{"id":158112,"date":"2026-09-04T22:22:20","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158112"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:51:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:51:36","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158112\" class=\"elementor elementor-158112 elementor-3064 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, boh hromu S\u00e1mov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles (aj Hora Galles, Tiermes alebo Aijeke) je boh hromu a b\u00farky vo viere S\u00e1mov a je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za jedno z najmocnej\u0161\u00edch bo\u017estiev ich predkres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva na severe \u0160kandin\u00e1vie, F\u00ednska a rusk\u00e9ho polostrova Kola. Jeho uctievanie je zdokumentovan\u00e9 ranonovovek\u00fdmi mision\u00e1rskymi prame\u0148mi, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdpovedn\u00fa hodnotu treba hodnoti\u0165 kriticky vzh\u013eadom na p\u00f4vod.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi zodpovednos\u0165ami \u2014 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159684\" alt=\"Horagalles \u2013 bohovia zo s\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramenn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia a kritick\u00e9 zhodnotenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie p\u00edsomn\u00e9 pramene o n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve ctite\u013eov boha hromu poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo 17. a 18. storo\u010dia. Olaus Magnus v diele \u00abHistoria de gentibus septentrionalibus\u00bb (1555) prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t podrobne popisuje n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praktiky tohto \u013eudu, hoci v silne etnograficky odstupuj\u00facej forme.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00dastredn\u00fdm prame\u0148om je diela Johannesa Schefferusa \u00abLapponia\u00bb (1673), v ktorom je Horagalles op\u00edsan\u00fd menom a s funkciou. V 18. storo\u010d\u00ed prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa s podrobnej\u0161\u00edmi pozorovaniami Knud Leem, Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius a Johan Nordlander.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Pri interpret\u00e1cii t\u00fdchto prame\u0148ov je potrebn\u00e1 opatrnos\u0165. H\u00e5kan Rydving vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v diele \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb (1993), uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee mision\u00e1rske z\u00e1znamy zobrazovali s\u00e1mske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo cez kres\u0165ansk\u00fa optiku a systematicky ho skres\u013eovali. Pojmy ako \u00abboh\u00bb, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zneva\u017euj\u00face ozna\u010denie pre uctievan\u00fd obraz pova\u017eovan\u00fd za falo\u0161n\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">modla<\/span>\u00bb alebo \u00abdiabol\u00bb sa pou\u017e\u00edvali bez reflexie na s\u00e1mske koncepty.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen v diele \u00abSami Mythology\u00bb (1999) upozornil na metodick\u00fd probl\u00e9m, \u017ee s\u00e1mske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo v jeho predkres\u0165anskej forme je dnes rekon\u0161truovate\u013en\u00e9 u\u017e len nepriamo. Louise B\u00e4ckman a Anna-Leena Siikala systematicky zostavili a kriticky komentovali dostupn\u00e9 doklady.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Horagalles sa vysvet\u013euje ako s\u00e1mske prevzatie zo staron\u00f3rskeho \u00ab\u00de\u00f3rr karl\u00bb (\u00abstar\u00fd Thor\u00bb, \u00abThor-mu\u017e\u00bb), \u010do predstavuje v\u00fdrazn\u00fa nadv\u00e4znos\u0165 na severogerm\u00e1nskeho boha hromu Thora.