{"id":160395,"date":"2026-09-05T00:20:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160395"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:36:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:36:13","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160395\" class=\"elementor elementor-160395 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, duh budisti\u010dne tradicije<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sli smrti Yame, izvr\u0161evalci karmi\u010dnih sodb.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadute v sistemu Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadute so <strong>sli smrti Yame<\/strong>, gospodarja mrtvih vedske, hinduisti\u010dne in budisti\u010dne tradicije.<\/p><p>V Garuda Purani in sistemu Naraka v Mahabharati odvedejo du\u0161o takoj po <strong>trenutku smrti<\/strong>. Njihove naloge obsegajo: identifikacijo du\u0161e, pretrganje \u017eivljenjskih vezi, spremstvo \u010dez reko <strong>Vaitarani<\/strong>, izro\u010ditev na Yamovem sodi\u0161\u010du v <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. Tam pisar <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> pretehta zasluge in prestopke, Yama pa izre\u010de sodbo.<\/p><p>Kazni vodijo v eno od <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (pekel): Raurava (pekel kri\u010danja), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Budisti\u010dni prevzem (mahajana, vad\u017erajana) ohranja ta model, dodaja pa mo\u017enost odre\u0161itve z recitacijo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti zlog ali formula, ki se v hinduizmu in budizmu ponavljajo\u010de izreka.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantre<\/span> in praksami vmesnega stanja (bardo, Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih). Ikonografsko so Yamadute temnopolte, oboro\u017eene z zanko in kijem ter jezdijo vodne bivole.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duh: Nesnovno ali polsnovno bitje, umrli, naravna bitja, hi\u0161ni duhovi ali stra\u017earji prehodov. Deluje v vsakdanjem \u017eivljenju, pogosto vezan na kraje ali dru\u017eine.\">Duh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160386\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budisti\u010dna tradicija z bodisatvami, za\u0161\u010ditnimi bo\u017eanstvi, la\u010dnimi duhovi in stra\u017earji pekla.\">Budizem<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162749\" alt=\"Yamaduta - duhovi iz budisti\u010dne tradicije, zgodovinsko-ponazoritveno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Brezteleso bitje, ki mu je pripisano delovanje v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span> budisti\u010dne tradicije.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bte so sli smrti v slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodarja mrtvih indijsko-budisti\u010dne tradicije. Ob nastopu smrti se prika\u017eejo, da odvedejo du\u0161o in jo pripeljejo pred Yamovo sodi\u0161\u010de.<\/p><p>Tam se pretehta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizmu, budizmu in jainizmu zakon posledice dejanj: vsako dejanje vpliva na naslednje eksistence.\">karmo<\/span>; Yama izre\u010de sodbo; Yamad\u016bte jo izvr\u0161ijo, bodisi v nebe\u0161kih svetovih bodisi v narakah (peklih). Ta lik povezuje indijske in budisti\u010dne tradicije \u010da\u0161\u010denja mrtvih; v vzhodni Aziji se zlije z lokalnimi predstavami o kraljestvu mrtvih.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eSuta o bo\u017ejih slih&#8221;) v palijskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zavezujo\u010de priznana zbirka svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> pripoveduje Budi prizor: umrlega privedejo pred Yamo; Yama ga vpra\u0161a, ali ni videl \u201ebo\u017ejih slov&#8221;, starosti, bolezni, smrti, najdenih trupel, ki bi ga lahko spodbudili k spreobrnjenju.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bte torej niso le izvr\u0161evalci, temve\u010d tudi opomniki \u017eivljenja. Ta dvojna vloga dela lik teolo\u0161ko bogat.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana in topografija Yamaloke<\/strong><\/p><p>Najpodrobnej\u0161i prikaz <em>Yamadute<\/em> najdemo v <em>Garuda Purani<\/em> (8.\u201310. stoletje), kjer so Yamovi sli razvr\u0161\u010deni glede na svoj rang in funkcijo. Poleg vloge preprostih stra\u017earjev ali slov delujejo tudi kot porotniki in zapisovalci karmi\u010dne sodbe.<\/p><p>Vsakega umrlega njegove osebne Yamadute odpeljejo iz sveta umiranja v Maharloko, kjer Yama sodi. Sama topografija Yamaloke, kakor jo opisujejo razli\u010dne purane, ka\u017ee birokratsko zgradbo: vrata, cesto, dvorano pravice, razli\u010dna pekelna obmo\u010dja. Yamadute so upravljavci te topografije, ne njeni stra\u017earji.