{"id":158086,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:24","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158086"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:50:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:50:49","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158086\" class=\"elementor elementor-158086 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, zakladate\u013e budhizmu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama je ako historick\u00e1 osobnos\u0165 zakladate\u013eom budhizmu. Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska treba rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi biograficky uchopite\u013enou postavou u\u010dite\u013ea a jej neskor\u0161\u00edm m\u00fdtickoreligi\u00f3znym rozpracovan\u00edm.<\/p><p>Zatia\u013e \u010do hlavn\u00e9 body jeho p\u00f4sobenia mo\u017eno lokalizova\u0165 do severov\u00fdchodnej Indie 5. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, jeho \u017eivotopis v kanonick\u00fdch textoch je u\u017e v\u00fdrazne pozna\u010den\u00fd hagiografick\u00fdm podan\u00edm. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum sa preto prid\u0155\u017ea dvojit\u00e9ho v\u00fdkladu, ktor\u00fd odde\u013euje historick\u00fa vierohodnos\u0165 od religi\u00f3zneho v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Zosobnen\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s presne vymedzen\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami \u2014 sily pr\u00edrody, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/buddhizmus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami, hladov\u00fdmi duchmi a str\u00e1\u017ecami pekiel.\">Budhizmus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159675\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - bohovia z trad\u00edcie budhizmu, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e1 osobnos\u0165 a datovanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dlho platila takzvan\u00e1 \u201edlh\u00e1 chronol\u00f3gia\u201c s d\u00e1tumami 563 a\u017e 483 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom ako \u0161tandard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert od 80. rokov 20. storo\u010dia v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch zv\u00e4zkoch (\u201eDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u201c, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 a\u017e 1997) kriticky prehodnotil pramene a posilnil argumenty v prospech \u201ekr\u00e1tkej chronol\u00f3gie\u201c s d\u00e1tumami \u017eivota okolo 480 a\u017e 400 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p><p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd v\u00fdskum sa od tej doby prikl\u00e1\u0148a k d\u00e1tumu \u00famrtia medzi rokmi 410 a 380 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u201eDer historische Buddha\u201c, Kol\u00edn 1982) predt\u00fdm e\u0161te obhajoval dlh\u0161ie d\u00e1tovanie.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to diskusia nie je uzavret\u00e1, metodicky v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee datovanie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od chronol\u00f3gie kr\u00e1\u013eov dynastie Maurjov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm A\u0161\u00f3ku, a je preto relat\u00edvne, nie absol\u00fatne ist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Za biografick\u00e9 jadro sa pova\u017euje: Siddhartha sa narodil na \u00fazem\u00ed kme\u0148a \u0160\u00e1kjov v Lumbini na ju\u017enom okraji Himal\u00e1j\u00ed, jeho otec Suddhodana bol aristokrat alebo volen\u00fd kme\u0148ov\u00fd vl\u00e1dca, nie dedi\u010dn\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e v neskor\u0161om zmysle slova. Lumbini sa nach\u00e1dza v dne\u0161nom Nep\u00e1le bl\u00edzko indick\u00fdch hran\u00edc.<\/p><p>Identifik\u00e1cia miesta sa opiera o A\u0161\u00f3kov pilier v Lumbini, postaven\u00fd v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, ktor\u00fd menovite ozna\u010duje miesto narodenia. