{"id":158072,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:15","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158072"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:50:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:50:06","slug":"gilgames","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/gilgames\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgame\u0161"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158072\" class=\"elementor elementor-158072 elementor-3021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgame\u0161, kr\u00e1\u013e Uruku a hrdina eposu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je kr\u00e1\u013e Uruku a ako hrdina eposu je centr\u00e1lnou postavou najstar\u0161ieho klinopisom zachovan\u00e9ho ve\u013ek\u00e9ho eposu \u013eudstva. Gilgame\u0161 je pravdepodobne najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm liter\u00e1rnym hrdinom staromezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Ako legend\u00e1rny kr\u00e1\u013e Uruku vl\u00e1dne pod\u013ea kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch zoznamov pribli\u017ene 126 rokov a postupne sa z neho st\u00e1va poloboh, ktor\u00e9ho h\u013eadanie nesmrte\u013enosti je hlavnou t\u00e9mou eposu nazvan\u00e9ho po \u0148om.<\/p><p>Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi v kanonickej \u0161tandardnej verzii dvan\u00e1stich tabuliek patr\u00ed medzi najstar\u0161ie zachovan\u00e9 diela svetovej literat\u00fary a zaober\u00e1 sa z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami \u013eudskej existencie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami \u2014 sily pr\u00edrody, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/mezopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00edska zdokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdria (cca 3500 pred Kr. a\u017e 330 pred Kr.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159696\" alt=\"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 bohovia z mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u00f4vod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je historicky pravdepodobne odvoden\u00fd od kr\u00e1\u013ea Uruku z rannodynastick\u00e9ho obdobia za\u010diatku 3. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kr. Jeho meno sa objavuje v sumersk\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch zoznamoch ako piaty kr\u00e1\u013e prvej dynastie Uruku, v rade panovn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed s\u010dasti nes\u00fa polobo\u017esk\u00fd charakter.<\/p><p>U\u017e v starosumerskej trad\u00edcii bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za napoly bo\u017esk\u00e9ho, preto\u017ee jeho matka Ninsun, men\u0161ia bohy\u0148a, bola sp\u00e1jan\u00e1 s Lugalbandom, tie\u017e zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fdm panovn\u00edkom.<\/p>\n<p>Starosumersk\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vania o Gilgame\u0161ovi nie s\u00fa jednotn\u00fdm pr\u00edbehom, ale s\u00faborom jednotliv\u00fdch piesn\u00ed. K nim patria \u201eGilgame\u0161 a Aga\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161 a Chuvava\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161 a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161ova smr\u0165\u201c a \u201eGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsvetie\u201c.