{"id":158104,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158104"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:51:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:51:20","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"Hananim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158104\" class=\"elementor elementor-158104 elementor-3054 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9ho \u0161amanizmu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim (k\u00f3rejsky \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) je modern\u00fd k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pre \u201enebesk\u00e9ho p\u00e1na\u201c alebo \u201enajvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha\u201c. Na rozdiel od Hwanina, ktor\u00fd predstavuje mytologicky zakotven\u00fa postavu zakladate\u013esk\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu, je Hananim n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistoricky relat\u00edvne mlad\u00fd pojem, ktor\u00fd sa od 19. storo\u010dia pou\u017e\u00edva najm\u00e4 v kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch, novorel\u00edgijn\u00fdch a \u013eudovospiritu\u00e1lnych kontextoch.<\/p><p>Jeho vzostup na centr\u00e1lne meno boha je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej transform\u00e1cie K\u00f3rey pri stretnut\u00ed so z\u00e1padn\u00fdm kres\u0165anstvom a vlastn\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi reformn\u00fdmi hnutiami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami \u2013 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00fd kultmi, obetami a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi in\u0161tit\u00faciami.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00f3rejsk\u00fd svet bohov, \u0161amanov a \u013eudov\u00fdch duchov.\">K\u00f3rea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc34b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc34b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508a21 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2508a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159703\" alt=\"Hananim \u2013 bohovia z k\u00f3rejskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymol\u00f3gia a hist\u00f3ria slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdraz Hananim sa sklad\u00e1 z k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9ho \u201ehaneul\u201c (nebo) a honorifika\u010dnej pr\u00edpony \u201e-nim\u201c, \u010do znamen\u00e1 doslova \u201ectihodn\u00e9 nebo\u201c alebo \u201ep\u00e1n neba\u201c. V star\u0161ej forme znel Hanunim alebo Hanonim a vych\u00e1dza z \u013eudovej praxe oslovovania neba ako osobnej moci.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker vo svojej pr\u00e1ci \u201eKorean Spirituality\u201c (2008) preuk\u00e1zal, \u017ee t\u00e1to slovn\u00e1 forma je v \u013eudovej praxi zdokumentovan\u00e1 u\u017e od 17. a 18. storo\u010dia, hoci nebola formulovan\u00e1 ako uzavret\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson v diele \u201eKorea: A Religious History\u201c (1989) upozornil, \u017ee pojem v modernej forme Hananim sa pevne ust\u00e1lil a\u017e v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed, u prv\u00fdch k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdch konvertitov na katolicizmus a najm\u00e4 u protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1rov konca 19. storo\u010dia.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sk\u00f3tski mision\u00e1ri John Ross a John MacIntyre, ktor\u00ed v roku 1882 v Mukdene vyhotovili prv\u00fd k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd preklad Biblie, sa rozhodli pre Hananim ako preklad hebrejsko-gr\u00e9ckeho mena Boha. T\u00e1to vo\u013eba trvalo ovplyvnila neskor\u0161iu protestantsk\u00fa trad\u00edciu K\u00f3rey.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim v \u013eudovej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e tento pojem prevzali kres\u0165ansk\u00ed mision\u00e1ri, bol Hananim alebo Hanunim osloven\u00edm neba v mnoh\u00fdch k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdch \u013eudov\u00fdch obradoch.<\/p><p>Ro\u013en\u00edci ho vz\u00fdvali pred sejbou, \u0161amani ho spom\u00ednali v \u017ealospevoch a rodi\u010dia sa na\u0148 obracali pri naroden\u00ed a smrti. T\u00e1to \u00facta nebola organizovan\u00e1 v uzavretom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span>, ale objavovala sa ved\u013ea buddhistickej, konfuci\u00e1nskej a \u0161amanskej religiozity ako \u010fal\u0161ia vrstva.<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven vo svojich pr\u00e1cach o k\u00f3rejskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v ktorom \u0161pecialisti komunikuj\u00fa so svetom duchov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizme<\/span> upozornil, \u017ee \u0161amani (\u201emudang\u201c) vz\u00fdvali nebesk\u00e9ho p\u00e1na \u010dasto ako vzdialen\u00fa, len m\u00e1lo zasahuj\u00facu moc, zatia\u013e \u010do konkr\u00e9tnu lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fa pr\u00e1cu vykon\u00e1vali prostredn\u00edctvom miestnych duchov a horsk\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.