{"id":160668,"date":"2026-09-05T00:24:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:24:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160668"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:42:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:42:59","slug":"supay-zlonamerni-duhovi-in-vladar-podzemlja-andov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/supay-zlonamerni-duhovi-in-vladar-podzemlja-andov\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay \u2013 zlonamerni duhovi in vladar podzemlja Andov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160668\" class=\"elementor elementor-160668 elementor-2580 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, zlonamerni duhovi, vladar podzemlja in rudni\u0161ki demon andske visoke planote<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (ke\u010duansko <em>supay<\/em>, ajmarsko <em>supaya<\/em>) v andski tradiciji ozna\u010duje tako razred \u0161kodljivih duhov kot posebno podzemno bitje. V rudarski regiji Bolivije se je razvil v <em>Tia<\/em>, rudni\u0161kega demona srebrnih rudnikov Potosija in Oruroja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zlonamerni duh tradicije Andi \/ Inki.\">Zlonamerni duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160653\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Andi \/ Inki.\">Andi \/ Inki<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Podzemni demon.\">Podzemni demon<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162611\" alt=\"Supay \u2013 duhovi iz andske inkovske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umestitev v andski panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay je te\u017eko uvrstljiva gestalta andske religije. V nasprotju z dr\u017eavno-imperialnimi visokimi bo\u017eanstvi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160663\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160666\">Viracocha<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160665\">Mama Killa<\/a> Supay ni niti poosebljeni stvarnik niti jasno dolo\u010deno posamezno bo\u017eanstvo. V najzgodnej\u0161ih ke\u010duanskih virih ozna\u010duje razred \u0161kodljivih, brezteles\u00adnih bitij, duhov mrtvih, demonov bolezni, no\u010dnih mote\u010dih prisotnosti, hkrati pa tudi poosebljeno vladarsko bitje podzemlja.<\/p><p>\u0160panski misijonarji so izraz <em>supay<\/em> od 16. stoletja naprej uporabljali kot ke\u010duanski ustreznik kr\u0161\u010danskega hudi\u010da (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Ta identifikacija je bistveno izkrivila prvotni pomen: medtem ko je kr\u0161\u010danski hudi\u010d zasnovan kot \u010disto zla mo\u010d, je bil supay v pred\u0161panski andski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> moralno ambivalentna figura, nevarna, a lahko tudi koristna, v vsakem primeru ne \u010disto zlobna.<\/p><p>Peruanski antropolog Manuel Marzal je v delu <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) sistemati\u010dno opisal to izkrivljanje pomena med supay in diablo.<\/p><p>V religiologijski klasifikaciji Supay spada v \u0161ir\u0161o kategorijo <em>htoni\u010dnih numinoznosti<\/em>, bitij globine, notranjosti zemlje, jam in rovov.<\/p><p>Strukturno primerljivi so gr\u0161ki Had, germanska Hel, mezoameri\u0161ki Mictlantecuhtli in v nekem smislu tudi vudujski Baron Samedi. V vseh primerih gre za bitja, povezana s svetom mrtvih in podzemnim kraljestvom.<\/p><p>Opazno je zgodnje \u0161pansko opa\u017eanje, da ke\u010duansko govore\u010di Inki niso poznali enotnega koncepta absolutnega zla. Polo de Ondegardo je leta 1559 zapisal, da Inki sicer poznajo veliko \u0161kodljivih bitij, ne pa enotne postave zla, kakr\u0161na je kr\u0161\u010danski Satan.