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u201eBuddhismus\u201c, Stuttgart 2002) hodnot\u00ed tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> ako najstar\u0161\u00ed archeologick\u00fd d\u00f4kaz sp\u00e1jaj\u00faci Buddhu s konkr\u00e9tnym miestom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017divotopis v p\u00e1li k\u00e1none<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpodrobnej\u0161\u00edm kanonick\u00fdm prame\u0148om o konci jeho \u017eivota je Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Opisuje posledn\u00e9 mesiace, cestu z R\u00e1d\u017eagrihy do Ku\u0161inagaru a smr\u0165 medzi dvoma s\u00e1lov\u00fdmi stromami. Text sa pova\u017euje za kompozi\u010dne zlo\u017eit\u00fd, sp\u00e1ja cestovn\u00fa kroniku s k\u00e1z\u0148ami a popisom pohrebn\u00fdch obradov.<\/p><p>In\u00e9 texty, ako Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), rozpr\u00e1vaj\u00fa v prvej osobe o h\u013eadan\u00ed poznania, odchode z rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho domu a rozchode s ask\u00e9tskymi u\u010dite\u013emi Alarom Kalamom a Uddakom Ramaputtom.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, sanskrtsk\u00fd text z 3. a\u017e 4. storo\u010dia n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu, rozv\u00edja tieto spr\u00e1vy do rozvinutej hagiografie s kozmick\u00fdmi z\u00e1zrakmi.<\/p>\n<p>Sl\u00e1vne \u201e\u0161tyri v\u00fdjazdy\u201c, po\u010das ktor\u00fdch mlad\u00fd Siddhartha vid\u00ed starca, chor\u00e9ho, mrtveho a putuj\u00faceho ask\u00e9tu, nie s\u00fa v najstar\u0161ej vrstve k\u00e1nonu dosved\u010den\u00e9 v tejto uzavretej podobe.<\/p><p>Zhus\u0165uj\u00fa teologick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span>, ktor\u00fd vyklad\u00e1 stretnutie s pom\u00ed\u0148avos\u0165ou ako sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d odchodu. Edward Conze (\u201eDer Buddhismus\u201c, Stuttgart 1953) upozornil, \u017ee ide o narat\u00edvnu kompoz\u00edciu, ktor\u00e1 prevzala star\u0161ie rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e9 vzory z predbudhistickej ask\u00e9tskej literat\u00fary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">U\u010denie a \u0160tyri vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00e1ze\u0148 v S\u00e1rn\u00e1the, Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formuluje \u0161tyri \u201evzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy\u201c: bytie je charakterizovan\u00e9 utrpen\u00edm (dukkha), utrpenie m\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u010dinu v \u017eiadostivosti (tanha), z\u00e1nik utrpenia je mo\u017en\u00fd (nirodha), existuje k tomu cesta, osemdielna cesta (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Osem \u010dl\u00e1nkov je: spr\u00e1vne videnie, spr\u00e1vne rozhodnutie, spr\u00e1vna re\u010d, spr\u00e1vne konanie, spr\u00e1vne \u017eivobytie, spr\u00e1vne \u00fasilie, spr\u00e1vna pozornos\u0165 a spr\u00e1vne s\u00fastredenie. Toto usporiadanie je viackr\u00e1t dosved\u010den\u00e9 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> a pova\u017euje sa za najstar\u0161ie systematick\u00e9 jadro u\u010denia, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vierohodne pris\u00fadi\u0165 historick\u00e9mu Buddhovi.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u201eGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u201c, Reinbek 1996) zara\u010fuje \u0160tyri pravdy do staroindickej diagnostickej medic\u00edny: sympt\u00f3m, pr\u00ed\u010dina, lie\u010dite\u013enos\u0165, terapia. Toto lek\u00e1rske pozadie je v p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> viackr\u00e1t explicitne vyjadren\u00e9, napr\u00edklad ke\u010f sa Buddha s\u00e1m ozna\u010duje za \u201elek\u00e1ra\u201c. U\u010denie tak nie je koncipovan\u00e9 speculat\u00edvne, ale zameran\u00e9 na praktick\u00e9 osvobodenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha a u\u010dite\u013esk\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po osvieten\u00ed v B\u00f3dhgaji sa za\u010dala 45-ro\u010dn\u00e1 