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to etymol\u00f3gia je od 19. storo\u010dia \u0161tandardn\u00fdm predpokladom a potvrdili ju jazykovedci ako Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius a nesk\u00f4r Konrad Nielsen a Pekka Sammallahti. V niektor\u00fdch s\u00e1mskych dialektoch je zaznamenan\u00e1 aj podoba Hora-Galles alebo Hora-Gallis, v severos\u00e1m\u010dine Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p>\n\n<p>Vedeck\u00e1 literat\u00fara navy\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edva \u010fal\u0161ie men\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 pravdepodobne ozna\u010duj\u00fa to ist\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke alebo Pajan-Olmai. T\u00e1to pestros\u0165 mien odr\u00e1\u017ea na jednej strane region\u00e1lne dialektov\u00e9 rozdiely, na druhej strane fakt, \u017ee s\u00e1mske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo nemalo jednotn\u00fa, dogmaticky ust\u00e1len\u00fa formu, ale silne sa lok\u00e1lne l\u00ed\u0161ilo.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving upozornil, \u017ee mision\u00e1rske z\u00e1znamy \u010dasto umelo homogenizovali skuto\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 nezodpovedala re\u00e1lnej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej rozmanitosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcia boha hromu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles je predov\u0161etk\u00fdm boh hromu, ktor\u00fd kontroluje blesk a hrom a t\u00fdm ovl\u00e1da po\u010dasie. Je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za ochrancu \u013eud\u00ed pred zl\u00fdmi duchmi, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pred Stallo (obri) a in\u00fdmi nepriate\u013esk\u00fdmi bytos\u0165ami zo s\u00e1mskej duch\u00e1rskej viery.<\/p><p>Jeho kladivo alebo bojov\u00e1 sekera je jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou zbra\u0148ou, ktorou zah\u00e1\u0148a zlo a bojuje proti trollom a obrom. T\u00e1to funkcia a v\u00fdzbroj vysvet\u013euj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00fa typologick\u00fa pr\u00edbuznos\u0165 so severogerm\u00e1nskym Thorom.<\/p>\n\n<p>Anna-Leena Siikala v porovn\u00e1vac\u00edch pr\u00e1cach o f\u00ednsko-uhorskej a s\u00e1mskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gii<\/span> uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee predstava boha hromu u S\u00e1mov bola ovplyvnen\u00e1 kontaktmi so \u0161kandin\u00e1vskymi susedmi, ale vych\u00e1dzala zo star\u0161\u00edch vlastn\u00fdch predst\u00e1v.<\/p><p>Paralely sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa aj vo f\u00ednskej trad\u00edcii (Ukko) a vo v\u00fdchodosib\u00edrskej trad\u00edcii (Num u Nencov), \u010do nazna\u010duje rozsiahly severoeur\u00e1zijsk\u00fd komplex boha hromu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bubnov\u00e1 symbolika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm prame\u0148om pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obsahu obrazov a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiu<\/span> s\u00e1mskych bohov s\u00fa s\u00e1mske bubny (\u00abgoavddis\u00bb alebo \u00abgievrie\u00bb), ktor\u00e9 v 17. a 18. storo\u010d\u00ed zbierali mision\u00e1ri a dnes sa uchov\u00e1vaj\u00fa v m\u00faze\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Na mnoh\u00fdch z t\u00fdchto bubnov je zobrazen\u00e1 centr\u00e1lna postava, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vyzbrojen\u00e1 kladivom alebo sekerou, ktor\u00e1 sa identifikuje ako Horagalles. Niekedy je jeho postava umiestnen\u00e1 priamo pod slne\u010dn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> (Beaivi), \u010do zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje jeho vysok\u00e9 postavenie v s\u00e1mskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u00fdznam t\u00fdchto bubnov\u00fdch post\u00e1v v\u0161ak nie je vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch jednozna\u010dn\u00fd, preto\u017ee bubny pou\u017e\u00edvali jednotliv\u00ed \u00abnoaidi\u00bb (s\u00e1mski \u0161amani) na ritu\u00e1lne \u00fa\u010dely a zdobili ich osobn\u00fdmi symbolmi.<\/p><p>Ernst Manker a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o s\u00e1mskom bubnovom umen\u00ed zd\u00f4raznili rozmanitos\u0165 zobrazen\u00ed. \u0160tandardizovan\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obsahu obrazov a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> pre Horagallesa neexistuje, ale ist\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 rysy (kladivo, sekera, antropomorfn\u00e1 postava so zdvihnutou zbra\u0148ou) sa opakovane objavuj\u00fa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uctievanie a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O konkr\u00e9tnej praxi uctievania hovoria mision\u00e1rske zdroje m\u00e1lo podrobne. Horagalles zjavne prij\u00edmal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> v podobe zvierat (najm\u00e4 sobov), ktor\u00e9 sa prin\u00e1\u0161ali na osobitn\u00fdch kultov\u00fdch miestach (\u00absieidi\u00bb).