<\/p><p>To opa\u017eanje so misijonarji sprva razlagali kot pomanjkljivost <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveni nauk o Bogu in veri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span> in ga odpravili z identifikacijo supay z diablo, kar je postopek, ki \u0161e danes zaposluje religiozgodovinsko raziskovanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ime in etimologija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ke\u010duanski izraz <em>supay<\/em> je izpri\u010dan \u017ee v najzgodnej\u0161ih kolonialnih slovarjih. Diego Gonzalez Holguin leta 1608 navaja pomen <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, torej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duhovno bitje, ki se mu pripisuje \u0161kodljivo ali dvoumno delovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> ali senca. Ta dvojni pomen je zgovoren: <em>sombra<\/em> ne pomeni le vidne sence, temve\u010d nekak\u0161no netvarno bitje, ki se lahko oprime \u017eivih. Mno\u017eina <em>supaykuna<\/em> ozna\u010duje mno\u0161tvo tak\u0161nih sen\u010dnih bitij.<\/p><p>V ajmarskem jezikovnem prostoru se ustreznica glasi <em>supaya<\/em> ali <em>saxra<\/em>. Slednji izraz je danes bolj v rabi v bolivijskih ajmarskih vaseh in ozna\u010duje \u0161kodljive duhove, ki prebivajo v dolo\u010denih naravnih pojavih, kot so vrtinci, skalne razpoke in jame.<\/p><p>V sodobnih ke\u010duansko govore\u010dih vaseh je izraz <em>supay<\/em> do\u017eivel raz\u010dlenjeno pomensko zgodovino.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen v delu <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) razlikuje tri pomenska polja: prvi\u010d, <em>supay<\/em> kot slab\u0161alno poimenovanje za kr\u0161\u010danske demone (v smislu poistovetenja s strani misijonarjev), drugi\u010d, <em>supay<\/em> kot splo\u0161no poimenovanje za sen\u010dnega \u0161kodljivega duha, in tretji\u010d, <em>supay<\/em> kot spo\u0161tljiv vzdevek za dolo\u010dene gospodarje gora (apu) ali mumije prednikov (mallqui), ki opominjajo k spo\u0161tljivi previdnosti.<\/p><p>Etimolo\u0161ka bli\u017eina med <em>supay<\/em> in ke\u010duanskim glagolom <em>supay-<\/em> (biti odnesen z vetrom, biti odplavljen) je nekatere jezikoslovce napeljala k domnevi, da je osnovni pomen <em>z vetrom odneseni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesno bitje, ki se mu pripisuje delovanje v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span><\/em>, bitje, ki ga veter po smrti prinese nazaj v svet \u017eivih.<\/p><p>Ta jezikovnozgodovinska hipoteza sicer ni dokon\u010dno potrjena, vendar se dobro ujema z etnografsko opa\u017eeno predstavo o supayu kot <em>vetrnem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesno bitje, ki se mu pripisuje delovanje v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhu<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis in ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V zgodnjih kronikah je Supay opisan kot brezobliko, nevidno in prehodno bitje, ki je \u017eive napadalo v spanju, v bolezni ali pono\u010di. Ta ikonografska praznina je zna\u010dilna za staro andsko predstavo o zlih duhovih; teh niso upodabljali v dolo\u010deni obliki, temve\u010d so se jih bali kot nevidno navzo\u010dnost.<\/p><p>S \u0161pansko misijonarsko dejavnostjo in ena\u010denjem s kr\u0161\u010danskim hudi\u010dem se je ikonografija korenito spremenila. V kolonialnem slikarstvu \u0161ol Cusquena in Potosi se Supay vse pogosteje pojavlja v evropsko-hudi\u010devski podobi: z rogovi, dolgim repom, kozjimi nogami, v\u010dasih obdan z \u017eveplenim dimom.