<\/p><p>Hananim st\u00e1l na vrchole n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej hierarchie, bez toho, aby mal v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote priamy ritu\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam. T\u00e1to \u0161trukt\u00fara \u201edeus otiosus\u201c je pod\u013ea Mirceu Eliadeho typick\u00e1 pre severo\u00e1zijsk\u00e9 formy nebeskej viery.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 osvojenie v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo\u013eba Hananima ako prekladu biblick\u00e9ho mena Boha bola vedom\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm protestantskej misie. Medzi alternat\u00edvami boli Sanonim (p\u00e1n hory), Shinjeo (bo\u017esk\u00e1 moc) a Sangje (najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed panovn\u00edk, konfuci\u00e1nsky pojem).<\/p><p>John Ross a jeho okruh sa rozhodli proti Sangje, preto\u017ee bol pr\u00edli\u0161 spojen\u00fd s konfuci\u00e1nskym dvorn\u00fdm kultom, a proti Shinjeo, preto\u017ee ho bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 polyteisticky alebo panteisticky. Hananim mal t\u00fa v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee bol v \u013eudovej viere u\u017e zaveden\u00fd ako osobn\u00e1, jedine\u010dn\u00e1 moc.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Druh\u00e1 vlna protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1rov, najm\u00e4 metodisti a presbyteri\u00e1ni z USA, prevzala t\u00fato vo\u013ebu v 80. a 90. rokoch 19. storo\u010dia. Horace Underwood a Henry Appenzeller, ktor\u00ed pri\u0161li do Soulu v roku 1885, pou\u017e\u00edvali Hananim vo svojom preklade Biblie a v liturgickej praxi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>T\u00fdm sa pojem do roku 1900 pevne zakotvil v k\u00f3rejskej Biblii, \u010do je zistenie, ktor\u00e9 nem\u00e1 v \u017eiadnej inej v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej trad\u00edcii (\u010c\u00edna, Japonsko) porovnate\u013en\u00fa dom\u00e1cu predhist\u00f3riu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim a katol\u00edcka trad\u00edcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Star\u0161ia katol\u00edcka trad\u00edcia K\u00f3rey, dovezen\u00e1 koncom 18. storo\u010dia z \u010c\u00edny, pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u00f4vodne \u010d\u00ednsky ovplyvnen\u00fd pojem Cheonju (\u201ep\u00e1n neba\u201c), ktor\u00fd zaviedol Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>Tento pojem sa udr\u017eal a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v k\u00f3rejskej katol\u00edckej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd poriadok bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej obce.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgii<\/span>. V k\u00f3rejskom kres\u0165anstve tak existuje konfesijn\u00e9 rozdelenie ozna\u010denia Boha: protestanti ho naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa Hananim, katol\u00edci Cheonju. Oba pojmy s\u00fa pevne zakotven\u00e9 v be\u017enom jazyku.<\/p>\n\n<p>Toto rozdelenie ozna\u010denia Boha je n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistoricky pozoruhodn\u00e9 a v posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach viedlo k ekumenick\u00fdm diskusi\u00e1m. Don Baker upozornil, \u017ee vo\u013eba rozdielnych mien Boha je viac ne\u017e len ot\u00e1zka prekladu; ozna\u010duje rozdielne teologick\u00e9 s\u00favislosti: Cheonju sa sp\u00e1ja s hierarchicko-konfuci\u00e1nskou trad\u00edciou, Hananim s \u013eudovou nebeskou n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165ou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Novorel\u00edgijn\u00e9 hnutia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aj v k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdch novorel\u00edgijn\u00fdch hnutiach neskorej doby Joseon a koloni\u00e1lnej doby hr\u00e1 Hananim centr\u00e1lnu \u00falohu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hnutie Donghak, zalo\u017een\u00e9 v roku 1860 Choe Je-uom, uctievalo Hannolnim, variantu Hananima, ako personifikovan\u00e9 nebo pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v ka\u017edom \u010dloveku (v sl\u00e1vnej vete \u201einnaecheon\u201c, \u201e\u010dlovek je nebo\u201c). Toto hnutie viedlo v roku 1894 k ve\u013ek\u00e9mu povstaniu Donghak a nesk\u00f4r bolo in\u0161titucionalizovan\u00e9 ako Cheondogyo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Aj Daejonggyo, ktor\u00e9 v roku 1909 systematicky formulovalo trad\u00edciu Dangun-Hwanin, pou\u017e\u00edva Hananim ako ozna\u010denie najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha sv\u00e4tej trojice. Nesk\u00f4r vzniknut\u00e9 hnutie Sun-Myung Moona (Cirkev zjednotenia) prevzalo tento pojem z k\u00f3rejskej kres\u0165anskej trad\u00edcie. T\u00e1to rozmanitos\u0165 ukazuje, ak\u00e1 otvoren\u00e1 je n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 forma jazyka Hananim a ako r\u00f4zne pr\u00fady ho vyu\u017eili pre odli\u0161n\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 programy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim a Cheonju v porovnan\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo\u013eba medzi Hananim a Cheonju sa ned\u00e1 pop\u00edsa\u0165 len konfesion\u00e1lne, ale aj z h\u013eadiska dej\u00edn jazyka. Hananim je \u010disto k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz, Cheonju je sino-k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd \u00fatvar. Tieto jazykov\u00e9 rozdiely sa odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa vo vn\u00edman\u00ed veriacich.