{"id":158075,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158075"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:50:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:50:31","slug":"hachiman","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/hachiman\/","title":{"rendered":"Hachiman"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158075\" class=\"elementor elementor-158075 elementor-3024 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25d5452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"25d5452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141ae8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7141ae8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69993c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e69993c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4cd04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f4cd04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman, japonsk\u00fd boh vojny samurajov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b743cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b743cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ha\u010diman je japonsk\u00fd boh vojny, ktor\u00e9ho od stredoveku uctievali najm\u00e4 samuraji ako ochrancu v boji. Ha\u010diman, cel\u00fdm menom Ha\u010diman-Daibosacu alebo Javata-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>, je v japonskom \u0161int\u014d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> vojny, lukostre\u013eby a ochrany bojovn\u00edkov.<\/p><p>Od neskorej staroveku je uctievan\u00fd ako ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estvo cis\u00e1rskeho rodu Tenn\u014d, ako patr\u00f3n rodu Minamoto a t\u00fdm aj samurajov vo v\u0161eobecnosti. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factiv\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> sp\u00e1ja \u0161intoistick\u00e9 a budhistick\u00e9 prvky zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom a z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska sa pova\u017euje za k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd pr\u00edklad japonsk\u00e9ho \u0160inbucu-\u0161\u016bg\u014d, splynutia uctievania <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> a Buddhu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36e4a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e36e4a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd64877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bd64877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi oblas\u0165ami p\u00f4sobenia \u2014 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/japonsko\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japonsk\u00ed \u0161intoistick\u00ed kami a budhisticko-yokai svety.\">Japonsko<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d151654 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d151654\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e006062 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e006062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e006062\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c54b873 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c54b873\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bde348 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5bde348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159713\" alt=\"Ha\u010diman \u2013 bohovia z japonskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_hachiman.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bacfd50 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bacfd50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99efe39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99efe39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35a1a3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35a1a3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod a identifik\u00e1cia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1452f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b1452f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Ha\u010diman doslova znamen\u00e1 \u00abosem z\u00e1stav\u00bb (Ha\u010di = osem, Man\/Hata = z\u00e1stava) a odvodzuje sa od epiz\u00f3dy v \u00abNihon \u0161oki\u00bb, kde sa pri naroden\u00ed cis\u00e1ra \u00d3d\u017eina z neba zn\u00e1\u0161alo osem nebesk\u00fdch z\u00e1stav.<\/p><p>\u00abEngi\u0161iki\u00bb a \u00abHa\u010diman-gud\u00f3kun\u00bb (13. storo\u010die) stoto\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa Ha\u010dimana so zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom \u00d3d\u017einom (m\u00fdtick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da 270 a\u017e 310). Spolu s \u00d3d\u017einom sa v Ha\u010diman-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto \u00faschovy alebo modlitby.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> uctieva aj jeho matka D\u017eing\u00fa-k\u00f3g\u00f3 a jeho man\u017eelka Hime-gami; t\u00e1to trojica tvor\u00ed \u0161tandardn\u00e9 vz\u00fdvanie.<\/p>\n<p>Najstar\u0161ia p\u00edsomn\u00e1 zmienka o Ha\u010dimanovi nepoch\u00e1dza z mytologick\u00e9ho korpusu, ale zo \u00ab\u0160oku Nihongi\u00bb (797), kde sa pre rok 720 uv\u00e1dza <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa vyh\u013ead\u00e1va bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161tba<\/span> \u00abVe\u013ek\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> Ha\u010dimana z Usy\u00bb.