u\u010dite\u013esk\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 sa s\u00fastredila najm\u00e4 na oblas\u0165 Magadhy, K\u00f3salu a Videhy. Najstar\u0161ie mn\u00ed\u0161ske spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 vznikli v S\u00e1rn\u00e1the, R\u00e1d\u017eagrihe (h\u00e1j <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00fd h\u00e1j, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017eil ako kultov\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">Veluvana<\/span>) a \u0160r\u00e1vast\u00ed (h\u00e1j <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00fd h\u00e1j, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017eil ako kultov\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u017e\u00e9tavana<\/span>). Ten mal r\u00e1du darova\u0165 obchodn\u00edk An\u00e1thapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha sa delila na \u0161tyri skupiny: mn\u00edsi (bhikkhu), mn\u00ed\u0161ky (bhikkhun\u00ed) a laick\u00ed pr\u00edvr\u017eenci, mu\u017ei a \u017eeny. Prijatie \u017eien, sprostredkovan\u00e9 \u00c1nandom a pest\u00fankou Mah\u00e1pad\u017e\u00e1pat\u00ed, je zaznamenan\u00e9 v Cullavagge (Vinaja-pitaka). B\u00e1datelia v tom vidia pre staroindick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 dejiny nezvy\u010dajn\u00fd krok, ktor\u00e9ho historick\u00e1 vierohodnos\u0165 je v\u0161ak sporn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografia a relikvie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstar\u0161ie buddhistick\u00e9 umenie, napr\u00edklad reli\u00e9fy v Sanchi a Bharhute (2. a\u017e 1. storo\u010die pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom), nepoznaj\u00fa antropomorfn\u00e9 zobrazenie Buddhu.<\/p><p>U\u010dite\u013e je symbolizovan\u00fd pr\u00e1zdnymi tr\u00f3nmi, odtla\u010dkami chodidiel, kolesom u\u010denia (dharmacakra), b\u00f3dhi stromom a st\u00fapou. A\u017e gandh\u00e1rska \u0161kola v 1. a\u017e 3. storo\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu, ovplyvnen\u00e1 helenistick\u00fdm soch\u00e1rstvom, rozv\u00edja ikonografiu v \u013eudskej podobe.<\/p><p>Tridsa\u0165dva \u201ehlavn\u00fdch znakov\u201c (mahapurusalaksana) neskor\u0161\u00edch textov, medzi nimi u\u0161ni\u0161u (v\u00fdklenok na lebke), \u00farnu (chum\u00e1\u010d vlasov na \u010dele), pred\u013a\u017een\u00e9 u\u0161n\u00e9 lal\u00f4\u010diky a odtla\u010dky lotosu na chodidl\u00e1ch, formalizuje zobrazenie. Gest\u00e1 r\u00fak (mudra) k\u00f3duj\u00fa u\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie: dotyk zeme (bhumisparsha), gesto neboj\u00e1cnosti (abhaya), gesto u\u010denia (dharmacakra) a gesto medit\u00e1cie (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Po parinirv\u00e1ne bol popol a telesn\u00e9 pozostatky rozdelen\u00e9 medzi osem kr\u00e1\u013eovstiev a ulo\u017een\u00e9 do st\u00fap. Ashoka mal tieto st\u00fapy v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom znova otvori\u0165 a relikvie rozdeli\u0165 medzi 84 000 nov\u00fdch stavieb.<\/p><p>Toto \u010d\u00edslo je symbolick\u00e9, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy v\u0161ak potvrdzuj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie kultu st\u00fap za vl\u00e1dy dynastie Maurja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pretv\u00e1ranie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V mah\u00e1j\u00e1novom buddhizme, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 od 1. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, sa ved\u013ea historick\u00e9ho Buddhu objavuje \u201etrojtelov\u00e1\u201c n\u00e1uka (trikaya): telo pretvorenia (nirmanakaya), v ktorom sa Siddh\u00e1rtha zjavil ako historick\u00e1 osoba, telo p\u00f4\u017eitku (sambhogakaya) a telo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch n\u00e1uka a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span> (dharmakaya) ako nad\u010dasov\u00e1 pravda.