{"id":160553,"date":"2026-09-05T00:22:24","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:22:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160553"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:40:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:40:10","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160553\" class=\"elementor elementor-160553 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, bo\u017eanstvo mezopotamske tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je bo\u017eanstvo mezopotamske tradicije.<\/p><p><strong>Bog Sonca, varuh pravice, lu\u010d nad vsemi stvarmi.<\/strong> Shamash (sumersko Utu) je eden najbolj globoko \u010da\u0161\u010denih bogov Mezopotamije, ne kot divji ogenj, temve\u010d kot \u017eare\u010da, stanovitna sila reda. Vsak dan se s svojim vozom pelje \u010dez nebo, vidi vse, kar ljudje po\u010dnejo skrivaj, in vse privede pred sodi\u0161\u010de. Nobena skrivnost ne uide Shamashu, nobena krivica ne ostane nekaznovana.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog\/boginja: Poosebljena vrhovna mo\u010d v panteonu neke kulture, z jasnimi pristojnostmi za naravne sile, usodo, vojno, rodovitnost. \u010ca\u0161\u010den\/-a prek kultov, daritev in templjskih institucij.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160327\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zibelka zapisane religije, Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asirija (pribl. 3500 pr. n. \u0161t. do 330 pr. n. \u0161t.).\">Mezopotamija<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162808\" alt=\"Shamash \u2013 bogovi iz mezopotamske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hiter pregled: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Mezopotamsko glavno bo\u017eanstvo, bog Sonca in Bo\u017eji sodnik<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Sumer (kot Utu), Akad\/Babilon\/Asur (kot \u0160ama\u0161)<br>Funkcija: sonce, dnevna svetloba, pravo, pravi\u010dnost, resnica<br>Glavni atributi: krilata son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da, \u017eaga (razsekava napa\u010dno), palica in obro\u010d<br>Glavna kultna mesta: Sippar (glavno kultno mesto, tempelj E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>Sorodstvo: Sin (Luna) kot o\u010de, Inana\/I\u0161tar kot sestra<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zgodovinska umestitev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/\u0160ama\u0161 je izpri\u010dan \u017ee iz zgodnjesumerskega obdobja (3. tiso\u010dletje pr. n. \u0161t.), son\u010dni bog je bil glavno bo\u017eanstvo Sipparja in Larse. Glavno obdobje razcveta \u0161ama\u0161evega izro\u010dila: starobabilonsko obdobje (Hamurabijeva stela prikazuje \u0160ama\u0161a kot Bo\u017ejega sodnika, ki Hamurabiju izro\u010da zakonik).<\/p><p>V novobabilonskem in asirskem kraljestvu ostaja osrednjega pomena. Z zatonom Babilonskega kraljestva (1. stoletje n. \u0161t.) njegov kult ugasne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavna kultna mesta: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (danes Tell Abu Habba, severno od Babilona) s templjem son\u010dnega boga <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u00bbbela hi\u0161a\u00ab), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (na jugu, prav tako tempelj E-babbar), Babilon, Ninive, Mari. Pridatki v obliki pepela v tiso\u010dih babilonsko-asirskih grobovih pri\u010dajo o raz\u0161irjenosti kulta. V svetopisemskih besedilih je omenjen kot <em>\u0160eme\u0161<\/em> (Bet-\u0160eme\u0161 = \u00bbhi\u0161a sonca\u00ab).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Osrednji viri: <em>Hamurabijeva stela<\/em> (ok. 1750 pr. n. \u0161t., \u0160ama\u0161 izro\u010da zakon), predgovor <em>Kodeksa Hamurabija<\/em>, veliki <em>\u0160ama\u0161eva himna<\/em> (starobabilonsko obdobje), plo\u0161\u010da Nabu-apla-iddina (9. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t., naslikana \u0160ama\u0161eva son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da), rotilne table. Sekundarna literatura: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poimenovanje in zapisi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je upodobljen kot veli\u010dasten mo\u017e s \u017eare\u010do diademo ali son\u010dno krono, pogosto z diskom v obliki Sonca nad glavo. Sedi na prestolu ali stoji na svojem vozu, ki ga vle\u010deta dva \u017eare\u010da konja.