<\/p><p>Ha\u010diman tak patr\u00ed medzi mlad\u0161ie hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 \u0161int\u014d. Jeho vzostup sa odohr\u00e1va v \u00f4smom a deviatom storo\u010d\u00ed s\u00fabe\u017ene s expanziou budhistick\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161torn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu a s vojensk\u00fdm zabezpe\u010den\u00edm hlavn\u00e9ho mesta Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74043ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74043ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd395ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd395ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus, Jing\u016b a k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db28fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db28fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V \u201eKojiki\u201c a \u201eNihon Shoki\u201c sa \u014cjin narod\u00ed ako syn cis\u00e1rovnej Jing\u016b-k\u014dg\u014d, ktor\u00e1 pod\u013ea trad\u00edcie viedla \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie proti k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013eovstvu Silla.<\/p><p>Pod\u013ea t\u00fdchto rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed bola Jing\u016b po\u010das dobytia tehotn\u00e1 a od\u010fa\u013eovala p\u00f4rod pomocou magick\u00e9ho kame\u0148a, ktor\u00fd si nosila pri sebe v odeve. \u014cjin sa tak u\u017e pred svoj\u00edm naroden\u00edm pova\u017euje za vojvodcu a nesk\u00f4r je zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fd ako Hachiman.<\/p>\n<p>Jing\u016bine \u0165a\u017eenie proti Silla nie je historicky preuk\u00e1zate\u013en\u00e9, z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je v\u0161ak v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, preto\u017ee vytvorilo ideologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad japonskej predstavy o bo\u017esky legitimizovanej expanzii v pacifickom priestore.<\/p><p>Klaus Antoni vo svojom diele \u201eDer himmlische Herrscher und sein Staat\u201c (1991) uk\u00e1zal, ako bola t\u00e1to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span> vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v \u0161t\u00e1tnom \u0161intoizme \u00e9ry Meiji a v predvojnovom obdob\u00ed na obhajobu anexie K\u00f3rey (1910) a pacifickej expanzie medzi rokmi 1931 a 1945.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00fdtus<\/span> o Hachimanovom naroden\u00ed je \u00fazko spojen\u00fd s k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdmi pris\u0165ahovalcami z obdob\u00ed Yayoi a Kofun. V\u00fdskum (Hardacre, Antoni, Vollmer) interpretuje postavu Hachimana ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 spracovanie k\u00f3rejsko-japonskej previazanej historie, v ktorej kontinent\u00e1lni pris\u0165ahovalci prin\u00e1\u0161ali stre\u013ebu z luku, spracovanie kovov a chov kon\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e60f3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e60f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c505e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c505e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia, symboly a atrib\u00faty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5638f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f5638f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hachiman sa vo v\u00fdtvarnom umen\u00ed naj\u010dastej\u0161ie zobrazuje ako star\u00fd, d\u00f4stojn\u00fd mu\u017e s tonz\u00farou, oble\u010den\u00fd do r\u00facha buddhistick\u00e9ho mn\u00edcha, s me\u010dom alebo lukom v ruke.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to mn\u00ed\u0161ska podoba vych\u00e1dza z udelenia buddhistick\u00e9ho titulu b\u00f3dhisattvy v roku 781; od tej doby nesie titul Hachiman-Daibosatsu. V bojovn\u00edckych zobrazeniach sa objavuje na bielom koni, v prilbe a zbroji, \u010dasto obklopen\u00fd \u00f4smimi z\u00e1stavami.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho hlavn\u00fdm atrib\u00fatom je luk (yumi) a \u0161\u00edp (ya); ritu\u00e1l stre\u013eby z luku Yabusame, pri ktorom jazdci v plnom cvale zasahuj\u00fa dreven\u00e9 ter\u010de, sa vykon\u00e1va na jeho sl\u00e1vnostiach a dodnes sa praktizuje v Tsurugaoka-Hachimang\u016b v Kamakure, v Shimogamo-jinja v Kj\u00f3te a v mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e4tyniach.<\/p><p>Aj holubica (hato) sa pova\u017euje za jeho posla; znak \u201eHachiman\u201c sa v stredoveku kresli s dvoma stylizovan\u00fdmi holubicami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a96b58c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a96b58c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fe76bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fe76bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uctievanie a kultov\u00e9 miesta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-783fb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"783fb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4vodnou sv\u00e4ty\u0148ou Ha\u010dimana je Usa-d\u017eing\u00fa v prefekt\u00fare \u014cita na ostrove Kj\u00fa\u0161\u00fa. Tu sa mal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> po prv\u00fd raz zjavi\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa vyh\u013ead\u00e1va bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161tby<\/span> v roku 571; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto \u00faschovy alebo modlitby.