{"id":158071,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158071"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:50:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:50:05","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158071\" class=\"elementor elementor-158071 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, babylonsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je babylonsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia, zobrazovan\u00e1 ako pan\u00ed psov, ktor\u00fdch zviera je pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00fa my\u0161lienku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> uzdravenia. Gula je najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou bohy\u0148ou lie\u010denia staromezopot\u00e1mskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Uctievali ju predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v starobabylonskom a novoas\u00fdrskom obdob\u00ed a bola pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za patr\u00f3nku lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia, lek\u00e1rov a p\u00f4rodn\u00fdch bab\u00edc.<\/p><p>Jej atrib\u00fatom je pes, zviera, ktor\u00e9 v staromezopot\u00e1mskej predstave sp\u00e1jalo lie\u010denie s hranicou medzi \u017eivotom a smr\u0165ou. Jej najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> st\u00e1li v Isine, Nippure a Babylone.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami \u2014 sily pr\u00edrody, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/mezopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00edska zdokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva \u2014 Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdria (cca 3500 pred Kr. a\u017e 330 pred Kr.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159695\" alt=\"Gula - Bohovia z mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u00f4vod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je neskor\u0161ou a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou podobou viacer\u00fdch star\u0161\u00edch boh\u00fd\u0148 lie\u010denia, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm Ninisiny, Bau a Ninkarrak, ktor\u00e9 boli uctievan\u00e9 v starosumersk\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch Isin, Laga\u0161 a Sippar. Ninisina, \u201epan\u00ed Isinu\u201c, je jej najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou predchodky\u0148ou.<\/p><p>U\u017e v kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisoch dynastie Isin okolo roku 2000 pred Kr. vystupuje ako najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a lie\u010denia a mestsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a. V starobabylonskom obdob\u00ed sa jej funkcie a vlastnosti zl\u00fa\u010dili do jednotnej postavy Guly.<\/p>\n<p>Jej meno Gula znamen\u00e1 v akkad\u010dine \u201eVe\u013ek\u00e1\u201c. N\u00e1pisy ju naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa azugallu, teda \u201eve\u013ek\u00e1 lek\u00e1rka\u201c. Je dc\u00e9rou Anua, boha neba, alebo v in\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch dc\u00e9rou Enlila. Jej man\u017eelom je Ninurta, boh vojny a pluhu, s ktor\u00fdm tvor\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00faci p\u00e1r: on stoj\u00ed za bojovn\u00fdm dob\u00fdvan\u00edm, ona za lie\u010divou obnovou.<\/p>\n<p>Jej najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie sv\u00e4tyne sa nach\u00e1dzali v Isine, meste v ju\u017enej Mezopot\u00e1mii, a v Nippure, n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom centr\u00e1lnom meste. V Babylone jej v starobabylonskom obdob\u00ed postavili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> E-galmah. V Sippare bola uctievan\u00e1 v podobe Ninkarrak. Toto geografick\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie sved\u010d\u00ed o nadregion\u00e1lnom v\u00fdzname bohyne.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1my hymnus na Gulu, \u201eHymnus Bullussa-rabi\u201c, poch\u00e1dza zo strednobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia a pon\u00faka rozsiahle sebavyjadrenie bohyne. Popisuje sa v \u0148om ako lek\u00e1rka, o\u0161etrovate\u013eka, p\u00f4rodn\u00e1 baba a z\u00e1rove\u0148 spravodliv\u00e1 sudky\u0148a. Hymnus m\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fd v\u00fdznam, preto\u017ee zh\u0155\u0148a hlavn\u00e9 funkcie bohyne v liter\u00e1rne vysoko hodnotnej forme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atrib\u00faty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm atrib\u00fatom Guly je pes. Na kudurru hrani\u010dn\u00fdch kame\u0148och a reli\u00e9foch sed\u00ed pes ved\u013ea jej tr\u00f3nu alebo pri jej noh\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Pes v staromezopot\u00e1mskej predstave sp\u00e1jal lie\u010denie a smr\u0165: jeho sliny boli pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za lie\u010div\u00e9, \u010do archeologicky dokazuj\u00fa psie kosti n\u00e1jden\u00e9 vo sv\u00e4tyniach a lie\u010debn\u00e9 texty, ktor\u00e9 vyslovuj\u00fa zakl\u00ednacie formuly nad slinami psa. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 boli psy sprievodcami podsvetn\u00e9ho bo\u017estva a mohli by\u0165 ch\u00e1pan\u00ed ako sprievodcovia mrtvych.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm atrib\u00fatom je lanceta alebo lek\u00e1rska palica. Na niektor\u00fdch vyobrazeniach dr\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, ktor\u00fd pripom\u00edna chirurgick\u00e9 n\u00e1radie. Na odtla\u010dkoch pe\u010dat\u00ed sa \u010dasto zobrazuje pred chorou osobou, ku ktorej sa liece\u013ene obracia.<\/p>\n<p>Na mnoh\u00fdch kudurru kame\u0148och sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> sediaceho psa objavuje spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi astr\u00e1lnymi alebo kozmick\u00fdmi znakmi. Gula tak bola neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou teologickej geografie hrani\u010dn\u00fdch kame\u0148ov.<\/p><p>Symbolika psa zostala pritom z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fdm znakom, ktor\u00fd ju robil nezamenite\u013enou. Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Isinu potvrdili ritu\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam psa v jej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factu prejavuj\u00facich \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulte<\/span>, preto\u017ee tam boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 psie kosti ulo\u017een\u00e9 v osobitnom usporiadan\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 reli\u00e9fy zobrazuj\u00fa Gulu niekedy s hvezdou alebo polmesiacom, \u010do odkazuje na astr\u00e1lnu dimenziu jej kultu. Spojenie medzi lie\u010den\u00edm, v\u00fdkladom hvezd a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 privola\u0165 alebo poviaza\u0165 nejak\u00fa silu.\" tabindex=\"0\">zakl\u00ednan\u00edm<\/span> bolo v staromezopot\u00e1mskom myslen\u00ed \u00fazke, a Gula ako bohy\u0148a lie\u010denia patrila z\u00e1rove\u0148 do astr\u00e1lneho s\u00faboru poznania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uctievanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fd kult Guly sa nach\u00e1dzal v Isine, v ju\u017enej Mezopot\u00e1mii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> E-gal-mah bola miestom zhroma\u017e\u010fovania lek\u00e1rov, p\u00f4rodn\u00fdch asistentiek a pacientov. Pr\u00e1ve tam bolo objaven\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo hlinen\u00fdch vot\u00edvnych darov v tvare chor\u00fdch telesn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed, porovnate\u013en\u00fdch s v\u00f3tami v juhoitalsk\u00fdch lie\u010debn\u00fdch kultoch.<\/p><p>Tie poskytuj\u00fa priamy poh\u013ead do praxe: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010clovek, ktor\u00fd podnik\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovan\u00fa cestu na sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00fatnici<\/span> jej venovali modely chor\u00fdch o\u010d\u00ed, kon\u010dat\u00edn alebo bru\u0161n\u00fdch org\u00e1nov v n\u00e1deji na uzdravenie.<\/p>\n<p>V Nippure bol jej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span> E-mah, kde sa zhroma\u017e\u010fovalo kol\u00e9gium lek\u00e1rov.<\/p><p>Novoas\u00fdrsky v\u00fdraz pre lek\u00e1ra, asu, je odvoden\u00fd od jej funkcie. V Sippare bola uctievan\u00e1 pod menom Ninkarrak, v Babylone v E-galmah. V Borsippe, sesterskom meste Babylonu, bola integrovan\u00e1 ako sprievodn\u00e1 bohy\u0148a Nabua, boha p\u00edsma.<\/p>\n<p>Jej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch prakt\u00edk venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bol ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fd zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 medzi \u017eenami a lek\u00e1rmi. Zakl\u00ednacie texty zo starobabylonsk\u00e9ho a novoas\u00fdrskeho obdobia ju vz\u00fdvaj\u00fa pri porodoch, hor\u00fa\u010dkach, u\u0161tipnut\u00ed hadom a psychick\u00fdch poruch\u00e1ch. Zbierky zakl\u00ednadiel z kr\u00e1\u013eovskej kni\u017enice A\u0161\u0161urbanipala obsahuj\u00fa mno\u017estvo textov, v ktor\u00fdch je Gula vz\u00fdvan\u00e1 ako lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9 bo\u017estvo spolu s Mardukom, Eou a \u0160ama\u0161om.<\/p>\n<p>Zakl\u00ednacia prax pri l\u00f4\u017eku chor\u00e9ho zvy\u010dajne prebiehala vo viacer\u00fdch krokoch. Najprv asipu, zakl\u00ednac\u00ed k\u0148az, vz\u00fdval Gulu formul\u00e1ckym sp\u00f4sobom. Nasledovali konkr\u00e9tne pokyny, \u010dasto s bylinn\u00fdmi zmesami alebo ritu\u00e1lnymi \u00fakonmi, ako bolo pretretie vlnen\u00fdm vl\u00e1knom, ktor\u00e9 sa potom sp\u00e1lilo, aby sa choroba symbolicky zni\u010dila.