<\/p><p>V\u010dasih ima ognjeno avro ali je obdan s svetlobnimi \u017earki. Osemkraki zvezdni disk (<em>\u0160ama\u0161eva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadome\u0161\u010da predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolika<\/span><\/em>) je njegovo prepoznavno znamenje. Lahko ga spremlja sodni\u0161ka palica ali me\u010d pravice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je bog Sonca in pravice, dveh tesno povezanih sil. Sodniki so se mu molili pred sodi\u0161\u010dem, da bi izrekli pravi\u010dne sodbe. Bolniki so ga klicali za ozdravitev, saj sonce zdravi in \u010disti. Bog rek (Ea\/Enki) je pod Shamashevim nadzorom, saj voda potrebuje son\u010dno svetlobo, da postane rodovitna.<\/p><p>Njegov glavni tempelj je bil <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Hi\u0161a bli\u0161\u010da) v Sipparju, znano sredi\u0161\u010de astronomije in pravne vede. Vsak dan so duhovniki ob son\u010dnem vzhodu darovali in molili za njegovo vrnitev. Shamash ni bil le \u010da\u0161\u010den, temve\u010d tudi ljubljen kot najzanesljivej\u0161i od vseh bogov.<\/p><h3>Videz in simbolika<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> je upodobljen kot bradat mo\u017e v son\u010dnem disku ali obdan z \u017eare\u010do svetlobo. Pogosto nosi kraljevska obla\u010dila in krono, ki predstavlja son\u010dni disk. V roki v\u010dasih dr\u017ei \u017eezlo pravice ali plamene Sonca.<\/p><p>Njegovo telo je zlato in sijo\u010de. Bik ali konj sta v\u010dasih njegove svete \u017eivali, saj sledijo Soncu. <em>Shamash<\/em> je pogosto upodobljen s krili ali svetlobnimi avrami. \u0160tirje \u017earki Sonca so njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadome\u0161\u010da predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kratek pregled: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161i vidiki Shamasha na kratko. Naslednja polja povzemajo izvor, funkcijo, videz, \u010da\u0161\u010denje, simbole in vzporednice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturni kontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je sin lunarnega boga <em>Sina<\/em> (Nanna) in <em>Ningal<\/em>, brat boginje ljubezni in vojne <em>Inane\/I\u0161tar<\/em>. Soprog <em>Aje<\/em> (boginje jutranje zarje). V teogonskem redu spada v drugo generacijo babilonskega panteona. V novobabilonskem kraljestvu je bil skoraj enakovreden Marduku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Predmet delovanja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bog Sonca in bo\u017eji sodnik. Njegovo oko vidi vse, zato vlada nad zlo\u010dinom in pravico. Prisege se prisegajo \u00bbpred Shamashem\u00ab; sodne sodbe so <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (sodbe Shamasha). Skupaj z Adadom (bogom nevihte) je glavni oznanjevalec bo\u017eanskih sporo\u010dil (omenska besedila). Zavetnik potnikov (zlasti podnevi) in vede\u017eevalske prakse. Za\u0161\u010ditnik nebogljenih: vdov, sirot, su\u017enjev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videz<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfno prikazan kot bradata mo\u0161ka podoba z visoko diademsko \u010delado (pogosto s son\u010dno plo\u0161\u010do), v dolgem, ve\u010dplastnem obla\u010dilu. Zna\u010dilni atributi: <em>son\u010dni \u017earki, ki mu prihajajo iz ram<\/em> (ali sede\u010da son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da na glavi), <em>\u017eaga<\/em> (v roki, s katero razrezuje krivico), <em>palica in obro\u010d<\/em> (znamenja sodne oblasti).<\/p><p>Pogosto sedi na prestolu s son\u010dnimi \u017earki. Na Hammurabijevi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pokon\u010dno stoje\u010da, popisana ali poslikana kamnita ali lesena plo\u0161\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">steli<\/span> je obrnjen proti kralju in mu izro\u010da zakonski kodeks. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ki nadome\u0161\u010da neko predstavo ali pomen.