<\/p><p>Znamenita slika <em>Triumph des Heiligen Michael<\/em> (\u0161ola Cusquena, 17. stoletje) prikazuje ve\u010d tak\u0161nih bitij Supay pod nogami nadangela.<\/p><p>V bolivijski rudarski regiji se je od 17. stoletja razvila samostojna ikonografija Tio: iz ila oblikovane mo\u0161ke figure z zlatimi o\u010dmi, rogato glavo, toba\u010dno cigareto v ustih in izrazitim erigiranim falosom, izrazom rodovitnosti zemlje, ki rodi srebro.<\/p><p>Te figure Tio \u0161e danes stojijo v skoraj vsakem rudni\u0161kem rovu regije Potosi-Oruro. June Nash jih je podrobno dokumentirala v delu <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolo\u0161ka pripovedovanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitolo\u0161ko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predajanje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilo<\/span> o Supayu je razdrobljeno. V rokopisu Huarochiri (okoli 1608) nastopa ve\u010d bitij supay kot nasprotnikov juna\u0161kih likov; navadno jih premagajo z zvija\u010do ali odvrnejo z ritualnimi ukrepi.<\/p><p>Cristobal de Albornoz v svojem delu <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (okoli 1581) opisuje razli\u010dne razrede supayev, med drugim <em>aya supay<\/em> (duhove mrtvih), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (suli\u010dne duhove, torej bojevni\u0161ke demone) in <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (izstopajo\u010de, torej blode\u010de duhove strahov).<\/p><p>Raz\u0161irjen motiv v pripovedih ke\u010duansko govore\u010dih vasi zadeva <em>condenado<\/em> (prekletega): du\u0161o umrlega, ki zaradi incesta, umora ali drugega hudega zlo\u010dina ne najde vstopa v onostranski svet in se kot blode\u010di Supay potika naokoli.<\/p><p>Ti condenadi tavajo predvsem po vi\u0161avju pono\u010di, popotnikom se prikazujejo kot \u017ealostni, a zlove\u0161\u010di spremljevalci in posku\u0161ajo \u017eive potegniti v smrt. Catherine Allen je za vas Sonqo zabele\u017eila ve\u010d tak\u0161nih pripovedi o condenadih.<\/p><p>V rudarski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota izro\u010denih pripovedi o bogovih neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiji<\/span> bolivijskih Andov nastopa Supay\/Tio kot gospodar srebrnih nahajali\u0161\u010d. Osrednja pripoved opisuje, kako je prvi rudar naletel na kip Tia in ga vpra\u0161al za nasvet: Tio je obljubil bogato srebro, v zameno pa je zahteval koko, \u017eganje in v\u010dasih tudi \u010dlove\u0161ko \u017eivljenje.<\/p><p>Ta zgodba je sicer legendarna, a zelo natan\u010dno odseva dejansko vi\u0161je tveganje nesre\u010d v rudni\u0161kih rovih, ki se ritualno predeluje v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010denj neke bo\u017eanske ali svete osebnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> Tia.<\/p><p>Naslednji pomemben razred pripovedi zadeva bitja <em>pishtaco<\/em>, posebno obliko sorodstva s Supayem, ki je v novej\u0161ih andskih vaseh dele\u017ena posebne pozornosti. Pishtaci so beloko\u017ea bitja, ki sesajo ma\u0161\u010dobo in naj bi ma\u0161\u010dobo svojih <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje hvale\u017enosti, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertev<\/span> vgrajevala v industrijske stroje.<\/p><p>Ta pripoved je izpri\u010dana \u017ee od poznega 16. stoletja in se ponovno obudi ob vsakem gospodarskem preobratu. Mary Weismantel je v delu <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) pokazala, kako ta pripoved versko predeluje strukturne napetosti med domorodnim prebivalstvom in nedomorodnimi oblastmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in rudarski ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inkovski kult supaja je obstajal le v negativni obliki: supaji niso bili bo\u017eanstva, ki bi jim izkazovali \u010da\u0161\u010denje, temve\u010d duhovi, katerih \u0161kodo je bilo treba odvrniti z obrednimi praksami.