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to prax, \u010dasto spojen\u00e1 s psom ako ritu\u00e1lnym zviera\u0165om, je zdokumentovan\u00e1 na stovk\u00e1ch hlinen\u00fdch tabuliek.<\/p>\n<p>V novoas\u00fdrskom obdob\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tna \u00facta k Gule vzr\u00e1stla. A\u0161\u0161urbanipal dal jej texty prep\u00edsa\u0165 a zaradi\u0165 do svojej kni\u017enice. Aj kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 \u017eeny jej prin\u00e1\u0161ali osobn\u00e9 vot\u00edvne dary, \u010do pod\u010diarkuje spojenie bohyne s p\u00f4rodom a materstvom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula sa v narat\u00edvnych textoch objavuje menej ne\u017e Inanna alebo Marduk. Jej najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm textom je \u201eHymnus Bullussa-rabi\u201c, ve\u013ek\u00e9 sebapredstavenie bohyne v 200 riadkoch.<\/p><p>V \u0148om sa naz\u00fdva dc\u00e9rou Anua, man\u017eelkou Ninurtu, lek\u00e1rkou ve\u013ek\u00fdch bohov, p\u00f4rodnou babou n\u00e1rodov a spravodlivou ochranky\u0148ou slab\u00fdch. Hymnus je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, preto\u017ee uzatv\u00e1ra teologick\u00fa konsolid\u00e1ciu mnoh\u00fdch lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdch boh\u00fd\u0148 pod menom Gula.<\/p>\n<p>V Anzuovom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdte<\/span> Gula priamo nevystupuje, ale v neskor\u0161\u00edch verzi\u00e1ch je po v\u00ed\u0165azstve Ninurtu spom\u00ednan\u00e1 spolu s n\u00edm a \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed sa triumf\u00e1lnej sl\u00e1vnosti. Toto spojenie ju integruje do kozmick\u00e9ho hrdinsk\u00e9ho eposu a d\u00e1va jej narat\u00edvne spojenie s Anzuov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtom<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1tke rozpr\u00e1vanie hovor\u00ed o Gulinom psovi, ktor\u00fd raz onemocnel. Bohy\u0148a mu musela sama pom\u00f4c\u0165 a pou\u017eila pri tom viacer\u00e9 svoje lie\u010div\u00e9 byliny.<\/p><p>Z tejto bolesti, ako sa hovor\u00ed, vznikla jej schopnos\u0165 lie\u010di\u0165, preto\u017ee utrpenie najsk\u00f4r za\u017eila na vlastnom zvierati. Toto rozpr\u00e1vanie, zachovan\u00e9 vo viacer\u00fdch fragmentoch, d\u00e1va bohyni empatick\u00fd charakter, ktor\u00fd ju odli\u0161uje od \u010disto pr\u00e1vne-trestaj\u00facich bo\u017estiev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahy v pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je vydat\u00e1 s Ninurtom, ktor\u00fd je bojovn\u00edckym a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskym bohom. Obaja tvoria komplement\u00e1rny p\u00e1r, v ktorom s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 vojnov\u00e9 otrasy a lie\u010div\u00e1 obnova. S Damuom, mlad\u0161\u00edm lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdm bohom a jej synom, m\u00e1 \u00fazky rodinn\u00fd vz\u0165ah. Damu je \u010dasto ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako Gulin n\u00e1stupca v lie\u010dite\u013eskej funkcii.<\/p>\n<p>S Ninisinou, Bau a Ninkarrak je kultovo zliata, \u010do ukazuje teologick\u00fd konsolida\u010dn\u00fd proces starobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia. S Mardukom, r\u00ed\u0161skym bohom Babylonu, je vo vz\u0165ahu kultovej spolupr\u00e1ce: v lie\u010debn\u00fdch zakl\u00ednadl\u00e1ch s\u00fa obaja \u010dasto vz\u00fdvan\u00ed spolo\u010dne, preto\u017ee Marduk v babylonskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span> zauj\u00edmal \u010doraz centr\u00e1lnej\u0161iu \u00falohu a prekr\u00fdval sa aj s lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdmi funkciami.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0161ir\u0161om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span> m\u00e1 Gula vz\u0165ahy k \u0160ama\u0161ovi, bohu Slnka a pr\u00e1va, ako aj k Eovi, bohu m\u00fadrosti. Spojenie s Eom je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 tesn\u00e9, preto\u017ee je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za kozmick\u00e9ho u\u010dite\u013ea lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia a Gula funguje ako jeho pozemsk\u00fd protip\u00f3l.<\/p>\n<p>Gula je v teologickom zozname An stoto\u017enen\u00e1 s Ninkarrak, lie\u010dite\u013eskou bohy\u0148ou Akadu, ktor\u00e1 je v kliatobn\u00fdch formul\u00e1ch Hammurabiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kolmo stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 doska s n\u00e1pisom alebo obrazom.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9ly<\/span> uv\u00e1dzan\u00e1 ako adres\u00e1tka lek\u00e1rskych trestov.