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbol<\/span>: krilata son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamashevo delovanje<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Podro\u010dje delovanja:<\/strong> Shamasha so klicali sodniki, popotniki, vede\u017eevalci in vsi, ki so iskali pravico. Pred sodnimi obravnavami so mu darovali. V vede\u017eevanju je bil osrednji: opazovanje jeter (haruspicium) in vede\u017eevanje z oljem na vodi (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razlaganje znamenj za spoznavanje skritega ali prihodnjega.\" tabindex=\"0\">lekanomantija<\/span>) sta bili shamashevski praksi. Osebni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u0161njeno ali rotilno nagovarjanje bo\u017eanstva ali sile.\" tabindex=\"0\">klic<\/span>: pred pomembnimi odlo\u010ditvami, na potovanjih, pri to\u017ebah na sodi\u0161\u010du. Sippar je bil cilj romanja vede\u017eevalskih in sodnih prosilcev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u0161\u010ditna sredstva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Son\u010dni \u017earki iz ram, krilata son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da, \u017eaga (ki razrezuje krivico), palica in obro\u010d (sodna znamenja), visoka diademska \u010delada, dolgo obla\u010dilo, bik (drugotna \u017eival). Rastline: tamariska. Sveto \u0161tevilo: 20. Sveta smer: vzhod (son\u010dni vzhod).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sorodna bitja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumersko, predhodnik), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebrejsko), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egipt, glavni son\u010dni bog), <em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u010dija), <em>Sol<\/em> (Rim), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (poznorimsko), <em>S\u00fbrya<\/em> (hinduizem), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japonska, \u017eenska son\u010dna boginja), <em>Mitra<\/em> (Perzija, bog sonca in pravice). Funkcijsko: vsi bo\u017eanski sodniki (Yama, Anubis, vidiki Hada) delijo Shamashove funkcije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prakti\u010dna obramba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Obredi \u010da\u0161\u010denja<\/h3><p>Shamash, bog sonca in pravice, je imel svoje glavno kultno sredi\u0161\u010de v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zgradba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templju<\/span> E-babbar v Sipparju (in v Larsi). Dnevno darovanje ob son\u010dnem vzhodu (&#8220;nu\u1e2batim&#8221;, pe\u010den kruh, datlji, pivo) je bilo dol\u017enost duhovni\u0161kega razreda <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Praznik poletnega son\u010dnega obrata <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovesen religiozni sprevod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesijo<\/span> boginjine kamnite podobe do obre\u017eja Evfrata je izpri\u010dan \u017ee iz Hammurabijevega \u010dasa (18. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.); tudi Hammurabijev kodeks sam se za\u010denja s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u0161njeno ali rotilno nagovarjanje bo\u017eanstva ali sile.\" tabindex=\"0\">klicem<\/span> na Shamasha kot porok pravice (prim. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Klici in hvalnice<\/h3><p>\u00bbVelika Shamashova hvalnica\u00ab (BWL 121-138, Lambert), dolga ve\u010d kot 200 vrstic, je eno osrednjih besedil akadske religije. Vsakodnevni jutranji klici so se za\u010denjali z besedami \u00bb\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u00ab (Shamash, ki vodi \u0161tiri strani sveta). Pred sodnimi postopki so Shamasha klicali kot pri\u010do.<\/p><h3>Amuleti in za\u0161\u010ditni simboli<\/h3><p>Solarni simboli (krilata son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da, \u0161tirikraka zvezda v krogu) se pojavljajo na babilonskih valjastih pe\u010datih (prim. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Solarne plo\u0161\u010dice iz karneola ali gorskega kristala so nosili kot za\u0161\u010dito pred boleznijo in krivico. Son\u010dni obro\u010d z dvanajstimi \u017earki (Babilon, 7. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.) simbolizira Shamashevo vseprisotnost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, vzporednice v drugih kulturah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je podoben egiptovskemu Ra ali Atonu, oba sta son\u010dna bo\u017eanstva z vsevidnostjo. Z gr\u0161kim Apolonom deli vidike reda in zdravljenja. Hebrejskega boga v\u010dasih opisujejo s Shamashevimi funkcijami, kot vsevidnega in sodnika.<\/p><p>V indijskih kulturah je podoben Suryi, son\u010dnemu bogu, ali Mitri, bogu pogodb in pravice. Shamash v vseh kulturah ostaja osrednja figura reda in svetlobe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hammurabijev kodeks in sonce kot sodnik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najbolj znano povezavo med Shamashem in kraljevim sodstvom prikazuje reliefna podoba na zgornjem delu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pokon\u010dno stoje\u010da, popisana ali poslikana kamnita ali lesena plo\u0161\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> <em>Hammurabijevega kodeksa<\/em>, danes v Louvru. Prikazan je babilonski kralj Hammurabi, ki stoji pred sede\u010dim bogom.<\/p><p>Starej\u0161e raziskave so podobo dolgo razlagale kot Shamasha, saj bogu iz ram rastejo \u017earki in izro\u010da obro\u010d in palico, znamenja, ki so bila v mezopotamski likovni govorici povezana s prenosom pravne oblasti. Nekateri raziskovalci so alternativno predlagali Marduka, vendar \u017earkovni atributi govorijo v prid Shamashu.<\/p><p>Vsebinsko se prizor sklada s samopodobo besedila. V uvodu in zaklju\u010dku kodeksa se Hammurabi ve\u010dkrat sklicuje na to, da je v de\u017eeli vzpostavil pravo, in Shamash se tam pojavlja kot bog, ki poro\u0161tvi pravo in pravico.<\/p><p>Son\u010dni bog vidi vse, kar se dogaja \u010dez dan, in ta vsevidnost ga je v mezopotamski predstavi naredila za naravnega poroka za prisego, pogodbo in sodbo.<\/p><p>Ta vloga je starej\u0161a od Hammurabija. \u017de v sumerskih hvalnicah Utuju, predhodniku Shamasha, je bog napro\u0161en, naj razkrije krivico in stoji ob strani zatiranemu. V sodnih listinah in prise\u017enih formulah drugega in prvega tiso\u010dletja se njegovo ime redno pojavlja. Kdor je prelomil prisego pri Shamashu, se je izpostavil njegovi kazni.<\/p><p>Povezava svetlobne metaforike in pravne ideje, svetlobe, ki skrito prina\u0161a na dan, je v virih tako dosledno izpeljana, da jo lahko \u0161tejemo za temeljno potezo mezopotamske predstave o bo\u017eanstvu. Obenem ka\u017ee, kako tesno sta bili v tej kulturi povezani <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o zgradbi in redu sveta znotraj neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologija<\/span> in dru\u017ebeni red.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar in Larsa: velika kultna sredi\u0161\u010da<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je imel dva glavna templja, oba sta nosila ime <em>E-babbar<\/em>, sijo\u010do ali belo hi\u0161o. Eden je stal v Sipparju na severu Babilonije, drugi v Larsi na jugu. Obe mesti sta bili skozi tiso\u010dletja osrednja kraja son\u010dnega kulta, njuna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, namenjena \u010da\u0161\u010denju enega ali ve\u010d bo\u017eanstev.\" tabindex=\"0\">templja<\/span> pa sta vladarji ve\u010dkrat obnavljali in bogato opremljali.<\/p><p>Za Sippar so viri posebej dobri. Izkopavanja so razkrila obse\u017ene tempeljske arhive iz starobabilonskega in novobabilonskega obdobja, ki dajejo vpogled v gospodarstvo, upravo in osebje sveti\u0161\u010da. Pogosto navajan predmet je tako imenovana Son\u010dna plo\u0161\u010da Nabu-apla-idine, kamnita plo\u0161\u010da iz devetega stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p><p>Prikazuje v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Iz ploskve izdelana, plasti\u010dno izstopajo\u010da upodobitev.\" tabindex=\"0\">reliefu<\/span> \u0160ama\u0161a na prestolu, besedilo pa opisuje, kako je kralj po dolgem obdobju zanemarjanja naro\u010dil izdelavo nove <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Podoba bo\u017eanstva, ki se \u010dasti v templju ali sveti\u0161\u010du.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultne podobe<\/span> boga, potem ko so odkrili staro glineno maketo. Besedilo tako pri\u010da tudi o skrbi za pravilno obnovitev izgubljene kultne podobe.