<\/p><p>Najpomembnej\u0161i primer je vsakoletni \u010distilni praznik <em>Citua<\/em> v Cuscu (september), na katerem so bojevniki z baklami hodili po mestu, izgnali vse bolezni, vse znane supaj-bitja in vse motnje iz mesta ter jih simbolno spirali v \u0161tiri smeri neba.<\/p><p>Od 17. stoletja se je v bolivijskih rudarskih regijah razvil samostojen kult Tia, ki presega zgolj obrambo pred zlom in prehaja v dejavno negovanje odnosa z rudni\u0161kim demonom.<\/p><p>Rudarji vsak torek in petek \u017ertvujejo Tiu tako, da mu na naro\u010dje polagajo koka liste, mu v usta zlivajo \u017egane pija\u010de, mu v usta tla\u010dijo pri\u017egane cigarete in ga prosijo, naj sprosti srebro ter obvaruje rove pred nesre\u010dami.<\/p><p>Vrhunec je vsakoletni <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (rudarski karneval) v Orurju, ki je od leta 2001 uvr\u0161\u010den na Unescov seznam svetovne dedi\u0161\u010dine.<\/p><p>V sredi\u0161\u010du je ples <em>Diablada<\/em>, ki prikazuje Tiov poraz proti nadangelu Mihaelu, koreografsko zlitje pred\u0161panske supaj-teologije s katoli\u0161kim naukom o demonih. Slavne srebrne maske hudi\u010dev z orurskega karnevala so hkrati umetnostnozgodovinski in religijskozgodovinski pojav.<\/p><p>Rudarska regija Potos\u00ed je od odkritja nahajali\u0161\u010d srebra leta 1545 predstavljala gospodarsko sredi\u0161\u010de \u0161panskega kolonialnega gospodarstva. Mesto Potos\u00ed je v 17. stoletju z ve\u010d kot 160.000 prebivalci postalo eno najve\u010djih mest na svetu.<\/p><p>Ogromno \u0161tevilo smrtnih \u017ertev med domorodnimi delavci mita, na tiso\u010de rudarjev je vsako leto umrlo zaradi zastrupitve z \u017eivim srebrom, nesre\u010d in iz\u010drpanosti, je zaznamovalo teologijo Tia in ji dalo krvavo ozadje, ki je \u0161e danes prisotno v pripovedih orursko-bolivijskega karnevala.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa in apotropejsko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Za\u0161\u010ditna praksa pred supayi predstavlja eno najbogatej\u0161ih poglavij andskega ljudskega verstva. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien in Olivia Harris so v svojih etnografskih delih sistemati\u010dno opisale to prakso v vaseh.<\/p><p>Osrednja za\u0161\u010ditna sredstva vklju\u010dujejo: no\u0161enje rde\u010de volnene nitke na zapestju (zlasti pri majhnih otrocih), postavitev majhne kombinacije kri\u017eev nad vhodnimi vrati hi\u0161e, kajenje hi\u0161e z listi evkalipta in mu\u00f1e (divje visokogorske mete) ter no\u0161enje ko\u0161\u010dkov \u010desna ali rute (rutice) okoli vratu. Te prakse so v podrobnostih sinkreti\u010dno sooblikovane z evropskimi ljudskomedicinskimi izro\u010dili.<\/p><p>Posebna za\u0161\u010ditna praksa se nana\u0161a na <em>almas-en-pena<\/em> (du\u0161e v trpljenju) in <em>condenados<\/em>: kdor na dan vseh du\u0161 (1.\/2. november) ne pripravi obredne pojedine za mrtve, tvega, da se pokojni predniki vrnejo kot supayi.<\/p><p>Razdelana praksa jedi <em>Todos Santos<\/em>, s posebej pe\u010denimi figuricami iz kruha (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), koruzo choclo, koruznimi sladkarijami in kokainimi listi, je hkrati \u010da\u0161\u010denje mrtvih in za\u0161\u010ditna praksa pred povra\u010dilom slabo obravnavanih duhov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Konstelacija supaj\/Tio je v znanstveni literaturi dele\u017ena velike pozornosti, saj predstavlja vzoren primer pojava <em>verske inverzije<\/em>: prvotno zastra\u0161ujo\u010da figura v rudarski praksi postane predmet dejavno negovanega odnosa, ker gospodarski polo\u017eaj pre\u017eivetja sili v instrumentalno pribli\u017eevanje zlu.