<\/p><p>Zatia\u013e \u010do Hananim je vn\u00edman\u00fd ako d\u00f4vern\u00fd, \u013eudov\u00fd a osobn\u00fd, Cheonju plat\u00ed za form\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00ed, d\u00f4stojnej\u0161\u00ed a spisovnej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdraz. Oba pojmy maj\u00fa teda odli\u0161n\u00e9 konot\u00e1cie, bez toho, aby medzi nimi existovala jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 teologick\u00e1 hierarchia.<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno vo svojich pr\u00e1cach o k\u00f3rejskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom jazyku navrhla ch\u00e1pa\u0165 toto rozl\u00ed\u0161enie ako vedome zachov\u00e1van\u00fa viacjazy\u010dnos\u0165 v r\u00e1mci k\u00f3rejskej religiozity. Ukazuje, ako m\u00f4\u017ee jeden jazyk disponova\u0165 dvoma odli\u0161n\u00fdmi slovami pre rovnak\u00fa teologick\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00fa kateg\u00f3riu, bez toho, aby to viedlo k zm\u00e4tku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dnes je Hananim \u0161tandardn\u00fdm pojmom pre kres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho Boha v k\u00f3rejskej protestantskej trad\u00edcii. S viac ako desiatimi mili\u00f3nmi protestantov v Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei a silnou pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdch cirkv\u00ed v zahrani\u010d\u00ed m\u00e1 tento pojem ve\u013emi \u0161irok\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie.<\/p><p>S\u00fa\u010dasne sa pou\u017e\u00edva v liter\u00e1rnych a nen\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch kontextoch ako v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ozna\u010denie Boha, napr\u00edklad v b\u00e1s\u0148ach, v be\u017en\u00fdch zvolaniach a vo filozofickom jazyku.<\/p>\n\n<p>Zachovanie tohto pojmu v modernej k\u00f3rejskej slovnej z\u00e1sobe je pozoruhodn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorickej \u00fa\u010dinnosti p\u00f4vodne \u013eudovon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho oslovenia, ktor\u00e9 sa prostredn\u00edctvom misijn\u00e9ho prevzatia stalo hlavnou teologickou kateg\u00f3riou.<\/p><p>James Grayson hodnotil tento proces ako \u00abrelat\u00edvne jedine\u010dn\u00fd v celosvetovom kres\u0165anskom misijnom dian\u00ed\u00bb, preto\u017ee vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine ostatn\u00fdch jazykov muselo prekladatelia Biblie bu\u010f vytvori\u0165 nov\u00fd pojem, alebo v\u00fdrazne prek\u00f3dova\u0165 existuj\u00faci pojem. V k\u00f3rejskom pr\u00edpade zostal existuj\u00faci pojem z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti pri svojom p\u00f4vodnom v\u00fdzname a kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 pou\u017eitie ho len teologicky spresnilo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav v\u00fdskumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdskum Hananim ved\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven a Antonetta Bruno. Za posledn\u00e9 tri desa\u0165ro\u010dia objasnili historick\u00fa h\u013abku a historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam tohto pojmu.<\/p><p>Systematick\u00e9 dejiny slova so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi relevantn\u00fdmi dokladmi z \u013eudovon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch, kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch a novon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov v\u0161ak e\u0161te neboli \u00faplne predlo\u017een\u00e9. Maurizio Riotto v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch pr\u00edspevkoch k dejin\u00e1m k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva diskutoval spojenie so severo\u00e1zijskou trad\u00edciou Tengri, s opatrn\u00fdm z\u00e1verom, \u017ee priamu l\u00edniu sa ned\u00e1 dok\u00e1za\u0165.<\/p>\n\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161om vedeckom r\u00e1mci je Hananim pr\u00edkladom teoretickej diskusie o \u00abot\u00e1zke pravotn\u00e9ho boha\u00bb, ktor\u00fa do stredu z\u00e1ujmu postavili Mircea Eliade a Wilhelm Schmidt v prvej polovici 20. storo\u010dia.