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V starobabylonskom obdob\u00ed, okolo roku 1800 pred Kr., boli tieto piesne spojen\u00e9 do prvej s\u00favislej kompoz\u00edcie, teraz v akkadskom jazyku. V stredoas\u00fdrskom obdob\u00ed, okolo roku 1200 pred Kr., vznikla neskor\u0161ia \u0161tandardn\u00e1 verzia v dvan\u00e1stich tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e1 sa pripisuje k\u0148azovi Sin-leqi-unninnimu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Epos najprv sleduje neviazan\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea Gilgame\u0161a, ktor\u00fd svojich poddan\u00fdch su\u017euje panova\u010dn\u00fdmi n\u00e1rokmi. Bohovia stvoria Enkidua, divo \u017eij\u00faceho mu\u017ea, ktor\u00fd sa mu silou rovn\u00e1. Obaja sa stan\u00fa priate\u013emi a spolo\u010dne sa vydaj\u00fa porazi\u0165 Chuvavu, str\u00e1\u017ecu c\u00e9drov\u00e9ho lesa.<\/p><p>Po tomto v\u00ed\u0165azstve Gilgame\u0161 ur\u00e1\u017ea bohy\u0148u I\u0161tar, ktor\u00e1 mu na trest posiela na mesto nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka. Obaja hrdinovia b\u00fdka zabij\u00fa, na\u010do bohovia dopustia, aby Enkidu ochorel ako obe\u0165 za vinu. Jeho smr\u0165 uvrhne Gilgame\u0161a do hlbokej existen\u010dnej kr\u00edzy a po\u017eenie ho na h\u013eadanie nesmrte\u013enosti.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161 putuje k Utnapi\u0161timovi, ktor\u00fd pre\u017eil ve\u013ek\u00fa potopu, a ktor\u00fd mu rozpovie pr\u00edbeh potopy a ulo\u017e\u00ed mu sk\u00fa\u0161ky, na ktor\u00fdch zlyh\u00e1. Na spiato\u010dnej ceste n\u00e1jde rastlinu, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 zvr\u00e1ti\u0165 starnutie, t\u00fa mu v\u0161ak ukradne had.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161 sa vracia do Uruku a s hrdos\u0165ou h\u013ead\u00ed na hradby svojho mesta: to je jeho trval\u00e1 sl\u00e1vy. T\u00e1to z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00e1 kompoz\u00edcia je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za jedno z najp\u00f4sobivej\u0161\u00edch zakon\u010den\u00ed antickej literat\u00fary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atrib\u00faty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je v obrazovom umen\u00ed zobrazovan\u00fd ako vysok\u00fd hrdina s bradou a ku\u010derav\u00fdmi vlasmi. Jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi atrib\u00fatmi s\u00fa palica, \u010dasto s dvojitou hlavicou, a luk. Na novoas\u00fdrskych reli\u00e9foch sa niekedy zjavuje s levom pod pa\u017eou, \u010do symbolicky vyjadruje jeho nadraden\u00fa telesn\u00fa silu.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna ikonografick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia ho zobrazuje ako h\u00e9roa medzi dvoma vzop\u00e4t\u00fdmi levmi, poz\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 v staromezopot\u00e1mskom obrazovom programe ozna\u010duje \u201ep\u00e1na zvierat\u201c. T\u00fato poz\u00edciu zdie\u013eaj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 hrdinsk\u00e9 postavy a bohovia pante\u00f3nu. Reli\u00e9fy z pal\u00e1ca Sargona II. v Chorsabade ho zobrazuj\u00fa v tejto poz\u00edcii, \u010do pod\u010diarkuje nadkult\u00farny dosah jeho postavy.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho spolo\u010dn\u00edk Enkidu je vlastn\u00fdm ikonografick\u00fdm typom, \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd s dlh\u00fdmi vlasmi, ko\u017eu\u0161inov\u00fdm odevom a divok\u00fdmi zvierac\u00edmi rysmi. Obaja hrdinovia spolo\u010dne predstavuj\u00fa staromezopot\u00e1msky p\u00e1r-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span>, ktor\u00fd sa nesk\u00f4r v podobnej forme objavuje v gr\u00e9ckych a perzsk\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1vaniach. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mot\u00edv<\/span> \u00fazkeho hrdinsk\u00e9ho dvojice priate\u013eov prevzal Friedrich Schiller a mnoh\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00ed autori novej doby.