<\/p><p>Strukturno vzporedne pojave najdemo v mezoameri\u0161ki teologiji Tlazolteotl in Mictlantecuhtlija, v zahodnoazijskem izro\u010dilu o Lilith (ki je lahko po eni strani \u0161kodljiv duh, po drugi za\u0161\u010ditni duh) in v afri\u0161ki teologiji Eshuja. June Nash je bolivijskega Tia v delu <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) izrecno opisala kot primer <em>working-class theology<\/em>, ki jo je mogo\u010de brati hkrati marksisti\u010dno in religiologno-etnolo\u0161ko.<\/p><p>Za andski prostor je posebej zna\u010dilna povezanost kompleksa supaj\/Tio s kompleksom <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160664\">Pa\u010damame<\/a>. V bolivijskih rudnikih Tia in Pa\u010damamo razumejo kot komplementaren par: Tio je v notranjosti rova, Pa\u010damama zunaj pri vhodu vanj. Ta komplementarnost ustreza splo\u0161nemu andskemu na\u010delu <em>yanantin<\/em>, na\u010delu dvojnih parov.<\/p><p>Pomembno vzporednico predstavlja judovsko izro\u010dilo o <em>Lilith<\/em>, ki prav tako prikazuje dvoli\u010den lik med \u0161kodljivim duhom in pod dolo\u010denimi pogoji dostopno posrednico.<\/p><p>Sorodna je tudi japonska predstava <em>oni<\/em>, saj tudi bitja oni niso prikazana kot moralno enozna\u010dno zla, temve\u010d ambivalentna. Te strukturne vzporednice pa ne smejo zapeljati k tipolo\u0161kemu izena\u010devanju: zgodovinsko-kulturna posebnost posamezne tradicije ostaja klju\u010dna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sodobno sprejemanje in raziskave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kult Tia v bolivijskih rudnikih je danes eden najbolje raziskanih kompleksov verske prakse na svetu. Dela June Nash (1979), Tristana Platta (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) in francoskega etnologa rudarstva Tristana Platta so podrobno opisala kontinuitete in spremembe kulta od \u010dasov \u0161panske kolonialne oblasti.<\/p><p>Izjemna je zgodovina poistovetenja supaja s kr\u0161\u010danskim hudi\u010dem: sprva bolj sencam podoben, moralno ambivalenten kompleks duhov je \u0161panska misijonska strategija spremenila v izrazitega protiboga, ki je nato v rudarski praksi paradoksno spet postal prejemnik recipro\u010dnega odnosa \u017ertvovanja.<\/p><p>Ta ironi\u010den obrat je klasi\u010den primer <em>religious creativity<\/em> domorodnih kultur v kolonialnih razmerah.<\/p><p>Z znanstvenega vidika ostaja supaj\/Tio pomembno opozorilo pred enostavnim izena\u010devanjem domorodnih \u0161kodljivih duhov s kr\u0161\u010danskim hudi\u010dem. Kategorija <em>diablo<\/em>, ki izvira iz kolonialnega obdobja, zakriva pristno andsko moralno ambivalentnost kompleksa supaj in jo dela neuporabno za znanstveno analizo. Kontekst iWell Guard ta spoznanja opisuje zgodovinsko, brez obljub o u\u010dinkovanju.<\/p><p>Novej\u0161e raziskave povezujejo kompleks supaj tudi z vpra\u0161anjem domorodnih predstav o pravi\u010dnosti. Kjer tradicionalni dr\u017eavni pravosodni sistem odpove, predstava o supaj-condenado v vaseh slu\u017ei kot moralni mehanizem izravnave: kdor je nase navlekel krivdo, se po smrti vrne kot potujo\u010di supaj in izvr\u0161i lastno kazen.<\/p><p>To eti\u010dno razse\u017enost teologije supaja so Allen, Bastien in Salomon v svojih delih opisali kot <em>moral ecology<\/em> ke\u010duovsko-ajmarske religioznosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura in viri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naslednji izbor navaja osrednja dela o izro\u010dilu supay\/Tio v osrednjih Andih, zlasti o bolivijski rudarski etnografiji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay med predkolonialno predstavo in kr\u0161\u010dansko preobrazbo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beseda <em>supay<\/em> spada med besede, katerih pomen se je zaradi \u0161panske kolonizacije bistveno spremenil.