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> je od \u00f4smeho storo\u010dia uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 cis\u00e1rskym dvorom.<\/p><p>Z Usy sa Ha\u010diman-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factiv\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> systematicky roz\u0161\u00edril po celej krajine. Dnes existuje pod\u013ea \u0161tatist\u00edk organiz\u00e1cie Jinja-Hon\u010d\u00f3 pribli\u017ene 44 000 Ha\u010diman-sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 v Japonsku, \u010d\u00edm Ha\u010diman patr\u00ed medzi najhustej\u0161ie uctievan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie sv\u00e4tyne mimo Usy s\u00fa Iwa\u0161imizu-Ha\u010dimang\u00fa ju\u017ene od Kj\u00f3ta (zalo\u017een\u00e1 859, ochrann\u00e1 sv\u00e4ty\u0148a cis\u00e1rskeho dvora) a Curugaoka-Ha\u010dimang\u00fa v Kamakure (zalo\u017een\u00e1 1063, ochrann\u00e1 sv\u00e4ty\u0148a klanu Minamoto a \u0161\u00f3gun\u00e1tu Kamakura).<\/p><p>Druh\u00e1 menovan\u00e1 bola za vl\u00e1dy Minamota no Joritoma, prv\u00e9ho \u0161\u00f3guna, v rokoch 1180 a\u017e 1191 roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 na monument\u00e1lny komplex. So vzostupom \u0161\u00f3gun\u00e1tu Kamakura sa Ha\u010diman stal ofici\u00e1lnym ochrann\u00fdm bo\u017estvom bojovn\u00edckeho stavu a titul \u00abBu\u0161i-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>\u00bb (bojovn\u00edcky <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>) mu zostal a\u017e do obdobia Edo.<\/p>\n<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edmi sviatkami s\u00fa H\u00f3d\u017eo-e (vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie zvierat na slobodu, na jese\u0148), Reigan-sai (sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 zjavenia, 15. marca v Use) a Ha\u010diman-macuri s vyst\u00fapeniami jazdeckej lukostre\u013eby jabusame.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324bab5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324bab5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e666104 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e666104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160inbucu-\u0161\u00fag\u00f3 a titul b\u00f3dhisattvy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d60ae63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d60ae63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V roku 781 udelil cis\u00e1rsky dvor Ha\u010dimanovi titul \u201eHa\u010diman Daibosacu\u201c, \u010di\u017ee \u201eVe\u013ek\u00fd b\u00f3dhisattva Ha\u010diman\u201c. T\u00fdm bol form\u00e1lne zaraden\u00fd do buddhistick\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nu<\/span> a identifikovan\u00fd s viacer\u00fdmi buddhami a b\u00f3dhisattvami, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie s Amidom (Amit\u00e1bhom). Ide o najskor\u0161ie a najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie uplatnenie princ\u00edpu hond\u017ei-suid\u017eaku, stredovekej n\u00e1uky, pod\u013ea ktorej s\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> v skuto\u010dnosti prejavmi buddhistick\u00fdch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Mark Teeuwen a Bernhard Scheid vo svojej pr\u00e1ci \u201eBuddhas and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> in Japan\u201c (2003) zd\u00f4raznili k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu Ha\u010dimana pre japonsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 dejiny: pr\u00e1ve na \u0148om sa t\u00e1to synt\u00e9za uplatnila najsk\u00f4r a najd\u00f4slednej\u0161ie.<\/p><p>A\u017e meid\u017eijsk\u00e1 re\u0161taur\u00e1cia oddelila obidve sf\u00e9ry v roku 1868 ediktom (\u0161inbucu-bunri), pri\u010dom mnoh\u00e9 Ha\u010dimanove <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> boli vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e9 za \u010disto \u0161intoistick\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne a ich buddhistick\u00e9 zlo\u017eky odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9. Helen Hardacre v diele \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Japonska, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na uctievan\u00ed kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160int\u00f3<\/span>. A History\u201c zdokumentovala, ako tento proces zasiahol Ha\u010dimanove sv\u00e4tyne obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 tvrdo, preto\u017ee boli s buddhistick\u00fdmi stavbami a sochami prepojen\u00e9 silnej\u0161ie ne\u017e in\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28994a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28994a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f0abe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37f0abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ha\u010diman, mongolsk\u00e9 inv\u00e1zie a \u201ebo\u017esk\u00e9 vetry\u201c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545dddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"545dddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po\u010das dvoch mongolsk\u00fdch inv\u00e1zi\u00ed v rokoch 1274 a 1281 sa v Usa a Iwa\u0161imizu intenz\u00edvne vz\u00fdvala Ha\u010dimanova pomoc.