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uctievanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 bol na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch hrdinov antick\u00e9ho svet skuto\u010dne kultovo uctievan\u00fd. N\u00e1pisy zo starosumersk\u00e9ho a starobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia dokladuj\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 boli prin\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchu<\/span> v mesiaci sm\u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch obradov. Bol vz\u00fdvan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ako ve\u0161teck\u00e9 a s\u00fadiace bo\u017estvo v podsvet\u00ed, kde mal v\u00edta\u0165 m\u0155tvych a ukazova\u0165 im cestu.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f4le\u017eitou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4ty\u0148a alebo sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148ou<\/span> bol Eturkalama v Uruku, ktor\u00fd bol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzdan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm aktom sv\u00e4tosti a t\u00fdm pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z be\u017en\u00e9ho.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd<\/span> jemu a jeho predkom. Aj v Nippure a Babylone sa jeho men\u00e1 vyskytovali v zakl\u00ednac\u00edch textoch a sm\u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch liturgi\u00e1ch. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> platil za obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 mocn\u00fd pri ve\u0161tebn\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee ako hrdina mal podsvetie nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 dvakr\u00e1t: raz aby priviedol sp\u00e4\u0165 Enkidua, raz po svojej vlastnej smrti.<\/p>\n<p>V novoas\u00fdrskom obdob\u00ed zostala jeho liter\u00e1rna v\u00e1\u017enos\u0165 nezmenen\u00e1, ale kultov\u00fd aspekt slabol. A\u0161\u0161urbanipal, ve\u013ek\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e-knihovn\u00edk, dal Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi uchov\u00e1va\u0165 vo viacer\u00fdch exempl\u00e1roch vo svojej kni\u017enici.<\/p><p>Ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 zachovan\u00fdch tabuliek poch\u00e1dza z tejto kr\u00e1\u013eovskej zbierky v Ninive. Aj v Chattu\u0161e, hlavnom meste Hetitov, vznikol hetitsk\u00fd preklad, \u010do dokazuje medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 \u0161\u00edrenie tejto l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n<p>V neskorobabylonskom a seleukovskom obdob\u00ed liter\u00e1rna trad\u00edcia postupne slabla. Napriek tomu sa stopy Gilgame\u0161ovej l\u00e1tky objavuj\u00fa aj v \u017eidovsko-aramejsk\u00fdch a s\u00fdrskych prame\u0148och, \u010dasto pripisovan\u00e9 in\u00fdm hrdinom. Priama trad\u00edcia sa skon\u010dila a\u017e \u00fapln\u00fdm z\u00e1nikom mezopot\u00e1mskej p\u00edsomnej kult\u00fary v 1. storo\u010d\u00ed po Kr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fdm dielom je Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi (Gilgamesch-Epos) v \u0161tandardnej verzii dvan\u00e1stich tabuliek. Tabu\u013eky I a\u017e II popisuj\u00fa mlad\u00e9ho, mociba\u017en\u00e9ho Gilgame\u0161a a stvorenie Enkidua bohy\u0148ou Aruru. Stretnutie oboch hrdinov, ich s\u00faboj a nasleduj\u00face priate\u013estvo s\u00fa z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9, preto\u017ee premie\u0148aj\u00fa klasick\u00fd konflikt medzi mestom a stepou na puto l\u00e1skyplnej vernosti.<\/p>\n<p>Tabu\u013eky III a\u017e V zobrazuj\u00fa cestu do c\u00e9drov\u00e9ho lesa a boj proti Humbabovi, str\u00e1\u017ecovi lesa. T\u00e1to epiz\u00f3da je religionisticky zauj\u00edmav\u00e1, preto\u017ee sp\u00e1ja kozmick\u00fa geografiu s konkr\u00e9tnym obchodom s drevom. \u0164a\u017eba c\u00e9drov\u00e9ho dreva v Libanone bola re\u00e1lnou hospod\u00e1rskou aktivitou mezopot\u00e1mskych kr\u00e1\u013eov a epos ju m\u00fdticky legitimizuje.