<\/p><p>V Saddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatre<\/span> (Lotosov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, pribli\u017ene 1. storo\u010die n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu) je \u0160\u00e1kjamuni len jednou z pod\u00f4b bytosti, ktor\u00e1 dosiahla osvietenie v nezmerate\u013enej minulosti. Donald Lopez (\u201eThe Story of Buddhism\u201c, San Francisco 2001) opisuje tento posun ako religionistick\u00e9 zov\u0161eobecnenie, v ktorom sa konkr\u00e9tna osoba st\u00e1va kozmickou funkciou.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez (\u201ePrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u201c, Princeton 2014) ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee historicko-kritick\u00fd v\u00fdskum Buddhu a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 \u00facta k Buddhovi prebiehaj\u00fa v modernom \u00e1zijskom buddhizme z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti paralelne.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1padn\u00e9 akademick\u00e9 diskusie o datovan\u00ed, ako napr\u00edklad Bechertove, doteraz na\u0161li len m\u00e1lo odozvy v tradi\u010dn\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161toroch na Sr\u00ed Lanke, v Thajsku alebo v Tibete. Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je toto nap\u00e4tie samo predmetom v\u00fdskumu a vedie k ot\u00e1zke, ako sa v tradovan\u00ed vz\u0165ahuje \u017eivotopisn\u00e1 realita k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vn\u00edmanie v Eur\u00f3pe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eur\u00f3pske poznanie o Buddhovi sa za\u010d\u00edna prekladmi z p\u00e1li a sanskritu v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady dielom \u201eIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u201c (Par\u00ed\u017e 1844). Hermann Oldenberg v diele \u201eBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u201c (Berl\u00edn 1881) spojil filol\u00f3giu s dejinami n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer vn\u00edmal buddhistick\u00e9 mot\u00edvy z druhej ruky a ovplyvnil tak oblas\u0165 \u010faleko za hranicami akademickej indol\u00f3gie. V 20. storo\u010d\u00ed formuje th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00fd monach Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) nemecky hovoriacu Buddhovu n\u00e1uku systematick\u00fdmi prekladmi z p\u00e1li. T\u00e1to l\u00ednia p\u00f4sob\u00ed a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnej akademickej diskusie a praxe medit\u00e1cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Prim\u00e1rne zdroje: Mahaparinibbana-sutta (D\u00edgha Nik\u00e1ja 16); Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nik\u00e1ja 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samjutta Nik\u00e1ja 56.11); Vinaya-pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (Lotosov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (ed.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 zv\u00e4zky, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 a\u017e 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, Kol\u00edn 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berl\u00edn 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ran\u00e9 mn\u00ed\u0161ske spolo\u010denstvo a vznik \u0161k\u00f4l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhova u\u010dite\u013esk\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 viedla u\u017e po\u010das jeho \u017eivota k vzniku relat\u00edvne heterog\u00e9nneho spolo\u010denstva. U\u017e v prvej gener\u00e1cii po parinirv\u00e1ne sa prejavili rozdielne v\u00fdklady n\u00e1uky, ktor\u00e9 na tzv. druhom sneme vo Vai\u0161\u00e1l\u00ed (pribli\u017ene 100 rokov po parinirv\u00e1ne) viedli k prv\u00e9mu roz\u0161tiepeniu.<\/p><p>Th\u00e9rav\u00e1dini (\u201eu\u010ditelia star\u0161\u00edch\u201c) a mah\u00e1sanghikovia (\u201eve\u013ek\u00e1 komunita\u201c) sa oddelili, sporn\u00e9 body sa t\u00fdkali desiatich disciplin\u00e1rnych ot\u00e1zok, medzi nimi zaobch\u00e1dzania s peniazmi a v\u00fdkladu pravidiel vinaya.