<\/p><p>Ke\u010f mongolsk\u00fa flotilu pri oboch pokusoch zni\u010dili siln\u00e9 b\u00farky, japonsk\u00fd cis\u00e1rsky dvor to pris\u00fadil z\u00e1sahu Ha\u010dimana a ostatn\u00fdch r\u00ed\u0161skych ochrann\u00fdch bohov. B\u00farky boli vylo\u017een\u00e9 ako \u201ekamikaze\u201c (bo\u017esk\u00e9 vetry); tento pojem z\u00edskal po\u010das Pacifickej vojny druh\u00fd, tragick\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>Klaus Antoni v roku 1991 preuk\u00e1zal, \u017ee o\u017eivenie tohto mot\u00edvu v japonskom nacionalizme 30. rokov 20. storo\u010dia priamo nadv\u00e4zovalo na stredovek\u00e9 Ha\u010dimanove texty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0edd1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0edd1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adc8c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4adc8c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9 a recep\u010dn\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c3d505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c3d505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ha\u010diman je z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm bohom z viacer\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov: je najmlad\u0161\u00edm z ve\u013ek\u00fdch cis\u00e1rskych bohov sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148, je typick\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom \u0161inbucu-\u0161\u00fag\u00f3 a sp\u00e1ja sf\u00e9ry cis\u00e1rskej dynastie, vojenskej triedy a buddhistick\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torov. Helen Hardacre ho charakterizuje ako \u201enajviac politizovan\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> japonsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn\u201c.<\/p><p>Ross Bender vo viacer\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach (od roku 1979) presk\u00famal \u00falohu Ha\u010dimana v tzv. D\u00f3kj\u00f3ovom incidente z roku 769, ke\u010f Ha\u010dimanovo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa z\u00edskava bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1kulum<\/span> zabr\u00e1nilo n\u00e1stupu mn\u00edcha D\u00f3kj\u00f3a na tr\u00f3n, \u010d\u00edm sa stalo prvou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopoliticky rozhoduj\u00facou or\u00e1kulovou sc\u00e9nou v Japonsku.<\/p>\n<p>V modernej popkult\u00fare je Ha\u010diman v mange a anime menej v\u00fdrazn\u00fd ne\u017e Amaterasu alebo Susanoo, objavuje sa v\u0161ak v dielach ako \u201eInuyasha\u201c alebo \u201eOnmy\u014dji\u201c. Holuby z Curuganoka sv\u00e4tyne sa stali marketingov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> Kamakury a objavuj\u00fa sa na sladkostiach, poh\u013eadniciach a suven\u00edroch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d198b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d198b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed5bd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ed5bd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favislosti v r\u00e1mci pante\u00f3nu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f76722a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f76722a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V r\u00e1mci japonsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu stoj\u00ed Ha\u010diman medzi sf\u00e9rou prvotn\u00fdch bohov (Izanagi, Amaterasu, Susanoo) a neskor\u0161\u00edmi historizovan\u00fdmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>, ako s\u00fa Tend\u017ein (Sugawara no Mi\u010dizane) alebo Tojokuni Daimj\u00f3d\u017ein (Tojotomi Hidejo\u0161i).<\/p><p>\u0160truktur\u00e1lne je zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fdm panovn\u00edkom, z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska v\u0161ak ide o klasick\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho a ochrann\u00e9ho kami s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi funk\u010dn\u00fdmi paralelami k Martovi (R\u00edm), Aresovi (Gr\u00e9cko), T\u00fdrovi a \u00d3dinovi (germ\u00e1nska mytol\u00f3gia), ako aj Skandovi a K\u00e1rtikejovi (hinduizmus, buddhizmus).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6f2c7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6f2c7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae66f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cae66f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5719dbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5719dbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>\u00abShoku Nihongi\u00bb (797), z\u00e1znam k roku 720. \u00abEngishiki\u00bb (927), kniha IX. \u00abHachiman-gud\u014dkun\u00bb (13. storo\u010die). \u00abIwashimizu-monjo\u00bb, arch\u00edv sv\u00e4tyne. \u00abKojiki\u00bb a \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb, preklady Klausa Antoniho a Karla Florenza. \u00abHeike-Monogatari\u00bb, kniha IV (epiz\u00f3dy Yabusame).