<\/p><p>Tieto kultov\u00e9 miesta b\u00fdvali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 skaln\u00e9 \u00fatvary, ve\u013ek\u00e9 kamene alebo osobit\u00e9 stromy, ktor\u00e9 sa pova\u017eovali za s\u00eddlo bohov. Po\u010das b\u00farok sa prin\u00e1\u0161ali osobitn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span>, aby sa Horagalles upokojil alebo aby sa vyprosila jeho pomoc.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0160amansk\u00e1 prax st\u00e1la v centre s\u00e1mskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Noaidi mohol pomocou svojho bubna a ritu\u00e1lnych transov\u00fdch ciest nadviaza\u0165 kontakt s bohmi, vr\u00e1tane Horagallesa. T\u00e1to prax je v mision\u00e1rskych zdrojoch \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00e1 ako \u00abdiablovo \u010darodejn\u00edctvo\u00bb a v 17. a 18. storo\u010d\u00ed bola systematicky prenasledovan\u00e1.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving v diele \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb zdokumentoval, ako sa v tomto obdob\u00ed s\u00e1mske bubny spa\u013eovali alebo zhab\u00e1vali, \u010do viedlo k mas\u00edvnej strate n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch kult\u00farnych statkov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christianiz\u00e1cia a vytl\u00e1\u010danie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Christianiz\u00e1cia S\u00e1mov sa za\u010dala v 11. a 12. storo\u010d\u00ed prv\u00fdmi misijn\u00fdmi pokusmi, v\u00fdrazne zosilnela v 16. a 17. storo\u010d\u00ed a skon\u010dila v 18. a na za\u010diatku 19. storo\u010dia rozsiahlym vytla\u010den\u00edm predkres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva z verejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving podrobne zmapoval etapy tohto procesu. \u0160v\u00e9dske, n\u00f3rske, f\u00ednske a rusk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tno-cirkevn\u00e9 \u00farady zav\u00e1dzali tresty, konfi\u0161k\u00e1cie bubnov a n\u00faten\u00e9 krsty, aby potla\u010dili tradi\u010dn\u00fa vieru.<\/p>\n\n<p>V tejto f\u00e1ze vytl\u00e1\u010dania sa Horagalles \u010dasto identifikoval s kres\u0165ansk\u00fdm diablom alebo so \u00abSatanom\u00bb. T\u00e1to identifik\u00e1cia bola s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mision\u00e1rskej strategie, ktor\u00e1 mala starobyl\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo ozna\u010di\u0165 za d\u00e9monick\u00e9.<\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 bola aj identifik\u00e1cia Horagallesa so sv\u00e4t\u00fdm Olafom, n\u00f3rskym kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm sv\u00e4tcom, ktor\u00fd sa podobne ako Horagalles pova\u017eoval za v\u00ed\u0165aza nad trolmi a obrami, a mohol tak fungova\u0165 ako ikonografick\u00fd most\u00edk medzi star\u00fdm a nov\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav v\u00fdskumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern\u00fd v\u00fdskum s\u00e1mskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva sa za\u010dal v druhej polovici 19. storo\u010dia a v 20. a 21. storo\u010d\u00ed sa v\u00fdrazne rozvinul. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pr\u00edspevky poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa od H\u00e5kana Rydvinga, Juhu Pentik\u00e4inena, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anny-Leeny Siikala, Ernsta Mankera a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>Spolo\u010dne vypracovali diferencovan\u00fd obraz s\u00e1mskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, ktor\u00fd zoh\u013ead\u0148uje rozmanitos\u0165 region\u00e1lnych trad\u00edci\u00ed, skreslenia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 mision\u00e1rskymi zdrojmi a \u0165a\u017ekosti rekon\u0161trukcie.