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hitri pregled: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> sli smrti, izvr\u0161evalci v peklu<br>Izvor: slu\u017eba Yame, gospodarja mrtvih<br>Besedila: Devad\u016bta Sutta, jatake, Abhidharmakosha, Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih<br>Obdobje: od vedsko-budisti\u010dnega \u010dasa do danes<br>Vzhodnoazijska oblika: v kitajskem sistemu podzemlja kot sli Yanluoja<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvrstitev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedsko ozadje (Yama v Rigvedi), budisti\u010dna izoblikovanost v palijskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zavezujo\u010de priznana zbirka svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVeliko vozilo'; ena od treh glavnih tradicij budizma, z idealom bodisatve in razdelano filozofsko refleksijo.\">mahajanskih<\/span> sutrah. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. stol. n. \u0161t.) sistematizira <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o zgradbi in ureditvi sveta znotraj neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologijo<\/span>. Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetanskem budizmu prehodno stanje med dvema eksistencama; Bardo Th\u00f6dol opisuje fazo po smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. stoletje ali kasneje) z podrobnim prikazom Yamadut. Kitajski in japonski nana\u0161aji v budisti\u010dni literaturi o podzemlju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indijska podcelina, dr\u017eave teravade, vzhodna Azija (na Kitajskem kot sli Yanluoja, kot Niu Tou \u201eBikova glava&#8221; in Ma Mian \u201eKonjski obraz&#8221;), Tibet z raz\u0161iritvijo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantno vozilo'; tantri\u010dna oblika mahajanskega budizma, predvsem v Tibetu, s prakso jidama in mantra tehniko v sredi\u0161\u010du.\">vad\u017erajane<\/span>, Japonska z oblikovanostjo Emme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya in Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih; obredna navodila za prehodna stanja po smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kitajske pripovedi o podzemlju (literatura <em>Di Yu<\/em>), japonski Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poimenovanje in zapisi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYamov glasnik&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYamov stra\u017ear&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYamov mo\u017e&#8221;.<br>Kitajsko: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eBikova glava in konjski obraz&#8221;, priljubljena parna oblika).<br>Japonsko: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama kot Emma.<br>Tibetansko: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Specifikacija v Vzhodni Aziji je zanimiva: par Bikova glava in Konjski obraz je samostojen kitajski razvoj. Oba sta upodobljena kot mogo\u010dna podzemna uradnika Yanluo Wanga in sta vidno prisotna v ljudskoreligijskih templjih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zna\u010dilnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Videz<\/strong><\/p><p>V indijski tradiciji pogosto z ognjeno aureolo, oro\u017ejem, verigami. Lahko so \u017eival\u00adski ali delno \u017eival\u00adski. V kitajski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda o podobah in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiji<\/span> so opredeljeni kot Bikova glava in Konjski obraz, oboro\u017eeni s kiji ali vilami. Na tibetanskih thangkah so jezni, ple\u0161ejo, okra\u0161eni s simboli smrti.<\/p><p><strong>Vedenje<\/strong><\/p><p>Pojavijo se ob trenutku smrti, zve\u017eejo du\u0161o in jo popeljejo k Yami. V naraki (peklih) izvajajo karmi\u010dne kazni, ne iz osebne krutosti, temve\u010d kot funkcijsko nalogo. V razlagi devad\u016bta so hkrati simbolni: samo \u017eivljenje opominja skozi starost, bolezen in smrt.<\/p><p><strong>Obmo\u010dje delovanja<\/strong><\/p><p>Vmesni svet ob procesu umiranja, Yamovo sodi\u0161\u010de, naraki (pekli). V vzhodnoazijski tradiciji so razdeljeni tudi v konkretne podzemske urade, vsaka od desetih pekla ima svoje uradnike.<\/p><p><strong>Mitolo\u0161ka uvrstitev<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama je v vedski tradiciji prvi smrtnik, ki je od\u0161el v podzemlje, in je tako postal njegov gospodar. Njegovi glasniki so funkcionarji kozmi\u010dnega sistema, ne avtonomni demoni. Budisti\u010dni prevzem ohranja to funkcijsko vlogo.<\/p><div><p><strong>Telesne zna\u010dilnosti in funkcija strahu<\/strong><\/p><p>V odlomkih Mahabharate in poznej\u0161ih Puranah so yamaduti opisani s posebnimi telesnimi zna\u010dilnostmi: \u010drna ko\u017ea, rde\u010de o\u010di, ka\u010dji lasje ali plameni namesto las, \u017eelezno oro\u017eje. Te zna\u010dilnosti so funkcionalne, nikakor naklju\u010dne: naj bi \u0161okirale smrtnike in jih spodbudile k samorefleksiji o lastnem \u017eivljenju.