<\/p><p>Z mah\u00e1sanghikov sa v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch storo\u010d\u00ed vyvinuli predchodcovia mah\u00e1j\u00e1ny, zatia\u013e \u010do th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00e1 l\u00ednia sa upevnila predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na Sr\u00ed Lanke. Heinz Bechert vo viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee toto ran\u00e9 roz\u0161tiepenie \u0161k\u00f4l metodicky predstavuje najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m datovania ranej buddhistickej hist\u00f3rie, preto\u017ee poskytuje relat\u00edvny referen\u010dn\u00fd bod pre \u017eivotn\u00e9 \u00fadaje Buddhu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashokove st\u00e9ly ako historick\u00e9 markery<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1pisy mauryjsk\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra A\u0161\u00f3ky (vl\u00e1dol pribli\u017ene od 268 do 232 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom) s\u00fa najstar\u0161\u00edmi nesporne overen\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi svedectvami buddhistick\u00fdch dej\u00edn.<\/p><p>Uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa Buddhu menovite, popisuj\u00fa p\u00fate na miesta jeho narodenia a u\u010denia a dokumentuj\u00fa cis\u00e1rsku podporu sanghy. St\u013ap v Lumbin\u00ed (Rummindeisk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span>, 250 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom) ozna\u010duje miesto jeho narodenia.<\/p><p>\u010eal\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho podkladu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> v Nig\u00e1l\u00ed Sagare sa vz\u0165ahuje na skor\u0161ieho Buddhu menom Kon\u00e1gamana, \u010do ukazuje, \u017ee A\u0161\u00f3ka sa u\u017e zauj\u00edmal o radu buddhov, do ktorej je zaraden\u00fd aj \u0160\u00e1kjamuni.<\/p><p>Tieto n\u00e1pisy s\u00fa metodicky k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9, preto\u017ee bezpe\u010dne dokazuj\u00fa existenciu organizovanej buddhistickej komunity a buddhistickej geografie v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom. T\u00fdm je zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 aj existencia osobnosti Buddhu pred t\u00fdmto d\u00e1tumom, hoci presn\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 rozp\u00e4tie jeho \u017eivota t\u00fdm nie je stanoven\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhovo u\u010denie o bohoch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ot\u00e1zka, ktor\u00e1 je v modernom b\u00e1dan\u00ed \u010dasto podce\u0148ovan\u00e1, sa t\u00fdka Buddhovho postoja k bohom (deva) v\u00e9dskej trad\u00edcie. P\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> nepredstavuje bohov ako neexistuj\u00facich, sk\u00f4r ich zara\u010fuje do hierarchicky usporiadan\u00e9ho kozmu, v ktorom s\u00fa aj oni podroben\u00ed znovuzrodeniu a t\u00fdm aj utrpeniu.<\/p><p>Indra (v p\u00e1li Sakka), Brahma, ni\u017e\u0161ie bo\u017estva a bytosti vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch svetov sa v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> viackr\u00e1t objavuj\u00fa ako Buddhovi partneri v rozhovore.<\/p><p>Nie s\u00fa mu nadraden\u00ed, naopak uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa ho za svojho u\u010dite\u013ea. Tento vz\u0165ah je z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva jedine\u010dn\u00fd, buddhizmus nie je ani ateistick\u00fd, ani teistick\u00fd v obvyklom zmysle. Klaus-Josef Notz op\u00edsal t\u00fato kon\u0161tel\u00e1cia vo svojom diele \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb ako \u00abateistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo s bohat\u00fdm svetom bohov\u00bb. Bohovia maj\u00fa svoje funkcie, nie s\u00fa v\u0161ak poslednou referen\u010dnou hodnotou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaja a mn\u00ed\u0161sky poriadok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplin\u00e1rne pravidl\u00e1 (vinaja), ktor\u00e9 usporad\u00favaj\u00fa ka\u017edodenn\u00fd \u017eivot mn\u00edchov a mn\u00ed\u0161ok, sa pripisuj\u00fa samotn\u00e9mu Buddhovi. V skuto\u010dnosti je Vinaja-pitaka zbierkou, ktor\u00e1 sa vrstevnato vyv\u00edjala a jej najstar\u0161ie jadro sa vracia a\u017e do \u010dias Buddhovho u\u010denia. 