<\/p><p>V zgodnjih slovarjih ke\u010duan\u0161\u010dine, na primer v <em>Lexiconu<\/em> Dominga de Santo Tom\u00e1sa (1560) in besedi\u0161\u010du Diega Gonz\u00e1leza Holgu\u00edna (1608), se <em>supay<\/em> pojavlja kot poimenovanje za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brezteles bitje, ki naj bi delovalo v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duha<\/span> ali sen\u010dno bitje, povezano s podro\u010djem mrtvih in podzemljem.<\/p><p>Za predkolonialni \u010das ni mogo\u010de zanesljivo rekonstruirati enozna\u010dno negativne moralne vrednosti tega pojma.<\/p><p>Kr\u0161\u010danski misijonarji pa so <em>supay<\/em> dosledno prevajali kot hudi\u010d in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duhovno bitje, ki naj bi imelo \u0161kodljivo ali dvoumno delovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. Tako je iz dvoumnega bitja andskega sveta postala podoba kr\u0161\u010danskega zla. To ena\u010denje najdemo \u017ee v katekizmih, ki jih je od leta 1583 izdajal tretji koncil v Limi v ke\u010duan\u0161\u010dini in ajmar\u0161\u010dini.<\/p><p>Raziskave, med drugim dela Sabine MacCormack in Geralda Taylorja, so pokazale, da so kolonialna besedila s tem ustvarila kategorijo, ki je prej ni bilo.<\/p><p>Slika je toliko bolj zapletena, ker je andsko prebivalstvo to preoblikovanje deloma sprejelo, deloma pa mu se je izmikalo. Podzemno podro\u010dje je v predstavah ostalo povezano z bogastvom in z rudniki, tako da je <em>supay<\/em> hkrati veljal za gospodarja rudnikov.<\/p><p>V to smer sodi tudi podoba <em>t\u00eda<\/em>, gospodarja podzemlja, ki mu rudarji v Potos\u00edju in drugih rudarskih sredi\u0161\u010dih \u0161e danes darujejo darove.<\/p><p>Ni preprosto kr\u0161\u010danski hudi\u010d, temve\u010d bitje, s katerim se je treba sre\u010dati, ker razpolaga z zakladi gore. Podobno ambivalentnost ka\u017ee ravnanje s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160664\">Pachamamo<\/a>, ki ji prav tako pripadajo darovi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada in ples hudi\u010dev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160e danes \u017eiv kontekst, v katerem se ka\u017ee predstava o supayu, je <em>Diablada<\/em>, ples hudi\u010dev, ki je najbolj povezan s karnevalom v Oruru v Boliviji.<\/p><p>Na tem prazniku, ki je v svoji dana\u0161nji osnovni obliki pri\u010dan iz 18. stoletja, po mestu hodijo skupine plesalcev v dovr\u0161enih hudi\u010devih maskah. Nosilci mask upodabljajo vojsko bitij <em>supay<\/em>, ki jo na koncu simboli\u010dno premaga podoba nadangela Mihaela.<\/p><p>Znanstvena razlaga vidi v <em>Diabladi<\/em> povezavo dveh plasti. Zunanja oblika sledi kr\u0161\u010danski shemi zmage dobrega nad zlim, kot so jo posredovale \u0161panske misijonske igre.<\/p><p>Hkrati pa ostaja podzemna povezava: Oruro je bilo rudarsko mesto, in osrednje romarsko sredi\u0161\u010de, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Majhen sveti prostor za hrambo ali molitev.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> Device Marije rudni\u0161kega rova (Virgen del Socav\u00f3n), stoji ob vhodu v rudni\u0161ki rov. Ples je namenjen Devici, poteka pa na kraju, ki pripada gospodarju rudnikov.