<\/p>\n<p>Tabu\u013eky VI a\u017e VIII obsahuj\u00fa epiz\u00f3du s I\u0161tar, zabitie nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka a smr\u0165 Enkidua. Pr\u00e1ve tu s\u00fa religionisticko-historick\u00e9 t\u00e9my najhustej\u0161ie.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161ovo odmietnutie vzia\u0165 si I\u0161tar za man\u017eelku a jeho v\u00fdpo\u010det predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich milencov bohyne predstavuj\u00fa vz\u00e1cnu polemiku vo\u010di mocn\u00e9mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvu<\/span>. Reakcia bohov, ktor\u00ed dopustia smr\u0165 Enkidua, d\u00e1va rozpr\u00e1vaniu teologick\u00fa h\u013abku.<\/p>\n<p>Tabu\u013eky IX a\u017e XI s\u00fa venovan\u00e9 Gilgame\u0161ovej ceste z\u00fafalstva. Prech\u00e1dza tunelmi boha slnka, prekra\u010duje vody smrti, dosahuje Utnapi\u0161tima a po\u010duje rozpr\u00e1vanie o potope.<\/p><p>Tabu\u013eka XI so svoj\u00edm podrobn\u00fdm opisom potopy je historicky obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1, preto\u017ee bola vn\u00edman\u00e1 ako paralela k biblick\u00e9mu pr\u00edbehu o potope a v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed hlboko ovplyvnila diskusiu o liter\u00e1rnej predhist\u00f3rii Pentateuchu.<\/p>\n<p>Tabu\u013eka XII, neskor\u0161\u00ed doplnok, opisuje Gilgame\u0161ov n\u00e1rek za Enkiduom a n\u00e1vrat Enkiduovho duchov z podsvetia. T\u00e1to \u010das\u0165 je vlastne prekladom sumerskej piesne \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsvetie\u00bb a nezapad\u00e1 do narat\u00edvnej sch\u00e9my \u0161tandardnej verzie, preto ju b\u00e1danie pova\u017euje za dodatok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahy v pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 ako historick\u00e1 postava nie je v \u00fazkom zmysle s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pante\u00f3nu, av\u0161ak posmrtne bol uctievan\u00fd ako polob\u00f4h a s\u00fadca podsvetia. Jeho matka Ninsun, bohy\u0148a m\u00fadrosti a chovu dobytka, patr\u00ed do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nu<\/span> Uruku. Jeho otec Lugalbanda bol zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fd predchodca na tr\u00f3ne Uruku.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho spolo\u010dn\u00edk Enkidu nie je ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, ale ako divo \u017eij\u00faca stvoren\u00e1 postava, ktor\u00e1 po smrti prech\u00e1dza do r\u00ed\u0161e Ere\u0161kigal. S Inannou (I\u0161tar), mestskou bohy\u0148ou Uruku, je Gilgame\u0161 vo vz\u0165ahu plnom konfliktov. So \u0160ama\u0161om, bohom slnka a bohom pr\u00e1va, je naopak v ochrannom vz\u0165ahu, preto\u017ee \u0160ama\u0161 mu pom\u00e1ha pri bojov\u00fdch \u00faloh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>S Utnapi\u0161timom a jeho man\u017eelkou ho sp\u00e1ja stretnutie na konci sveta, so Siduri, hostite\u013ekou pri vod\u00e1ch smrti, filozofick\u00e9 pou\u010denie o \u013eudskej existencii. Tieto stretnutia rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa bohat\u00fa teologick\u00fa krajinu, v ktorej sa Gilgame\u0161 \u010doraz viac st\u00e1va u\u010dite\u013eom \u010ditate\u013ea.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161ov vz\u0165ah k jeho matke Ninsun m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Ninsun, ktorej meno znamen\u00e1 \u00abPani div\u00fdch kr\u00e1v\u00bb, je bohy\u0148ou mesta Uruk a je zobrazovan\u00e1 ako poradky\u0148a a vyklada\u010dka snov hrdinu.