<\/p><p>Videz je hkrati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Odganja zlo; apotropejski simboli (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) varujejo pred \u0161kodljivo magijo in urokom.\">apotropejski<\/span> in meditativen. Videz yamaduta zaznamuje prehod od \u017eivljenja k odgovornosti. V tantri\u010dnih komentarjih je funkcija strahu \u0161e bolj izrecna: yamaduta je zavestna upodobitev posledic karme, ne biolo\u0161ka entiteta.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kratek opis: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpomembnej\u0161i vidiki yamad\u016bte na kratko.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodarja mrtvih. Vedsko-budisti\u010dna osnova. V Vzhodni Aziji izoblikovan pod Yanluo\/Emma, s lastno uradni\u0161ko hierarhijo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naslovniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Umirajo\u010di ob trenutku smrti, umrli v vmesnem stanju, peklenska bitja pri izvajanju kazni. Posredno vsi \u017eivi kot opomniki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videz<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Indiji z ognjeno aureolo in oro\u017ejem. V kitajski tradiciji opredeljeni kot Bikova glava in Konjski obraz. V Tibetu jezni, ple\u0161ejo, okra\u0161eni z lobanjami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Delovanje Yamadute<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odvzemajo umirajo\u010de du\u0161e, jih vodijo pred Yamovo sodi\u0161\u010de, izvajajo karmi\u010dne sodbe. Funkcionalno, ne iz osebne krutosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oblike obrambe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ne obramba, temve\u010d pravi\u010dno \u017eivljenje: eti\u010dno ravnanje, zato\u010di\u0161\u010de v treh draguljih, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u0161e\u010de ali rotilno nagovarjanje bo\u017eanstva ali mo\u010di.\" tabindex=\"0\">klicanje<\/span> Ksitigarbhe (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mahajana budizmu razsvetljeno bitje, ki svojo lastno osvoboditev odlo\u017ei v prid nauku za druga bitja.\">bodisatve<\/span> peklenskih bitij). Tibetansko: praksa phowa (prenos zavesti v trenutku smrti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Primerljivo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160330\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160343\">Kere<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160349\">Dire<\/a>, egiptovski spremljevalci iz Amduata, kr\u0161\u010danski angeli smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obredi umiranja in smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Priprava na smrt<\/strong><\/p><p>V tradiciji teravade: recitiranje parite in metta sutr pri umirajo\u010dih. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Veliko vozilo; ena od treh glavnih tradicij budizma, z idealom bodisatve.\">Mahajana<\/span>: recitiranje mantr Amitabhe, da bi se preporodili v njegovi \u010cisti de\u017eeli namesto v Yamovem kraljestvu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantno vozilo; tantri\u010dna oblika mahajana budizma, predvsem v Tibetu, s prakso yidama v sredi\u0161\u010du.\">Vad\u017erajana<\/span>: phowa kot posebna meditacija umiranja za izstop iz kroga.<\/p><p><strong>Obredi po smrti<\/strong><\/p><p>Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih daje umrlemu navodila za 49 dni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetanskem budizmu vmesno stanje med dvema obstojema; Bardo Th\u00f6dol opisuje fazo po smrti.\">bardo<\/span>, med drugim izrecna sre\u010danja z yamadutami. Kitajska tradicija pozna \u201esedem-sedem&#8221; pogrebni obred (49 dni s tedenskimi obredji). Japonski Obon in podobni obredi za laj\u0161anje stanja umrlih.<\/p><p><strong>Eti\u010dna razse\u017enost<\/strong><\/p><p>Nauk o devad\u016bti u\u010di, da glasnike po\u0161ilja samo \u017eivljenje: starost, bolezen, pogled na truplo. Kdor to sli\u0161i, se ima ob Yamovem sodi\u0161\u010du malo bati. Kdor to presli\u0161jo, se znajde v ustreznih prerojenjih.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzporednice in sprejemanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> in mezopotamske vzporednice<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopotamski <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160330\">Gallu<\/a> kot izvr\u0161ilni organ podzemlja, gr\u0161ke <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160343\">Kere<\/a> kot smrtne demonke, egiptovske spremljevalne figure iz Amduata na son\u010devi vo\u017enji skozi podzemlje.<\/p><p><strong>Vzhodnoazijski razvoj<\/strong><\/p><p>Kitajska Niu Tou Ma Mian, japonski uradniki Emma imajo v ljudskem verovanju konkretno uradni\u0161ko hierarhijo z dopisovanjem in izpiti. Sistem Di Yu (&#8220;zemeljski zapor&#8221;) je ena najbolj razdelanih uprav podzemlja na svetu.