<\/p><p>Raziskovalci, kot je Thomas Abercrombie, so opozorili, da udele\u017eenci sami to dvoumnost razlagajo razli\u010dno. Za nekatere je ples spokorno dejanje, za druge obveznost do gore. UNESCO je karneval v Oruru leta 2001 uvrstil na seznam nesnovne kulturne dedi\u0161\u010dine, kar je privedlo do ve\u010dje poenotenosti in tr\u017eenja.<\/p><p>Raziskave ugotavljajo, da turisti\u010dna promocija deloma zasen\u010di obredni pomen, brez da bi ga popolnoma izni\u010dila. <em>Diablada<\/em> je tako dobro dokumentiran primer, kako kolonialno preoblikovana podoba \u017eivi naprej v javnem prazniku in ob tem sprejema nove pomene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raziskovalna razprava o dualnosti zgornjega in spodnjega sveta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sporno vpra\u0161anje andske raziskovalne tradicije zadeva razmerje med <em>supayem<\/em> in domnevnim predkolonialnim modelom svet\u00e1.<\/p><p>Nekatere razlage andsko kozmologijo razporejajo v tri podro\u010dja: zgornji svet, srednji svet \u017eivih in spodnji svet, povezan z notranjostjo zemlje in mrtvimi. V tem pogledu je <em>supay<\/em> razumljen kot prebivalec ali gospodar spodnjega sveta.<\/p><p>Raziskovalci se ne strinjajo, kako stara in kako raz\u0161irjena je bila ta tridelna razdelitev v resnici. Kritiki, kot je Bruce Mannheim, so opozorili, da so viri, iz katerih jo rekonstruiramo, skoraj vsi kolonialnega izvora in bi lahko \u017ee vsebovali kr\u0161\u010danske predstave o nebesih, zemlji in peklu.<\/p><p>Obstaja nevarnost, da se kr\u0161\u010danska shema projicira nazaj v predkolonialni \u010das in se nato razlaga kot izvorno doma\u010de, avtohtono izro\u010dilo.<\/p><p>Drugi raziskovalci, na primer v okviru del o rokopisih iz Huarochir\u00ed, zbirki lokalnih izro\u010dil, zapisani okoli leta 1600 v ke\u010duan\u0161\u010dini, vidijo dolo\u010dene znake predkolonialnega pomena podzemnega podro\u010dja, ne da bi ta ustrezal kr\u0161\u010danskemu pojmu pekla. <em>Supay<\/em> naj bi bil torej izvorno nevtralno ali dvoumno bitje podro\u010dja mrtvih.<\/p><p>Razprava ni zaklju\u010dena, saj je vezana na temeljno te\u017eavo, kako iz prevladujo\u010de kolonialnih besedil razbrati predkolonialno andsko religijo. Za resno predstavitev iz tega sledi previdnost: kot zanesljivo lahko velja pomenski premik v kolonialnem \u010dasu, ne pa natan\u010dno predkolonialno stanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay v <em>andski<\/em> religijski zgodovini velja za <em>gospodarja podzemlja<\/em> in hkrati za <em>rudni\u0161kega demona<\/em>, ki so mu rudarji v kolonialnih srebrnih rudnikih Potos\u00edja darovali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu za izra\u017eanje hvale\u017enosti, pro\u0161nje ali \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritve<\/span>, da bi prepre\u010dili udore rovov in bolezni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sorodni klju\u010dni pojmi: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard in tradicije za\u0161\u010dite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadaljuje kulturnozgodovinsko tradicijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov, v tradiciji <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160653\">Andov \/ Inkov<\/a> in \u0161tevilnih drugih kultur po svetu. 41 plasti, pravo zlato, platina, srebro, izdelano v Nem\u010diji. 30-dnevna pravica do vra\u010dila.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 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Ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek. Brez obljube o ozdravitvi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ni medicinski pripomo\u010dek<\/strong> in ne nadome\u0161\u010da zdravni\u0161ke ali psihoterapevtske obravnave. 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