227 pravidiel patimokkha pre mn\u00edchov (311 pre mn\u00ed\u0161ky) upravuje odev, stravovanie, sp\u00f4sob bydlenia, sexu\u00e1lnu zdr\u017eanlivos\u0165 a vz\u0165ah k laickej komunite.<\/p><p>Recituj\u00fa sa dvakr\u00e1t mesa\u010dne na zhroma\u017eden\u00ed uposatha, \u010do zais\u0165uje trval\u00e9 udr\u017eiavanie vedomia o discipl\u00edne. T\u00e1to prax je nepretr\u017eite dolo\u017een\u00e1 od 3. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom a predstavuje tak jednu z najstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch disciplin\u00e1rnych foriem vo svete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prv\u00e9 koncily a kodifik\u00e1cia u\u010denia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bezprostredne po parinirv\u00e1ne sa pod\u013ea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcie<\/span> konal v R\u00e1d\u017eagrihe prv\u00fd buddhistick\u00fd koncil, ktor\u00fd zvolal Mah\u00e1k\u00e1\u0161japa. \u00c1nanda predniesol n\u00e1ukov\u00e9 re\u010di (Sutta-pitaka), Up\u00e1li disciplin\u00e1rne pravidl\u00e1 (Vinaja-pitaka).<\/p><p>T\u00e1to trad\u00edcia je zachovan\u00e1 v Culavagge. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) hodnot\u00ed trad\u00edciu o koncile ako dodato\u010dne vzniknut\u00fd legitimiza\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak obsahuje historicky vierohodn\u00e9 jadro: zabezpe\u010denie \u00fastne tradovan\u00e9ho u\u010denia prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161tandardizovan\u00fdch recit\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p><p>Druh\u00fd koncil vo Vai\u0161\u00e1l\u00ed (okolo 380 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom) sa venoval desiatim sporn\u00fdm disciplin\u00e1rnym bodom. Tret\u00ed koncil v P\u00e1taliputre pod veden\u00edm A\u0161\u00f3ky (okolo 250 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom) sa v th\u00e9rav\u00e1dovej trad\u00edcii pova\u017euje za dokon\u010denie kanoniz\u00e1cie Tipitaky.<\/p><p>L\u00ednia mah\u00e1sanghika o tomto tre\u0165om zhroma\u017eden\u00ed v tejto podobe nevie, \u010do dokazuje, \u017ee rozdiely v historickom podan\u00ed medzi \u0161kolami existovali u\u017e v ranej f\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>Kone\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsomn\u00e9 zaznamenanie p\u00e1li k\u00e1nonu sa uskuto\u010dnilo a\u017e na Sr\u00ed Lanke pod vl\u00e1dou kr\u00e1\u013ea Vattag\u00e1maniho Abhaju v 1. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom. Na \u0161tvrtom koncile v Aluvihare boli texty prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zap\u00edsan\u00e9 na palmov\u00e9 listy.<\/p><p>Tento zlom m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd religionistick\u00fd v\u00fdznam, ozna\u010duje prechod od \u010disto pam\u00e4\u0165ovej kult\u00fary k p\u00edsomnej kult\u00fare. Do tej doby odovzd\u00e1vali jednotliv\u00e9 skupiny textov spam\u00e4ti \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 skupiny mn\u00edchov (bh\u00e1naka).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha v porovnan\u00ed so s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdmi u\u010dite\u013emi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha \u017eil a p\u00f4sobil v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej pluralite doby, ktor\u00fa p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> popisuje ako obdobie \u00ab\u0161iestich in\u00fdch u\u010dite\u013eov\u00bb. Medzi nich patrili Mah\u00e1v\u00edra, zakladate\u013e d\u017einizmu, Makkhali G\u00f3s\u00e1la (\u00e1d\u017e\u00edvika), Pur\u00e1na Kassapa, Pakudha Ka\u010d\u010d\u00e1jana, Ad\u017eita Kesakambal\u00ed a Sand\u017eaja Bela\u0165thiputta. Samannaphala-sutta (D\u00edgha Nik\u00e1ja 2) pod\u00e1va porovn\u00e1vac\u00ed opis ich u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p><p>B\u00e1danie tieto pramene vyhodnotilo, aby sa zrekon\u0161truoval duchovn\u00fd profil indickej osovej doby. Karl Jaspers zaradil t\u00fato konstel\u00e1cia vo svojom diele \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) do glob\u00e1lnej osovej doby, v ktorej s\u00fa\u010dasne v \u010c\u00edne, Indii, Ir\u00e1ne a Gr\u00e9cku vznikali nov\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 hnutia.