<\/p><p>V tabu\u013eke I vyklad\u00e1 Gilgame\u0161ove sny, v ktor\u00fdch sa Enkidu zjavuje ako bud\u00faci priate\u013e. T\u00e1to funkcia bo\u017eskej matky je archaick\u00fd prvok, ktor\u00fd hr\u00e1 \u00falohu aj v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch mezopot\u00e1mskych hrdinsk\u00fdch epik\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad pri Lugalbandovi a Etanovi.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho otec Lugalbanda je s\u00e1m hrdinskou postavou, ktorej s\u00fa venovan\u00e9 dve samostatn\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vania. Teogonick\u00e1 l\u00ednia Gilgame\u0161\u2013Lugalbanda\u2013Ninsun sp\u00e1ja mesto Uruk s bo\u017esko-kr\u00e1\u013eovskou geneal\u00f3giou siahaj\u00facou cez tri gener\u00e1cie. T\u00e1to geneal\u00f3gia bola zaznamenan\u00e1 v Sumerskom kr\u00e1\u013eovskom zozname a dala mestu Uruk teologick\u00fa d\u00f4stojnos\u0165 prekra\u010duj\u00facu jednoduch\u00fa mestsk\u00fa hist\u00f3riu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ohlas a vplyv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi rozl\u00fa\u0161til v roku 1872 George Smith v Britskom m\u00fazeu, \u010do vyvolalo vedeck\u00fa senz\u00e1ciu okolo tabu\u013eky s pr\u00edbehom potopy. Odvtedy bolo prelo\u017een\u00e9 do desiatok jazykov a vy\u0161lo v mnoh\u00fdch vydaniach.<\/p><p>Rainer Maria Rilke ho nazval \u201ejedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch diel svetovej literat\u00fary\u201c, Carl Gustav Jung ho v archetyp\u00e1lnom zmysle interpretoval ako cestu vedom\u00e9ho ja do hlb\u00edn du\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>V modernej literat\u00fare sa gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> objavil mnohokr\u00e1t, napr\u00edklad u Hansa Hennyho Jahnna, Stephana Grundyho, Roberta Silverberga a Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Skladate\u013e Bohuslav Martin\u016f nap\u00edsal \u201eThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u201c, kant\u00e1tu pre s\u00f3listov, zbor a orchester, ktor\u00e1 mala premi\u00e9ru v roku 1958 v Bazileji. V komiksoch, filmoch a hr\u00e1ch sa hrdina objavuje v mnoh\u00fdch adapt\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, \u010dasto s ve\u013ekou vo\u013enos\u0165ou vo\u010di antickej predlohe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V dejin\u00e1ch religionistiky zohr\u00e1va epos \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu pri porovn\u00e1vacom v\u00fdskume hrdinu, smrti a potopy. Paralely s biblickou Genezis s\u00fa od jeho objavenia \u0161tandardnou t\u00e9mou teologick\u00fdch aj vedeck\u00fdch u\u010debn\u00edc. Ot\u00e1zka historickej z\u00e1vislosti alebo spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu sa diskutuje dodnes.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V modernej religionistike z\u00e1sadne zmenilo Gilgame\u0161ovo epos diskusiu o p\u00f4vode biblickej potopy. Hermann Gunkel formuloval vo svojej \u201eGenesis\u201c (1901) t\u00e9zu, \u017ee mezopot\u00e1mska trad\u00edcia jazykovo aj motivicky formovala biblick\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie.<\/span><\/p><p>T\u00fato t\u00e9zu prevzal Claus Westermann vo svojom rozsiahlom koment\u00e1ri ku Genezis a dnes je v\u0161eobecne prij\u00edman\u00e1. Presn\u00e1 podoba sprostredkovania, \u010di u\u017e priamo prostredn\u00edctvom babylonsk\u00e9ho zajatia, alebo cez \u00fastne trad\u00edcie na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode, zost\u00e1va predmetom diskusie.<\/p>\n<p>V modernej literat\u00fare sa Gilgame\u0161 stal symbolom h\u013eadania zmyslu po strate priate\u013ea.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edmi liter\u00e1rnymi adapt\u00e1ciami s\u00fa \u201eDas Buch von Gilgamesch\u201c (1972) od Stefana Heyma, \u201eGilgamesh\u201c (2001) od Joan London a rom\u00e1n \u201eGilgamesh the King\u201c (1984) od Roberta Silverberga. Vo filme je Gilgame\u0161ov\u00fdmi mot\u00edvmi pozna\u010den\u00fd \u201eStalker\u201c (1979) Andreja Tarkovsk\u00e9ho, \u010do s\u00e1m v\u00fdslovne spomenul vo svojich z\u00e1piskoch.