<\/p><p>T\u00e9za o p\u00f4vodnom vysokom bohu, ktor\u00e9ho n\u00e1sledne prekryli ostatn\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1, sa v modernom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom v\u00fdskume stretla s kritikou, ale zost\u00e1va relevantn\u00fdm diskusn\u00fdm r\u00e1mcom pre k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd pr\u00edpad.<\/p><p>Hananim ukazuje, ako m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u013eudovon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd pojem vysok\u00e9ho boha pr\u00edtomn\u00fd po st\u00e1ro\u010dia bez toho, aby bol zakotven\u00fd v uzavretej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span>, a ako m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 op\u00e4tovne aktivovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom extern\u00fdch teologick\u00fdch programov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donghak, Choe Je-u a teol\u00f3gia Hannolnim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ia svojbytn\u00e1 k\u00f3rejsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> 19. storo\u010dia nadv\u00e4zuje na Hananim. Choe Je-u (1824 a\u017e 1864), zakladate\u013e hnutia Donghak (\u00abV\u00fdchodn\u00e9 u\u010denie\u00bb), rozpr\u00e1val o mystickom stretnut\u00ed v roku 1860, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho mu Nebesk\u00fd p\u00e1n Hannolnim zjavil u\u010denie o vn\u00fatornom nebi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho texty, zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 v diele \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (1880) a \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (1881), formuluj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 u\u010denie, \u017ee \u010dlovek a nebo nie s\u00fa oddelen\u00e9. \u00dastredn\u00e1 veta \u00absi cheonju\u00bb (\u00abnosi\u0165 v sebe Nebesk\u00e9ho p\u00e1na\u00bb) sa u jeho n\u00e1stupcu Choe Si-hyeonga a najm\u00e4 u Son Byong-hiho rozvinula do radik\u00e1lnej\u0161ej formul\u00e1cie \u00abinnaecheon\u00bb (\u00ab\u010dlovek je nebo\u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Toto teologick\u00e9 stanovisko sa sp\u00e1jalo so spolo\u010densky kritickou praxou, ktor\u00e1 Choe Je-ua v roku 1864 st\u00e1la \u017eivot; bol popraven\u00fd za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 presved\u010denie odchy\u013euj\u00face sa od uzn\u00e1van\u00e9ho cirkevn\u00e9ho u\u010denia.\" tabindex=\"0\">her\u00e9zu<\/span> a vzburu. Hnutie viedlo v roku 1894 k ve\u013ek\u00e9mu ro\u013en\u00edckemu povstaniu Donghak, ktor\u00e9 spo\u010diatku dosiahlo region\u00e1lne \u00faspechy, no napokon ho vojensky potla\u010dili japonsk\u00e9 a konfuci\u00e1nsko-k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 jednotky.<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker a Susan Shin vo svojich pr\u00e1cach o hnut\u00ed Donghak uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee teol\u00f3gia Hananim v r\u00e1mci Donghak predstavuje svojbytn\u00fd k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd pokus formulova\u0165 modern\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo bez podriadenia sa z\u00e1padn\u00e9mu kres\u0165anstvu alebo konfuci\u00e1nskemu dvorn\u00e9mu kultu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi hnutie v roku 1905 in\u0161titucionalizoval ako Cheondogyo (\u00abN\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo nebeskej cesty\u00bb), ktor\u00e9 v koloni\u00e1lnom obdob\u00ed zohralo d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu v hnut\u00ed za nez\u00e1vislos\u0165, napr\u00edklad po\u010das Marcov\u00e9ho hnutia v roku 1919.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00f3rejsk\u00fd term\u00edn Question<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozhodnutie protestantsk\u00fdch mision\u00e1rov pre Hananima je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ej v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej diskusie zn\u00e1mej ako \u00abk\u00f3rejsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka term\u00ednu\u00bb. V \u010c\u00edne viedla paraleln\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka medzi Shen, Shangdi a Tianzhu k st\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm kontroverzi\u00e1m od \u010dias pokusov o prisp\u00f4sobenie Mattea Ricciho.<\/p><p>V Japonsku sa mision\u00e1ri v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed rozhodli pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> ako prekladov\u00e9 slovo, \u010do prinieslo zna\u010dn\u00e9 straty vo v\u00fdzname. V k\u00f3rejskom pr\u00edpade prebehla ot\u00e1zka pomerne r\u00fdchlo a jednomyse\u013ene, \u010do Don Baker vysvet\u013euje \u0161truktur\u00e1lnou bl\u00edzkos\u0165ou \u013eudovo-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho Hananima k osobn\u00e9mu najvy\u0161\u0161iemu bohu.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross vydal v roku 1877 \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb a v roku 1882 prv\u00e9 preklady Biblie z gr\u00e9ckeho Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Jeho okruh spolupracovn\u00edkov tvorili prv\u00ed k\u00f3rejsk\u00ed konvertiti Seo Sang-ryun a Baek Hong-jun.