<\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00edzkos\u0165 k Mah\u00e1v\u00edrovi je pritom mimoriadne n\u00e1padn\u00e1. Obaja u\u010dili v tom istom regi\u00f3ne, obaja z\u00edskavali st\u00fapencov z k\u0161atrijskej aristokracie, obaja kritizovali v\u00e9dsky obetn\u00fd kult. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) systematicky spracoval spolo\u010dn\u00e9 znaky a rozdiely.<\/p><p>Zatia\u013e \u010do d\u017einovia zast\u00e1vali striktn\u00fa ask\u00e9zu a takmer materi\u00e1lne ch\u00e1pan\u00fa n\u00e1uku o karme, Buddha formuloval \u00abstredn\u00fa cestu\u00bb medzi zmyslovou slas\u0165ou a samotr\u00fdz\u0148ou a substanci\u00e1lnu n\u00e1uku o du\u0161i nahradil princ\u00edpom anatt\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dvan\u00e1s\u0165 hlavn\u00fdch mot\u00edvov Buddhovej hagiografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neskor\u0161ia hagiografia zhustila \u017eivot Buddhu do dvan\u00e1stich normat\u00edvnych hlavn\u00fdch udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zn\u00e1me ako \u201edvan\u00e1s\u0165 skutkov\u201c (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) a s\u00fa kodifikovan\u00e9 najm\u00e4 v tibetskej trad\u00edcii.<\/p><p>Zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa zostup z neba Tu\u0161ita, po\u010datie, narodenie, umenia a schopnosti mladosti, man\u017eelstvo a bohatstvo, odchod z domu, ask\u00e9zu, v\u00ed\u0165azstvo nad M\u00e1rom, dosiahnutie osvietenia, u\u010dite\u013esk\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 a paranirv\u00e1nu.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to \u0161tandardiz\u00e1cia sa v mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne a vad\u017eraj\u00e1ne presadila a\u017e po 7. storo\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu. Najpodrobnej\u0161iu predlohu poskytuje Lalitavistara. Steven Collins (\u201eSelfless Persons\u201c, Cambridge 1982) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee t\u00e1to kodifik\u00e1cia pln\u00ed religionistick\u00fa funkciu: vytv\u00e1ra medita\u010dn\u00fa vizualiza\u010dn\u00fa mrie\u017eku, ktor\u00fa je mo\u017en\u00e9 reprodukova\u0165 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pevne stanoven\u00fd poriadok bohoslu\u017eby n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgii<\/span> a v kl\u00e1\u0161tornom vyu\u010dovan\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha ako u\u010dite\u013e bohov a \u013eud\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov uzn\u00e1van\u00fd ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> nesie Buddha titul \u201esatthadevamanussanam\u201c, \u201eu\u010dite\u013e bohov a \u013eud\u00ed\u201c. Tento titul odr\u00e1\u017ea kozmologick\u00e9 postavenie Osvieten\u00e9ho v r\u00e1mci indick\u00e9ho modelu \u0161iestich sf\u00e9r (bohovia, polobohovia, \u013eudia, zvierat\u00e1, hladn\u00ed duchovia, obyvatelia pekla). Aj Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati a ni\u017e\u0161ie bo\u017estva s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00ed za Buddhov\u00fdch \u017eiakov.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to hierarchiz\u00e1cia nesl\u00fa\u017ei na polemiku proti v\u00e9dskemu pante\u00f3nu, ale na jeho zaradenie do buddhistick\u00e9ho sch\u00e9my. Lambert Schmithausen (\u201eBuddhism and Nature\u201c, Tokio 1991) upozor\u0148uje na strategiu \u201einkl\u00fazivizmu\u201c, typick\u00fa pre ran\u00fd indick\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd s\u00faboj.