<\/p>\n<p>Ross Bender, \u00abThe Hachiman Cult and the D\u014dky\u014d Incident\u00bb, Monumenta Nipponica 1979. Mark Teeuwen a Bernhard Scheid (ed.), \u00abBuddhas and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> in Japan.<\/p><p>Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm\u00bb, London 2003. Klaus Antoni, \u00abDer himmlische Herrscher und sein Staat\u00bb, M\u00fcnchen 1991. Klaus Antoni, \u00abShint\u00f4 und die Konzeption des japanischen Nationalwesens\u00bb, Leiden 1998. Helen Hardacre, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Japonska, formovan\u00e9 uctievan\u00edm kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span>. A History\u00bb, Oxford 2017. Joseph Kitagawa, \u00abReligion in Japanese History\u00bb, New York 1966. Inken Prohl, \u00abReligi\u00f6se Innovationen\u00bb, Berlin 2006.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-156cee2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"156cee2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa05e2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa05e2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymol\u00f3gia a sp\u00f4soby p\u00edsania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22f56d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22f56d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno \u00abHachiman\u00bb (\u516b\u5e61) sa sklad\u00e1 z \u00abhachi\u00bb (osem) a \u00abman\u00bb, resp. \u00abhata\u00bb (z\u00e1stava, pl\u00e1tno). Z\u00e1pis so znakom pre \u00abz\u00e1stavu\u00bb sa presadil v klasickom jazykovom \u00faze, preto\u017ee osem nebesk\u00fdch z\u00e1stav, ktor\u00e9 pod\u013ea \u00abNihon Shoki\u00bb zoslali z neba pri naroden\u00ed cis\u00e1ra \u014cjina, tvor\u00ed centr\u00e1lny z\u00e1zrak jeho narodenia.<\/p><p>Alternat\u00edvne \u010d\u00edtanie \u00abYawata\u00bb (\u3084\u308f\u305f) sa zachovalo v n\u00e1zvoch niektor\u00fdch sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148, najm\u00e4 v Iwashimizu-Yawatamachi. Vy\u0161\u0161ie tituly \u00abHachiman-Daibosatsu\u00bb (\u00abVe\u013ek\u00fd b\u00f3dhisattva Hachiman\u00bb, udelen\u00fd v roku 781) a sv\u00e4tynn\u00e9 oslovenie \u00abHachiman-\u014ckami\u00bb (\u00abVe\u013ek\u00fd boh Hachiman\u00bb) vyjadruj\u00fa jeho dvojit\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 postavenie.<\/p>\n<p>V arch\u00edvoch sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 zo strednej heianskej doby sa \u010dasto objavuj\u00fa podrobn\u00e9 formuly \u00abHachiman-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span>\u00bb, \u00abHime-gami no Mikoto\u00bb a \u00abOkinaga-tarashi-hime-no-Mikoto\u00bb, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00fa \u014cjina, jeho man\u017eelku Hime-gami a jeho matku Jing\u016b.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to trojica tvor\u00ed \u00abHachiman-Sansho-Daimy\u014djin\u00bb, \u0161tandardn\u00fa tri\u00e1du v\u0161etk\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00fdch sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 Hachimana. Helen Hardacre a Bernhard Scheid t\u00fato tri\u00e1du op\u00edsali ako osobit\u00fd profil, ktor\u00fd odli\u0161uje Hachimana od ostatn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tnych kami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b06528 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b06528\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-025000d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"025000d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Architekt\u00fara sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 v \u0161t\u00fdle Hachiman<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b71bcc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b71bcc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stavebn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto na ulo\u017eenie predmetov alebo na modlitby.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyn\u00ed<\/span> Hachiman (\u00abHachiman-zukuri\u00bb) je samostatnou triedou v r\u00e1mci japonskej architekt\u00fary sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148. Sklad\u00e1 sa z dvoch paralelne postaven\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch budov spojen\u00fdch spolo\u010dnou strechou. Predn\u00e1 budova (\u00abGeden\u00bb) sl\u00fa\u017ei na uctievanie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010clovek, ktor\u00fd podnik\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovan\u00fa cestu na sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00fatnikmi<\/span>, zadn\u00e1 (\u00abNaiden\u00bb) uchov\u00e1va symboly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to dvojit\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara odli\u0161uje \u0161t\u00fdl Hachiman od star\u0161ieho Shinmei-zukuri (Ise) a od Taisha-zukuri (Izumo). Usa-jingu a Iwashimizu-Hachimangu s\u00fa klasick\u00fdmi pr\u00edkladmi tohto \u0161t\u00fdlu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 japonsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1rodn\u00fdmi kult\u00farnymi pamiatkami.<\/p>\n<p>Tvar striech je jednotne \u00abKirizuma\u00bb (sedlov\u00e1 strecha) s v\u00fdrazne presahuj\u00facimi vrstvami prednej strechy. Hlavn\u00fdmi farbami s\u00fa \u010derveno-cinabritov\u00e1 farba nosn\u00fdch st\u013apov a biela farba vonkaj\u0161\u00edch stien v kombin\u00e1cii so zlat\u00fdmi kovaniami.