<\/p><p>V Larsi je \u0160ama\u0161eva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010devalnih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultna dejavnost<\/span> do\u017eivela razcvet pod kralji, kot je bil Rim-Sin. Tudi tukaj so vladarji obnavljali E-babbar, gradbeni napisi pa pri\u010dajo o njihovih darovih. Kontinuiteta je opazna: \u0161e novobabilonski kralj Nabonid, ki je sicer znan predvsem po spodbujanju \u010da\u0161\u010denja mese\u010dnega boga Sina, je skrbel za son\u010dna templja obeh mest.<\/p><p>Podvojitev kultnih sredi\u0161\u010d na severu in jugu odseva geografsko strukturo Babilonije in je son\u010dnemu bogu zagotovila prisotnost po vsej de\u017eeli, ki je presegala lokalne vezi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161 v vede\u017eevanju in v epu o Gilgame\u0161u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poleg vloge sodnika je bil \u0160ama\u0161 tudi bog jetrne napovedovanja in prakse prerokovanja. Mezopotamska jetrna napovedovanja, pri katerih so duhovniki iz jeter \u017ertvenih \u017eivali od\u010ditavali znamenja, so bila pogosto naslovljena na \u0160ama\u0161a skupaj z bogom vremena Adadom.<\/p><p>Tako imenovane molitve ob \u017ertvenem gledanju, v raziskovanju pogosto imenovane besedila <em>tamitu<\/em> ali poizvedbe pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kraj ali ustanova, kjer se pridobi bo\u017eji odgovor.\" tabindex=\"0\">orakelu<\/span>, so oblikovale konkretna vpra\u0161anja, na primer ali bo vojni pohod uspe\u0161en, in prosile boga, naj svoj odgovor zapi\u0161e v drobovje. S tem \u0160ama\u0161 ni bil le tisti, ki je razkrival obstoje\u010do krivico, temve\u010d tudi tisti, ki je razodeval skrito prihodnost.<\/p><p>V <em>Epu o Gilgame\u0161u<\/em> se \u0160ama\u0161 pojavlja kot za\u0161\u010ditnik junakov. Pred pohodom proti Humbabi, varuhu cedrovega gozda, se Gilgame\u0161 obrne na son\u010dnega boga in prosi za pomo\u010d. \u0160ama\u0161 nato po\u0161lje vetrove, ki stisnejo Humbabo in junaku zagotovijo odlo\u010dilno prednost.<\/p><p>Ko kasneje Enkidu le\u017ei na smrtni postelji in izreka svoje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezikovna formula, s katero se osebi ali stvari \u017eeli prizadejati zlo.\" tabindex=\"0\">prekletstvo<\/span> nad vla\u010dugo, ki ga je vpeljala v civilizacijo, ga \u0160ama\u0161 graja in ga spomni na dobro, ki mu je bilo storjeno. Enkidu nato svoje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezikovna formula, s katero se osebi ali stvari \u017eeli prizadejati zlo.\" tabindex=\"0\">prekletstvo<\/span> prekli\u010de.<\/p><p>Te epizode ka\u017eejo \u0160ama\u0161a kot urejevalno, umirjajo\u010do instanco znotraj pripovedi. Ne posega samovoljno, temve\u010d podpira tiste, ki se obrnejo nanj, in kli\u010de k premisleku, kjer preti pretiravanje. Tako se njegova vloga v epu vklju\u010di v celotno podobo, ki jo ri\u0161ejo hvalnice in pravna besedila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od Utuja do \u0160ama\u0161a: etimologija in sumerske korenine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime \u0160ama\u0161 je akadska beseda za sonce in izhaja iz skupne semitske besedne korenike, ki jo v sorodni obliki najdemo tudi v hebrej\u0161\u010dini kot <em>\u0161eme\u0161<\/em>, v arab\u0161\u010dini kot <em>\u0161ams<\/em> in v drugih semitskih jezikih. Bog in nebesno telo torej nosita isto ime, kar poudarja tesno povezavo med naravnim pojavom in bo\u017eansko osebo.<\/p><p>Sumerski predhodnik se je imenoval Utu. Z zlivanjem sumerske in akadske religije v tretjem in drugem tiso\u010dletju sta bila Utu in \u0160ama\u0161 v veliki meri ena\u010dena, \u010deprav starej\u0161a podoba ni povsem izginila. V dvojezi\u010dnih besedilih se obe imeni pojavljata drug ob drugem.