<\/p>\n\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou sporovou ot\u00e1zkou je miera ovplyvnenia skandin\u00e1vskym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom. Zatia\u013e \u010do star\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy videli Horagallesa ako \u010disto s\u00e1msky protip\u00f3l Thora, nov\u0161ie pr\u00e1ce zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa samostatn\u00fa s\u00e1msku trad\u00edciu a skandin\u00e1vsky vplyv vn\u00edmaj\u00fa ako vrstvu nad star\u0161ou s\u00e1mskou predstavou boha hromu. Tento n\u00e1zor zast\u00e1va najm\u00e4 Anna-Leena Siikala, ktor\u00e1 poukazuje na f\u00ednsko-uralsk\u00e9 paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 mision\u00e1rske zdroje 17. a 18. storo\u010dia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z h\u013eadiska kritiky prame\u0148ov najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia etapa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie poznatkov a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcie<\/span> o Horagallesovi spad\u00e1 do 17. a 18. storo\u010dia, ke\u010f \u0161v\u00e9dski a d\u00e1nsko-n\u00f3rski mision\u00e1ri a \u00faradn\u00edci prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t systematicky zaznamen\u00e1vali s\u00e1mske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Johannes Schefferus vydal v roku 1673 vo Frankfurte svoje dielo \u00abLapponia\u00bb, krajinopisn\u00e9 dielo nap\u00edsan\u00e9 na objedn\u00e1vku \u0161v\u00e9dskeho r\u00ed\u0161skeho kancel\u00e1ra Magnusa Gabriela De la Gardie, ktor\u00e9 v samostatnej kapitole \u00abDe Lapponum Diis\u00bb predstavuje svet bohov a Horagallesa (v tvare \u00abThoragalles\u00bb) uv\u00e1dza ako najvy\u0161\u0161ieho z bohov hromu naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch \u00abStoorjunkare\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Schefferus sa opieral o spr\u00e1vy \u0161v\u00e9dskych pastorov ako Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan a Johannes Tornaeus, z ktor\u00fdch rukopisov \u010diasto\u010dne priamo citoval. \u00abLapponia\u00bb bola r\u00fdchlo prelo\u017een\u00e1 do viacer\u00fdch eur\u00f3pskych jazykov (angli\u010dtina 1674, nem\u010dina 1675, franc\u00faz\u0161tina 1678) a na cel\u00e9 storo\u010die ovplyvnila etnografick\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie s\u00e1mskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva v Eur\u00f3pe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V n\u00f3rsko-d\u00e1nskej oblasti s\u00fa\u010dasne vznikali rukopisy mision\u00e1ra Thomasa von Westena (1682 a\u017e 1727), ktor\u00fd ako \u00abapostol Laponcov\u00bb viedol systematick\u00fa misiu v severon\u00f3rskych s\u00e1mskych oblastiach.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho \u017eiaci Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (s dielom \u00abEpitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima\u00bb, dokon\u010den\u00fdm v roku 1728), Jens Kildal a Johan Randulf zostavili rozsiahly s\u00fabor rukopisn\u00fdch spr\u00e1v, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zn\u00e1me ako \u00abN\u00e6r\u00f8ysk\u00fd rukopis\u00bb (Randulf) a \u00abKildalov rukopis\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Tieto zdroje boli plne vydan\u00e9 a\u017e v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed Reidarom Th. Christiansenom a Karlom Bernhardom Wiklundom. Poskytuj\u00fa najpodrobnej\u0161ie popisy konkr\u00e9tnej obetnej praxe: \u010dierne voly sa v skorom lete <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prostredn\u00edctvom n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu odovzdan\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu a t\u00fdm vy\u0148at\u00e9 z be\u017en\u00e9ho sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u00e4tili<\/span> bohu hromu, brezov\u00e9 vetvi\u010dky v tvare bleskov sa zavesovali na sv\u00e4t\u00fdch miestach a kamene \u00absieidi\u00bb dost\u00e1vali tukov\u00e9 a krvn\u00e9 obete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ma\u013eby na bubnoch v komparat\u00edvnom v\u00fdskume<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Hlavn\u00fdm ikonografick\u00fdm zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o Horagallesovi s\u00fa zobrazenia na bubnoch \u00abgoavddis\u00bb, \u0161amansk\u00fdch bubnoch s\u00e1mskych \u0161pecialistov \u00abnoaidi\u00bb. Ernst Manker v dvoch monument\u00e1lnych zv\u00e4zkoch \u00abDie lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie\u00bb (\u0160tokholm 1938 a 1950) zdokumentoval a ikonograficky katalogizoval pribli\u017ene sedemdesiat zachovan\u00fdch bubnov.