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to farebnos\u0165 bola zaveden\u00e1 v stredoveku pod vplyvom buddhistickej architekt\u00fary a dodnes je vizu\u00e1lnym pozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znakom sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 Hachiman, ktor\u00fd ich v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161uje od skromnej\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 (napr\u00edklad Ise).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2701a92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2701a92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf3abb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf3abb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman a teol\u00f3gia me\u010da<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f69698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f69698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osobitnou trad\u00edciou je spojenie Hachimana s \u00abtromi sv\u00e4t\u00fdmi me\u010dmi\u00bb rodu Minamoto. Tieto me\u010de mala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto na ulo\u017eenie predmetov alebo na modlitby.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> v Iwashimizu \u00fadajne posv\u00e4ti\u0165 pri n\u00e1stupe ka\u017ed\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho hlavy rodu. Trad\u00edcia zasv\u00e4tenia me\u010dov Hachimanovi je viackr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e1 v \u00abHeike-Monogatari\u00bb a v \u00abGenpei-Seisuiki\u00bb a formovala japonsk\u00fa vojensk\u00fa religiozitu a\u017e do konca edsk\u00e9ho obdobia.<\/p><p>V modernom diskurze bu\u0161id\u00f3 z konca 19. a za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia bol Hachiman pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje my\u0161lienku alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolick\u00fa<\/span> postavu, na ktor\u00fa sa odvol\u00e1vali nacionalistick\u00e9 me\u010d-etiky; Klaus Antoni t\u00fato v\u00e4zbu kriticky zdokumentoval.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u0160kola me\u010diarov\u00bb z Bizenu, ktor\u00e1 vyr\u00e1bala \u010depele pre cis\u00e1rsku gardu, tradi\u010dne zasv\u00e4covala svoje najlep\u0161ie \u010depele sv\u00e4tyniam Hachiman. Viacer\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto \u010depel\u00ed, vr\u00e1tane diel \u0161koly S\u014dsh\u016b z po\u010diatku 14. storo\u010dia, s\u00fa uchovan\u00e9 ako pokladov\u00e9 predmety v Tsurugaoka-Hachimangu a Iwashimizu-Hachimangu a pova\u017euj\u00fa sa za d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 kult\u00farne dedi\u010dstvo Japonska.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb2568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccb2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b7713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45b7713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hachiman v edskom obdob\u00ed a v \u013eudovom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0b7cea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0b7cea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po\u010das edsk\u00e9ho obdobia (1603 a\u017e 1867) zostal Hachiman ochrann\u00fdm bohom triedy bojovn\u00edkov, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 z\u00edskal na v\u00fdzname ako ochrann\u00fd boh me\u0161\u0165anov a obchodn\u00edkov. V Ede (dne\u0161nom Tokiu) vzniklo v novo vybudovan\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch \u0161tvrtiach mnoho sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 Hachiman, \u010dasto ako ochrann\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne cechov alebo ul\u00edc.<\/p><p>Tomioka-Hachimangu vo Fukagawe (zalo\u017een\u00e1 1627) je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou a najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ou z t\u00fdchto mestsk\u00fdch sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148 Hachiman; jej trien\u00e1lny hlavn\u00fd sviatok s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi prenosn\u00fdmi sv\u00e4ty\u0148ami (mikoshi) patr\u00ed medzi tri najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie sviatky Tokia.<\/p>\n<p>V edskom drevorytovom umen\u00ed (ukiyo-e) je Hachiman ako jazdeck\u00e1 postava opakuj\u00facim sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvom<\/span>. Kuniyoshi, Hokusai a Yoshitoshi vytvorili viacero s\u00e9ri\u00ed venovan\u00fdch Hachimanovi a narodeniu \u014cjina. Tieto obrazy dokumentuj\u00fa \u013eudov\u00fa znalos\u0165 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch ur\u010ditej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gie<\/span> Hachimana a dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee t\u00e1to postava bola popul\u00e1rna aj mimo dvorn\u00fdch a vojensk\u00fdch el\u00edt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f0bdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47f0bdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1172261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1172261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontroverzie o historickej podstate \u014cjina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1683d52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1683d52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Identifik\u00e1cia Ha\u010dimana s m\u00fdtick\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom \u00d3d\u017einom je vedecky a historicky sporn\u00e1. Ofici\u00e1lna cis\u00e1rska chronol\u00f3gia datuje vl\u00e1du \u00d3d\u017eina do \u0161tvrt\u00e9ho storo\u010dia (270 a\u017e 310 pod\u013ea tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edtania), av\u0161ak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama minul\u00e9 kult\u00fary na z\u00e1klade hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lezov.