<\/p><p><strong>Sodobna recepcija<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywoodski filmi z liki Yamraja, japonski anime z motivi shinigami, korejske K-drame z liki mrke \u017eanjice, vsi po svoje preoblikujejo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> yamad\u016bta v sodobno obliko.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta in islamski Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Med hindujskimi yamaduti in angeli smrti islamske tradicije, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>, obstaja opazna vzporednica. Obe tradiciji opisujeta nebe\u0161ka bitja, ki se pojavijo v trenutku smrti. Obe presojata dejanja umrlega na podlagi njegovih verskih ali karmi\u010dnih zapisov.<\/p><p>Obe sta grozljivi po zunanjem videzu, a pravi\u010dni v svoji funkciji. Islamski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabsko 'angeli'; v Koranu kozmolo\u0161ki razred angelov, med katerimi so najpomembnej\u0161i Gabriel, Mihael in Izrafil.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> pa so moralni agenti Boga, medtem ko yamaduti predstavljajo bolj nevtralne administrativne sile. Ta razlika ka\u017ee na razliko v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teolo\u0161ki problem zdru\u017eljivosti Bo\u017eje vsemogo\u010dnosti in dobrote z obstojem zla v svetu.\">teodiceji<\/span>: v hinduizmu se karma izpolnjuje sama po sebi, v islamu pa o pravi\u010dnosti odlo\u010da Bo\u017eja milost.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduti kot sli boga smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime <em>Yamaduta<\/em> pomeni dobesedno &#8220;Yamov sel&#8221;. Yama je gospodar mrtvih, lik, ki izvira iz vedske religije in se je prek budizma in hinduizma raz\u0161iril po celotni ju\u017eni in vzhodni Aziji.<\/p><p>Yamaduti so njegovi podrejeni, poslani, da zberejo du\u0161e umrlih in jih privedejo pred sodi\u0161\u010de gospodarja smrti. Niso torej samostojne mo\u010di, temve\u010d funkcionarji znotraj kozmi\u010dnega reda.<\/p><p>V budisti\u010dnih besedilih se yamaduti pojavljajo v ve\u010d vlogah. Pomembno mesto je <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> iz palijskega kanona, v katerem pa so v ospredju &#8220;bo\u017eji sli&#8221;, namre\u010d starost, bolezen in smrt kot opozorilna znamenja, ki naj bi vsakega \u010dloveka svarila.<\/p><p>Poleg tega obstajajo konkretnej\u0161i opisi peklenskih slov, ki umrlega zgrabijo in ga privedejo pred Yamo. Yama nato umrlemu o\u010dita, da je opozorilna znamenja staranja, bolezni in smrti v \u017eivljenju videl, vendar se jih ni oziral.<\/p><p>To prepletanje stra\u0161ljivega prikazovanja in eti\u010dnega opomina je zna\u010dilno za budisti\u010dno obravnavo yamadutov. So stra\u0161ljivi liki, vendar ima njihova groza pou\u010den namen. Raziskave budisti\u010dne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o zgradbi in ureditvi sveta znotraj neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologije<\/span> poudarjajo, da so budisti\u010dni opisi pekla mi\u0161ljeni kot nazorna ponazoritev zakona karme in ne kot sami sebi namen.<\/p><p>Yamaduti ne izvajajo poljubne kazni, temve\u010d izvajajo to, kar dejanja umrlega sama po sebi terjajo. Pravi sodnik je pravzaprav zakon dejanja in posledice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduti v prikazih pekla in templjski umetnosti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Budisti\u010dna slikovna umetnost Azije je yamadute mnogokrat upodobila, predvsem v velikih prikazih pekla, ki jih najdemo v templjih, na stenskih poslikavah in na zvitkih. Ti slikovni programi prikazujejo Yamovo sodi\u0161\u010de mrtvih in kazni v raznih pekljih, pogosto z drasti\u010dno nazornostjo.<\/p><p>Yamaduti se na njih prikazujejo kot izvr\u0161ilni stra\u017earji in mu\u010ditelji, pogosto z \u017eivalskimi potezami, na primer z bikovimi ali konjskimi glavami, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda o slikovnih vsebinah in njihovem pomenu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografija<\/span>, ki je posebej izra\u017eena v vzhodnoazijski tradiciji.<\/p><p>Tak\u0161ni prikazi pekla so imeli jasno didakti\u010dno funkcijo. Name\u0161\u010dali so jih na mesta, kjer so jih videli laiki, in ponazarjali so posledice neblagega ravnanja na na\u010din, ki je bil razumljiv tudi brez poznavanja besedil.<\/p><p>Na Tajskem, v tibetanski tradiciji, na Kitajskem, v Koreji in na Japonskem najdemo vsak svoje izraze te slikovne tradicije, ki isti osnovni vzorec zapolnjujejo z regionalnimi posebnostmi.<\/p><p>V vzhodnoazijski razli\u010dici se indijska dedi\u0161\u010dina povezuje s predstavo o desetih kraljih podzemlja, tako da se Yama tam pojavlja kot eden od desetih sodnikov, primerljiv s korejskim <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160521\">Yeomrajem<\/a>.