<\/span><\/p><p>Na pribli\u017ene tretine t\u00fdchto bubnov je rozpoznate\u013en\u00e1 centr\u00e1lna postava s dvoma kladivami (alebo kladivom a palicou), ktor\u00e1 je v prame\u0148och na bubnoch aj v koment\u00e1roch duchovn\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed bubny konfi\u0161kovali, identifikovan\u00e1 ako Horagalles. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zobrazenie sa nach\u00e1dza na bubne \u00abBindal\u00bb (\u0160tokholm, Nordiska Museet) a na bubne \u00abS\u00f8r-Fron\u00bb (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>H\u00e5kan Rydving v diele \u00abThe End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s\u00bb (Uppsala 1995) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee ma\u013eby na bubnoch nemo\u017eno ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako statick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span>, ale ako region\u00e1lne odli\u0161n\u00e9, biograficky podmienen\u00e9 diagramy jednotliv\u00fdch \u00abnoaidi\u00bb, ktor\u00fdch obrazov\u00fd svet sa v ranom novoveku v\u00fdrazne menil pod vplyvom stretnut\u00ed s kres\u0165anstvom.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (\u00abShamanism and Northern Ecology\u00bb, Berl\u00edn 1996) a Anna Westman (zborn\u00edk \u00abS\u00e1pmi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Becoming a Nation\u00bb, \u0160tokholm 2007) t\u00fato t\u00e9zu podlo\u017eili odkazmi na nov\u0161ie exempl\u00e1re bubnov a kontextov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy z oblast\u00ed Inari a Pite-Lappmark.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Konsta Kaikkonen vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch od roku 2017 (najm\u00e4 \u00abS\u00e1mi Religious Source Material\u00bb, 2020) upozornil na prame\u0148ov\u00e9 skreslenia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 konfi\u0161ka\u010dnou praxou duchovn\u00fdch: mnoh\u00e9 bubny boli pop\u00edsan\u00e9 pri \u201espovedi\u201c a a\u017e samotn\u00ed zapisovatelia z nich vytvorili teologicky usporiadan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 recepcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V 20. a 21. storo\u010d\u00ed sa s\u00e1mska identita, vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch prvkov, stala predmetom \u0161irokej kult\u00farnej revitaliz\u00e1cie. S\u00e1mske jazyky s\u00fa podporovan\u00e9, tradi\u010dn\u00e9 umenie v\u00fdroby bubnov sa op\u00e4\u0165 praktizuje a star\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 sa znovu pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa aspo\u0148 ako kult\u00farne dedi\u010dstvo.<\/p><p>K ofici\u00e1lnemu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu obnoveniu kultu Horagallesa nedo\u0161lo, ale v s\u00fa\u010dasnom s\u00e1mskom umen\u00ed a literat\u00fare sa objavuje ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje nejak\u00fa predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> kult\u00farnej svojbytnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Vo f\u00ednskej, n\u00f3rskej a \u0161v\u00e9dskej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inovej kult\u00fare je Horagalles menej zn\u00e1my ako Thor a Odin, av\u0161ak v posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach naber\u00e1 na vidite\u013enosti v d\u00f4sledku rast\u00faceho z\u00e1ujmu o s\u00e1msku kult\u00faru.<\/p><p>M\u00faze\u00e1 ako Siida v Inari, Nordnorsk Vitenskapsmuseum v Troms\u00f8 a \u00c1jtte v Jokkmokku predstavuj\u00fa s\u00e1mske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a jeho bohov \u0161ir\u0161ej verejnosti. T\u00e1to kult\u00farna prezent\u00e1cia je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ieho postkoloni\u00e1lneho spracovania historick\u00e9ho \u00fatlaku s\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3263,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles \u2013 boh hromu S\u00e1mov | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) je s\u00e1msky boh hromu a ochranca sob\u00edch pasienkov. 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