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George v svojom kritickom vydan\u00ed \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb rekon\u0161truoval rukopisn\u00fa trad\u00edciu a analyzoval epos v jeho starovekom orient\u00e1lnom kontexte. Jeho pr\u00e1ca sa pova\u017euje za \u0161tandardn\u00e9 dielo a z\u00e1sadne ovplyvnila vedeck\u00e9 ch\u00e1panie tejto l\u00e1tky. Stefan Maul vo viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch analyzoval magicko-ritu\u00e1lne aspekty eposu.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen vid\u00ed v gilgame\u0161ovskej l\u00e1tke starobabylonsk\u00fa formu \u00favahy o smrti a umieran\u00ed. Z jeho poh\u013eadu epos nie je prim\u00e1rne hrdinsk\u00fdm rom\u00e1nom, ale teologick\u00fdm vyrovn\u00e1van\u00edm sa s kone\u010dnos\u0165ou. Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje spolo\u010densk\u00fa funkciu textu, ktor\u00fd sa v \u0161kol\u00e1ch odpisoval \u017eiakmi-pis\u00e1rmi a stal sa tak vzdelanostn\u00fdm z\u00e1kladom starobabylonskej elity.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley a Wilfred Lambert predlo\u017eili preklady a koment\u00e1re, ktor\u00e9 dielo pribl\u00ed\u017eili \u0161ir\u0161ej verejnosti. Walther Sallaberger rekon\u0161truoval starosumersk\u00e9 predchodcovsk\u00e9 verzie. V\u00fdskum dnes vn\u00edma Epos o Gilgame\u0161ovi ako jedno z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch sebasvedectiev starobabylonskej vysokej kult\u00fary a k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd text k ot\u00e1zke, ako sa ran\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 kult\u00fara vyrovn\u00e1vala so smrte\u013enos\u0165ou, priate\u013estvom a sl\u00e1vou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160tandardn\u00e1 verzia a Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liter\u00e1rne najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ou formou Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi je takzvan\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00e1 verzia, akkadsk\u00e1 kompoz\u00edcia zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca dvan\u00e1s\u0165 tabuliek, ktor\u00e1 bola zostaven\u00e1 v polovici 2. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kr. pod n\u00e1zvom \u00abSha naqba imuru\u00bb, \u00abTen, kto videl v\u0161etko\u00bb.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antick\u00e1<\/span> trad\u00edcia pripisuje redakciu u\u010den\u00e9mu Babylon\u010danovi menom Sin-leqi-unninni, k\u00fazeln\u00edkovi a pis\u00e1rovi, ktor\u00fd pravdepodobne p\u00f4sobil v strednobabylonskom obdob\u00ed (12. storo\u010die pred Kr.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho meno sa objavuje v zoznamoch pis\u00e1rov z Ninive ako \u201eten, kto zostavil tabu\u013eky\u201c. Andrew George vo svojom monument\u00e1lnom vydan\u00ed \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb (Oxford 2003) d\u00f4kladne rekon\u0161truoval dejiny textu a porovnal pramene z Ninive, Sultantepe, Babylonu, Uruku a Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0160tandardn\u00e1 verzia sa del\u00ed na dvan\u00e1s\u0165 tabuliek. Tabu\u013eky I a\u017e II opisuj\u00fa stvorenie Enkidua a jeho stretnutie s Gilgame\u0161om. Tabu\u013eky III a\u017e V zobrazuj\u00fa cestu do c\u00e9drov\u00e9ho lesa a boj s Humbabom. Tabu\u013eka VI rozpr\u00e1va o stretnut\u00ed s I\u0161tar a zabit\u00ed nebesk\u00e9ho b\u00fdka.