<\/span><\/p><p>Vo\u013ebu Hananima Ross od\u00f4vodnil t\u00fdm, \u017ee k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo \u00abu\u017e pod t\u00fdmto menom pozn\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha\u00bb, \u010do neskor\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy hodnotia ako presn\u00e9, ale teologicky zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 tvrdenie.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Americk\u00fd teol\u00f3g James Scarth Gale vo svojich dielach \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (1898) a \u00abThe Cloud Dream of the Nine\u00bb (1922) roz\u0161\u00edril liter\u00e1rne sprostredkovanie Hananima do anglicky hovoriaceho svet\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim v modernej teol\u00f3gii a kult\u00fare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V 20. a 21. storo\u010d\u00ed pre\u0161iel Hananim viacer\u00fdmi teologick\u00fdmi spracovaniami. K\u00f3rejsk\u00e1 minjung <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e9 u\u010denie o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span>, teol\u00f3gia oslobodenia zo 70. a 80. rokov 20. storo\u010dia okolo Suh Nam-donga a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predok, ktor\u00fd je v mnoh\u00fdch kult\u00farach uctievan\u00fd ako ochrann\u00e1 moc.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahna<\/span> Byung-mua, identifikovala Hananima s bohom trpiacich a utl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdch a sp\u00e1jala ho so sk\u00fasenos\u0165ou han, kolekt\u00edvnym utrpen\u00edm k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva pod kolonializmom, vojnou a diktat\u00farou.<\/p><p>Toto teologick\u00e9 spojenie Hananima so soci\u00e1lnym utrpen\u00edm formuje k\u00f3rejsk\u00fa protestantsk\u00fa identitu a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Naproti tomu stoj\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e9 u\u010denie o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdch pentekost\u00e1lnych cirkv\u00ed, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 Yoido Full Gospel Church Cho Yong-giho (1936 a\u017e 2021), ktor\u00e1 oslovovala Hananima ako darcu materi\u00e1lneho a duchovn\u00e9ho po\u017eehnania.<\/span><\/p><p>Oba v\u00fdklady, soci\u00e1lny aj teol\u00f3gia prosperity, zakotvili Hananima ako k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 meno Boha hlboko v modernom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom povedom\u00ed. Sebastian Kim, James Grayson a Robert Buswell vo svojich pr\u00e1cach o modernej k\u00f3rejskej religiozite zdokumentovali mnohovrstevnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto pod\u00f4b prisvojovania Hananima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span data-nosnippet>Prim\u00e1rne zdroje: Choe Je-u, \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (posmrtne 1880) a \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (posmrtne 1881); John Ross, \u00abHistory of Corea, Ancient and Modern\u00bb (Paisley 1879) a \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb (Shanghai 1877); James Scarth Gale, \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (New York 1898); Horace G. Underwood, \u00abThe Religions of Eastern Asia\u00bb (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u00abKorea: A Religious History\u00bb (Oxford 1989, 2002) a \u00abEarly Buddhism and Christianity in Korea\u00bb (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u00abKorean Spirituality\u00bb (Honolulu 2008) a \u00abCatholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea\u00bb (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u00abSongs of the Shaman\u00bb (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, \u00abTonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution\u00bb, in \u00abKorea Journal\u00bb 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, \u00abIn Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India\u00bb s k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdmi komparat\u00edvnymi \u010das\u0165ami (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, \u00abThe History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910\u00bb (Pjongjang 1929, ND Seoul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>K ot\u00e1zke term\u00ednu pozri Sung-Deuk Oak, \u00abThe Making of Korean Christianity\u00bb (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3243,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hananim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hananim \u2013 najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh K\u00f3rey | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hananim je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00fd boh k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9ho \u0161amanizmu: tvorca vesm\u00edru, v kres\u0165anstve prevzat\u00fd ako meno 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