkinskih jezikovnih skupin ob Velikih jezerih preko sioux ljudstev na ravninah do govorcev jezikov salish in wakash na obali.<\/p><p>Kjer starej\u0161a dela govorijo o Gromskem pti\u010du, bi bilo natan\u010dneje govoriti o bitjih, podobnih gromskemu pti\u010du. Druga raziskovalna smer preu\u010duje arheolo\u0161ke povezave, na primer upodobitve ptic na predmetih kulture Mississippi, vendar kontinuitete med prazgodovinsko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda o vsebini podob in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografijo<\/span> in zgodovinsko izpri\u010danimi predstavami ni mogo\u010de zanesljivo dokazati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urejeno zaporedje simbolnih dejanj z religioznim ali kulturnim pomenom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Sergei Kan: <em>Symbolic Immortality<\/em> (1989)<\/li><li>Gerald Vizenor: <em>The Trickster of Liberty<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>John Bierhorst: <em>The Mythology of North America<\/em> (1985)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-thunderbird e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-thunderbird\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-thunderbird-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-thunderbird-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunderbird v mnogih severnoameri\u0161kih izro\u010dilih velja za <em>kozmi\u010dnega<\/em> pti\u010da neviht, \u010digar udarci s krili povzro\u010dajo grom, \u010digar pogled spro\u017ea strele in ki predstavlja boj proti vodnim po\u0161astim iz globin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Thunderbird Wakinyan Animikii Hino Shiwanna Heyoka Underwater Panther Horned Serpent.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-thunderbird\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadaljuje kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160655\">Native American<\/a> in mnogih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osebne izku\u0161nje se lahko razlikujejo. Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-thunderbir-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-thunderbir-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. Religiologske vsebine so kulturnozgodovinska umestitev, ne priporo\u010dilo za duhovno prakso.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2705,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Thunderbird gromovnik Indijanci","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thunderbird \u2013 gromovnik Indijancev","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Thunderbird, gromovnik severnoameri\u0161kih Indijancev, je osrednja figura skoraj vseh domorodnih ameri\u0161kih religij.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"native-american","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160681","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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