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeol\u00f3gia<\/span> ukazuje, \u017ee cis\u00e1rska dynastia sa historicky d\u00e1 uchopi\u0165 a\u017e v piatom storo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p><p>Daisen-kofun v Sakai (prefekt\u00fara Osaka) sa tradi\u010dne pova\u017euje za hrob \u00d3d\u017eina, no jeho priradenie nie je nesporn\u00e9. Pravdepodobnej\u0161ie je, \u017ee postava \u00d3d\u017eina je neskor\u0161ou kon\u0161trukciou, do ktorej sa splynulo viacero historick\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch post\u00e1v.<\/p>\n<p>Ross Bender, Joan Piggott a \u010fal\u0161ie histori\u010dky argumentovali, \u017ee identifik\u00e1cia Ha\u010dimana s \u00d3d\u017einom mala v \u00f4smom storo\u010d\u00ed politick\u00fa funkciu: poskytovala nastupuj\u00facej dynastii Yamato sakr\u00e1lne zakotvenie vo vojenskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V japonskom \u0161intoizme uctievan\u00e9 duchovn\u00e9 bytosti a bo\u017esk\u00e9 sily.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 vytv\u00e1ralo spojenie s pris\u0165ahovaleck\u00fdmi rodmi z K\u00f3rey.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum Ha\u010dimana za posledn\u00fdch tridsa\u0165 rokov tento politick\u00fd v\u00fdklad z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti prevzal a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 dejiny Ha\u010dimana nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 oddeli\u0165 od politick\u00fdch dej\u00edn ran\u00e9ho Japonska.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c5c2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6c5c2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-197dcba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"197dcba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Porovn\u00e1vacie zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942fa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"942fa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160truktur\u00e1lne patr\u00ed Ha\u010diman do triedy vojensk\u00fdch a ochrann\u00fdch bo\u017estiev, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa takmer vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pante\u00f3noch eur\u00e1zijsk\u00fdch vyspel\u00fdch kult\u00far.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn s\u00fa najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmi paralelami Guan Yu (\u010d\u00ednsky boh vojny, v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 a filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia orientovan\u00e1 na Tao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoizme<\/span> zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fd hrdina neskorej \u00e9ry Han) a k\u00f3rejsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch obradov venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Hwarang. Pri \u0161ir\u0161om porovnan\u00ed sa objavuj\u00fa paralely s Marsom a Herkulesom (R\u00edm), Aresom a Heraklom (Gr\u00e9cko), T\u00fdrom a Thorom (germ\u00e1nska trad\u00edcia), Skandom-Kartikejom (hinduizmus) a Indrom v jeho vojensk\u00fdch aspektoch.<\/p>\n<p>Osobitos\u0165 Ha\u010dimana oproti t\u00fdmto bo\u017estv\u00e1m spo\u010d\u00edva v spojen\u00ed funkcie vojensk\u00e9ho boha s buddhistick\u00fdm statusom b\u00f3dhisattvy. T\u00e1to dvojitos\u0165 je v porovn\u00e1vac\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch takmer jedine\u010dn\u00e1 a rob\u00ed z Ha\u010dimana vedecky mimoriadne bohat\u00fd predmet v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>Mark Teeuwen a Bernhard Scheid v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee t\u00e1to dvojitos\u0165 nie je rozporom, ale zodpoved\u00e1 japonsk\u00e9mu ch\u00e1paniu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva u\u017e od ran\u00e9ho stredoveku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3233,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hachiman","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hachiman \u2013 Japonsk\u00fd boh vojny samurajov | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hachiman je japonsk\u00fd kami vojny, ochranca samurajov. P\u00f4vodne boh obilia, identifikovan\u00fd s cis\u00e1rom \u014cjinom. Chr\u00e1m v Use.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-158075","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hachiman \u2013 Japonsk\u00fd boh vojny samurajov | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hachiman je japonsk\u00fd kami vojny, ochranca samurajov. P\u00f4vodne boh obilia, identifikovan\u00fd s cis\u00e1rom \u014cjinom. 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