<\/p><p>Utu je \u017ee v sumerskem \u010dasu veljal za sina mese\u010dnega boga Nanne in Ningal ter za brata Inanne, poznej\u0161e I\u0161tar. Te dru\u017einske vezi so bile prevzete v akadskih besedilih: \u0160ama\u0161 je sin Sina in brat I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Zanimiv je polo\u017eaj sonca kot otroka meseca. V \u0161tevilnih drugih mitologijah velja nasprotno sonce za pomembnej\u0161e ali starej\u0161e nebesno telo. Mezopotamsko razporeditev pogosto razlagajo s tem, da je mese\u010dni bog v Uru imel posebej stari in presti\u017eni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota verskih \u010da\u0161\u010devalnih dejanj, namenjenih bo\u017eanstvu ali sveti pojavi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Genealogija tako odseva bolj zgodovino kultnih sredi\u0161\u010d kot sistemati\u010dno astronomijo. Pou\u010dna je tudi pisava imena: znak za sonce je bilo mogo\u010de brati bodisi sumersko kot Utu bodisi akadsko kot \u0160ama\u0161, tako da besedila pogosto pu\u0161\u010dajo odprto, katero jezikovno obliko je pisec imel v mislih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija: son\u010dni bog v raziskovanju starega Orienta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 spada med bo\u017eanstva, ki so postala znova poznana \u017ee zgodaj po odkritju klinopisa v devetnajstem stoletju.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Da je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pokon\u010dno stoje\u010da, popisana ali poslikana kamnita ali lesena plo\u0161\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> <em>Codexa Hammurapi<\/em>, ki jo je leta 1901 in 1902 odkrila francoska odprava v Suzi, upodobitev sede\u010dega boga s son\u010dnimi \u017earki na ramenih spravila med najbolj znane podobe starega Orienta sploh. Upodobljena je v ne\u0161tetih priro\u010dnikih in vse do danes oblikuje priljudno predstavo o mezopotamski religiji.<\/span><\/p><p>V znanstveni razpravi je dolgo prevladovalo vpra\u0161anje, kako tesno je bil mezopotamski solarni kult povezan s pravnimi predstavami in ali se je ta povezava raz\u0161irila tudi na sosednje kulture.<\/p><p>Zgodovinarji religij so razpravljali o vzporednicah s pravnimi metaforami svetlobe v zapadnosemitskih in svetopisemskih besedilih, na primer tam, kjer se pravi\u010dnost in odre\u0161enje primerjata z vzhajanjem sonca. Take primerjave je treba obravnavati previdno, saj lahko podobne metafore nastanejo neodvisno drug od drugega, vendar je mezopotamsko gradivo zaradi obsega virov posebej dobro dokumentirano.<\/p><p>Za sodobno razumevanje so temeljne izdaje himen in molitev, med njimi velika \u0160ama\u0161eva himna, ohranjena v ve\u010d besedilnih pri\u010devanjih, ki na dolgo poveli\u010duje boga kot vsevidnega varuha pravi\u010dnosti.<\/p><p>Himna je bila ve\u010dkrat prevedena in komentirana ter velja za eno najbolj vtisljivih verskih besedil Mezopotamije. Kdor se ukvarja z mezopotamskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonom<\/span>, lahko od \u0160ama\u0161a nadaljuje k sorodnim likom, na primer k njegovemu o\u010detu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160778\">Sinu<\/a> ali njegovi sestri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160543\">I\u0161tar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nadaljnje povezave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160543\">I\u0161tar, sestra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160459\">Marduk, nadrejen v novobabilonskem panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160327\">Mezopotamija, pregled panteona<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160451\">Vrhovna bo\u017eanstva, podkategorija<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160423\">Bogovi, pregled razredov<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (izbor)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (izd.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (geslo &bdquo;Shamash&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Ve\u010d standardnih del v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160475\">seznamu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 bog Sonca in varuh pravice","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mezopotamski bog Sonca in varuh pravice. Vloga v Hamurabijevem kodeksu, templji v Sipparju in Larsi, vsakodnevni prevoz \u010dez nebo.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160553","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash \u2013 bog Sonca in varuh pravice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, mezopotamski bog Sonca in varuh pravice. 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