<\/p><p>Aj M\u00e1ra, poku\u0161ite\u013esk\u00fd protivn\u00edk pod stromom b\u00f3dhi, sa nech\u00e1pe ako ontologicky zl\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ale ako psychicko-kozmick\u00e1 personifik\u00e1cia zapletenia do kolobehu st\u00e1vania sa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhova smr\u0165 a ot\u00e1zka Cundy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibb\u00e1na-sutta uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee Buddha pred smr\u0165ou zjedol jedlo u kov\u00e1\u010da Cundu, ktor\u00e9 sa ozna\u010duje ako \u201esukara-maddava\u201c.<\/p><p>Preklad tohto v\u00fdrazu je sporn\u00fd: \u201em\u00e4kk\u00e9 brav\u010dov\u00e9 m\u00e4so\u201c (Rhys Davids), \u201ehuby, ktor\u00e9 vyhrab\u00e1vaj\u00fa prasat\u00e1\u201c (Walpola Rahula), \u201emlad\u00e9 bambusov\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky\u201c. V\u00fdskum sa zhoduje, \u017ee po tomto jedle utrpel Buddha \u0165a\u017ek\u00fa bru\u0161n\u00fa kr\u00edzu, pravdepodobne bakteri\u00e1lnu otravu jedlom alebo epiz\u00f3du mezenteri\u00e1lneho infarktu.<\/p><p>Buddha verejne obhajoval Cundu t\u00fdm, \u017ee vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee dar jedla predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci osvieteniu a jedlo pred paranirv\u00e1nou s\u00fa dve najvy\u0161\u0161ie z\u00e1sluhy.<\/p><p>Toto gesto si vo v\u00fdskume z\u00edskalo ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165, preto\u017ee symbolicky pres\u00fava zodpovednos\u0165 za smr\u0165 u\u010dite\u013ea a zbavuje viny. Hellmuth Hecker vo viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o Cundovi rozpracoval medic\u00ednsky aj religionistick\u00fd aspekt tejto udalosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kedy \u017eil historick\u00fd Buddha?<\/strong> Star\u0161ie b\u00e1danie ho datovalo do rozp\u00e4tia 563 a\u017e 483 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskumy Heinza Bechert\u0430 uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee \u201ekr\u00e1tka chronol\u00f3gia\u201c s d\u00e1tumami \u017eivota okolo 480 a\u017e 400 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom lep\u0161ie zodpoved\u00e1 stavu pramenov. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 b\u00e1danie sa dnes prikl\u00e1\u0148a k d\u00e1tumu \u00famrtia medzi rokmi 410 a 380 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kde sa Buddha narodil?<\/strong> V Lumbini, v dne\u0161nom ju\u017enom Nep\u00e1le. Toto miesto je menovite identifikovan\u00e9 pomocou A\u0161\u00f3kovho pilieru z 3. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p>\n<p>Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi historick\u00fdm Buddhom a Buddhom v mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne? V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dovom buddhizme je \u0160\u00e1kjamuni historick\u00fdm u\u010dite\u013eom tohto svetov\u00e9ho veku. V mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne je jednou z mnoh\u00fdch manifest\u00e1ci\u00ed kozmicky ch\u00e1pan\u00e9ho princ\u00edpu Buddhu. Obe koncepcie existuj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasne a vo vedeckom v\u00fdskume sa preberaj\u00fa oddelene.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ak\u00fdm jazykom Buddha hovoril?<\/strong> S ve\u013ekou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou staroindo\u00e1rijsk\u00fdm hovorov\u00fdm jazykom, pravdepodobne bl\u00edzko pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm dne\u0161nej magadh\u010dine. P\u00e1li, v ktorom sa zachoval najstar\u0161\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov uzn\u00e1van\u00fd ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span>, je liter\u00e1rne zhladen\u00e1 forma, ktor\u00e1 nie je identick\u00e1 s magadh\u010dinou, ale je s \u0148ou pr\u00edbuzn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 zakladate\u013e budhizmu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, historick\u00fd Buddha, zakladate\u013e budhizmu, \u0160tyri vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy a Osemdielna cesta. \u017divot, u\u010denie a 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