<\/p><p>Tabu\u013eka VII obsahuje Enkiduovu smr\u0165 a Gilgame\u0161ov sm\u00fatok. Tabu\u013eky VIII a\u017e XI opisuj\u00fa Gilgame\u0161ovo h\u013eadanie nesmrte\u013enosti, vr\u00e1tane stretnutia s Utnapi\u0161tim, mezopot\u00e1mskym Noachom, a rozpr\u00e1vania o potope. Tabu\u013eka XII je sumersk\u00fdm doplnkom, ktor\u00fd ako pr\u00edlohu prin\u00e1\u0161a v\u00fd\u0148atok z \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsvetie\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Rozpr\u00e1vanie o potope v tabu\u013eke XI je jednou z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch epiz\u00f3d svetovej literat\u00fary. Utnapi\u0161tim rozpr\u00e1va Gilgame\u0161ovi, ako ho Enki varoval pred ve\u013ekou potopou, ktor\u00fa boh Enlil uvalil na \u013eudstvo. Utnapi\u0161tim postavil kor\u00e1b, do ktor\u00e9ho zachr\u00e1nil svoju rodinu, v\u0161etky \u017eiv\u00e9 tvory a vedomosti.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Po siedmich d\u0148och potopy kor\u00e1b prist\u00e1l na hore Nisir a bohovia Utnapi\u0161tima urobili nesmrte\u013en\u00fdm. Rozpr\u00e1vanie prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t publikoval v roku 1872 George Smith v Britskom m\u00fazeu, \u010do vyvolalo vedeck\u00fa aj teologick\u00fa senz\u00e1ciu, preto\u017ee nazna\u010dovalo mo\u017en\u00fa mezopot\u00e1msku predlohu biblick\u00e9ho rozpr\u00e1vania o potope.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Starobabylonsk\u00e9 verzie a texty o Bilgame\u0161ovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pred \u0161tandardnou verziou existovalo viacero starobabylonsk\u00fdch verzi\u00ed z 18. storo\u010dia pred Kr., medzi nimi Pennsylv\u00e1nska tabu\u013eka a Yalsk\u00e1 tabu\u013eka, ktor\u00e9 v oboch pr\u00edpadoch odpisovali \u0161tudenti akad\u00e9mi\u00ed ako pis\u00e1rsky cvi\u010dn\u00fd text.<\/p><p>Tieto starobabylonsk\u00e9 verzie s\u00fa miestami stru\u010dnej\u0161ie a liturgicky pru\u017enej\u0161ie ne\u017e \u0161tandardn\u00e1 verzia a obsahuj\u00fa varianty, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa \u0161\u0165astnej\u0161\u00ed koniec vz\u0165ahu medzi Gilgame\u0161om a Enkiduom. Pennsylv\u00e1nska tabu\u013eka za\u010d\u00edna snovou predzves\u0165ou Enkidua, ktor\u00fa vyslov\u00ed Gilgame\u0161ova matka Ninsun, sc\u00e9nou, ktor\u00e1 je v \u0161tandardnej verzii podan\u00e1 skr\u00e1tene.<\/p>\n<p>Pred starobabylonsk\u00fdmi verziami existuje sumersk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, v ktorej sa Gilgame\u0161 pod menom Bilgame\u0161 objavuje v piatich samostatn\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1vaniach.<\/p><p>Tieto texty o Bilgame\u0161ovi s\u00fa: \u00abBilgame\u0161 a Aga\u00bb, opis obliehania Uruku kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm susedom Agom; \u00abBilgame\u0161 a Huwawa\u00bb, predchodca epiz\u00f3dy o Humbabovi; \u00abBilgame\u0161 a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u00bb; \u00abBilgame\u0161, Enkidu a podsvetie\u00bb; a \u00abSmr\u0165 Bilgame\u0161a\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>T\u00fdchto p\u00e4\u0165 sumersk\u00fdch textov je star\u0161ie ne\u017e akkadsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia a siaha do obdobia tretej dynastie Uru (21. storo\u010die pred Kr.). \u00dapln\u00e9 vydanie s anglick\u00fdm prekladom predlo\u017eil Andrew George v diele \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb (Penguin Classics, 1999).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Osobitne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm prame\u0148om je \u00abSmr\u0165 Bilgame\u0161a\u00bb, text, ktor\u00fd zobrazuje smr\u0165 hrdinu a jeho pohreb. Gilgame\u0161 je v podsvet\u00ed ustanoven\u00fd za s\u00fadcu, funkciu, ktor\u00e1 sa nesk\u00f4r uplat\u0148uje aj v zakl\u00ednac\u00edch textoch.