<\/p><p>Za religioznoznanstveno obravnavo je ta slikovna tradicija pomemben vir, saj ka\u017ee, kako se je nauk o karmi in sodi\u0161\u010du mrtvih posredoval v \u017eivljenjski svet laikov. Yamaduti se v teh podobah prikazujejo kot nazorni, strah zbujajo\u010di liki, ne kot abstraktni teolo\u0161ki pojmi.<\/p><p>Umetnostnozgodovinske raziskave poleg tega uporabljajo ohranjene podobe pekla za sledenje \u0161irjenju dolo\u010denih predstav skozi \u010das in prostor, saj se na njih odra\u017eajo poti prenosa budisti\u010dne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o zgradbi in ureditvi sveta znotraj neke kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmologije<\/span> med regijami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta in Yamadut v hinduizmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predstava o Yamabotih je poleg budizma trdno zasidrana tudi v hinduizmu, kjer se te sle pogosto imenujejo <em>Yamadut<\/em>. Posebej znana pripoved, ki je ohranjena v ve\u010d puranah, govori o Ajamili.<\/p><p>Ajamila je mo\u017e, ki je vodil pogubljeno \u017eivljenje in naj bi ga ob smrtni uri pri\u0161li po njega Yamaboti. Toda v trenutku smrti zakli\u010de ime svojega sina, ki je po naklju\u010dju eno od imen boga Vishnuja. Nato se prika\u017eejo Vishnujevi sli, imenovani <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, ki nastopijo proti Yamabotom in Ajamilo osvobodijo.<\/p><p>Ta pripoved je teolo\u0161ko izjemno pomenljiva. V tradiciji \u010da\u0161\u010denja Vishnuja velja za dokaz odre\u0161ilne mo\u010di bo\u017ejega imena: celo nenameren izklic imena naj bi imel odre\u0161ilni u\u010dinek.<\/p><p>Yamaboti v tej pripovedi ponazarjajo strogo logiko dejanja in povra\u010dila, medtem ko Vishnujevi sli predstavljajo milost, ki lahko to logiko prese\u017ee. Spor med obema skupinama slov je v besedilih izpeljan kot pravi disput o pravici in milosti.<\/p><p>Za religiologijo ta zgodba ka\u017ee, da so Yamaduti v razli\u010dnih verskih tokovih Indije glede na teolo\u0161ko stali\u0161\u010de vrednoteni razli\u010dno. V okviru, ki je strogo usmerjen na karmo, so neizogibni izvajalci sodbe.<\/p><p>V tokovih, usmerjenih v predanost in milost, pa postanejo instanca, ki jo lahko prese\u017ee naklonjenost odre\u0161ilnega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je v neki religiji \u010de\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>. Yamaduti so tako dober kazalnik, kako je ena in ista mitolo\u0161ka predstava v razli\u010dnih religijskih sistemih razumljena in vrednotena povsem razli\u010dno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nadaljnje povezave<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Priporo\u010dene notranje povezave:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160386\">Budizem<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160394\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160393\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160397\">Stra\u017ear Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160396\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160330\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160343\">Keres<\/a> (vzporednice)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160512\">Yama<\/a> kot gospodar mrtvih (hinduizem)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol in tibetanska knjiga mrtvih<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raziskovalna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Izbor osrednjih del o Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dodatna temeljna dela najdete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/?page_id=160475\">seznamu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tukaj opisana za\u0161\u010ditna praksa je znanstvena umestitev zgodovinskih izro\u010dil. iWell Guard navezuje na to kulturnozgodovinsko linijo nosljivih za\u0161\u010ditnih predmetov in predstavlja njeno sodobno obliko. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Ve\u010d o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta, sel smrti Yame","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 sla smrti boga Yame","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bte so sli smrti v slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodarja mrtvih indijsko-budisti\u010dne tradicije. Ob nastopu smrti se prika\u017eejo, da odvedejo du\u0161o","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-160395","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 sla smrti boga Yame<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bte so sli smrti v slu\u017ebi Yame, gospodarja mrtvih indijsko-budisti\u010dne tradicije. 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