<\/p><p>Toto dvojit\u00e9 postavenie hrdinu minulosti a s\u00fadcu mrtvych je typickou kon\u0161trukciou pre mezopot\u00e1mske hrdinsk\u00e9 postavy. Aage Westenholz a Antoine Cavigneaux vo viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch analyzovali v\u00fdznam tohto textu pre mezopot\u00e1msku eschatol\u00f3giu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dejiny v\u00fdskumu a linky vplyvu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Objav Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi sa za\u010dal roku 1853 vykop\u00e1vkami Hormuzda Rassama v kni\u017enici A\u0161\u0161urbanipala v Ninive. Hlinen\u00e9 tabu\u013eky boli prevezen\u00e9 do British Museum, kde ich rozl\u00fa\u0161til George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jeho predn\u00e1\u0161ka \u00abThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge\u00bb pred Society of Biblical Archaeology 3. decembra 1872, spolufinancovan\u00e1 denn\u00edkom Daily Telegraph, sa pova\u017euje za za\u010diatok modernej asyriol\u00f3gie.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith n\u00e1sledne odcestoval do Ninive a v roku 1873 tam na\u0161iel \u010fal\u0161ie fragmenty, ktor\u00e9 dielo doplnili. Jeho vydanie \u00abThe Chaldean Account of Genesis\u00bb (1876) spr\u00edstupnilo epos \u0161irokej verejnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Modern\u00e9 vydania sa vo ve\u013ekej miere opieraj\u00fa o Andrewa Georgea z roku 2003, s dopl\u0148uj\u00facimi n\u00e1lezmi zo Sultantepe (publikoval Jeffrey Tigay 1982), z Ugaritu (publikoval Daniel Arnaud 2007) a z Hattu\u0161e (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y, v hetitskom a hurritskom preklade).<\/span><\/p><p>Tieto n\u00e1lezy z r\u00f4znych oblast\u00ed dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee epos sa v 2. tis\u00edcro\u010d\u00ed \u0161\u00edril vo viacer\u00fdch jazykoch a v mnoh\u00fdch kult\u00farach Predn\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, od Levanty a\u017e po Anat\u00f3liu.<\/p>\n<p>Vplyv eposu na neskor\u0161iu trad\u00edciu je rozmanit\u00fd. V biblickom b\u00e1dan\u00ed je diskusia o paralel\u00e1ch medzi Gilgame\u0161om a hebrejskou Bibliou st\u00e1lou t\u00e9mou u\u017e od Georgea Smitha. Frank Moore Cross, John Day a Othmar Keel identifikovali stopy gilgame\u0161ovskej l\u00e1tky v pr\u00edbehu o potope, v Knihe J\u00f3b a v \u017ealmoch.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V modernej literat\u00fare spracovali epos Rainer Maria Rilke (v listoch), Jorge Luis Borges (v poves\u0165iach) a Philip Roth (v diele \u00abThe Counterlife\u00bb). Nemeck\u00fd preklad Alberta Schotta a Wolframa von Sodena (Reclam 1958) dielo v nemecky hovoriacej oblasti etabloval.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Pramene: sumersk\u00e9 gilgame\u0161ovsk\u00e9 piesne (\u00abGilgame\u0161 a Chuvava\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161 a nebesk\u00fd b\u00fdk\u00bb, \u00abSmr\u0165 Gilgame\u0161a\u00bb), starobabylonsk\u00e9 fragmenty, \u0161tandardn\u00e1 verzia Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi na 12 tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch, hetitsk\u00fd preklad z Hattu\u0161e, tabu\u013eky z Ninive z kni\u017enice A\u0161\u0161urbanipala.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara: Andrew George, \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie \u0161tandardn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/literatura\/\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgame\u0161","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 kr\u00e1\u013e Uruku a hrdina eposu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgame\u0161 je mezopot\u00e1msky h\u00e9ros a kr\u00e1\u013e Uruku. 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