<\/p><p>Jej man\u017eelom je Pabilsag, bojovn\u00edcky a lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fd boh, ktor\u00fd je v neskorobabylonskej astron\u00f3mii identifikovan\u00fd so s\u00fahvezd\u00edm Strelec. Toto spojenie lie\u010dite\u013eskej bohyne a bojovn\u00edka je pre Mezopot\u00e1miu typick\u00e1 kon\u0161tel\u00e1cia, v ktorej s\u00fa v jednom bo\u017eskom p\u00e1re spojen\u00e9 ochrana a agresivita.<\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm osobitn\u00fdm pr\u00edpadom je identifik\u00e1cia Gula-I\u0161tar v niektor\u00fdch neskorobabylonsk\u00fdch hymnoch, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zachyti\u0165 obe bohyne ako aspekty jedinej \u017eenskej moci. Toto zl\u00fa\u010denie je sporn\u00e9 a pova\u017euje sa za osobitn\u00fd pr\u00edpad neskorej teologickej spekul\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 sa pod vplyvom narastaj\u00facej mardukovskej monolatrie sna\u017eila zjednoti\u0165 aj hlavn\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00e9 bohyne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ohlas a vplyv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gulaov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanikol so z\u00e1nikom babylonskej vysokej kult\u00fary v seleukovskom obdob\u00ed. Jej lie\u010debn\u00e9 texty sa v\u0161ak \u010falej odpisovali a uchov\u00e1vali v kni\u017eniciach helenistick\u00e9ho svet a. Sumerologick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie 19. a 20. storo\u010dia ju zrekon\u0161truovali ako centr\u00e1lnu postavu mezopot\u00e1mskych dej\u00edn medic\u00edny.<\/p>\n<p>V modernej hist\u00f3rii medic\u00edny je Gula uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 ako jedna z najstar\u0161\u00edch dokumentovan\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch boh\u00fd\u0148 lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia. Reli\u00e9fy z Isinu s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 v mnoh\u00fdch u\u010debniciach dej\u00edn medic\u00edny. V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch psa sa objavuje ako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 dokladov\u00e1 postava dvojitej funkcie psa, lie\u010dite\u013ea a sprievodcu mrtvych.<\/p>\n<p>V popul\u00e1rnej kult\u00fare sa Gula dnes objavuje zriedka, av\u0161ak v textoch o starovekej orient\u00e1lnej medic\u00edne a v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o dejin\u00e1ch p\u00f4rodn\u00edctva je \u00fastrednou referen\u010dnou postavou. Prepojenie medzi jej psou symbolikou a neskor\u0161\u00edmi lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdmi bohmi so psom (napr\u00edklad Askl\u00e9piom s hadom a psom v gr\u00e9ckom svete) sa rozober\u00e1 v porovn\u00e1vacom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom v\u00fdskume.<\/p>\n<p>V helenistickej Mezopot\u00e1mii bola Gula identifikovan\u00e1 s Hekat\u00e9, gr\u00e9ckou bohy\u0148ou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zasiahnu\u0165 do behu vec\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> a psov. T\u00e1to identifik\u00e1cia je epigraficky dok\u00e1zan\u00e1 v n\u00e1pisoch z seleukovsk\u00e9ho obdobia z Uruku, najm\u00e4 na bilingv\u00e1lnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zvislo stojaca, pop\u00edsan\u00e1 alebo zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di dreven\u00e1 plat\u0148a.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> z 3. storo\u010dia pred Kristom. Spolo\u010dn\u00fdm prvkom je ps\u00ed atrib\u00fat a no\u010dn\u00e1 lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e1 funkcia.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert v diele \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb na\u010drtol n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fa linku od Guly cez Hekat\u00e9 a\u017e po neskor\u0161iu Dianu.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V dejin\u00e1ch medic\u00edny sa Gula pova\u017euje za najstar\u0161iu menovite zn\u00e1mu lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fa bohy\u0148u, ktor\u00e1 je patr\u00f3nkou vlastnej profesie. Jej uctievanie je kore\u0148om neskor\u0161ieho komplexu Askl\u00e9pios-Hippokrates, \u010do podrobne rozobral Vivian Nutton v diele \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd medic\u00ednsko-historick\u00fd v\u00fdskum vn\u00edma trad\u00edciu Guly ako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd prvok predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich dej\u00edn gr\u00e9ckeho lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia, s konkr\u00e9tnymi stopami vo farmakol\u00f3gii a diagnostike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen zara\u010fuje Gulu do okruhu ve\u013ek\u00fdch \u017eensk\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch bo\u017estiev, ktor\u00fdch funkcia sa v starobabylonskom obdob\u00ed s\u00fastredila na lie\u010denie a p\u00f4rod. V jej zl\u00fa\u010den\u00ed s Ninisinou vid\u00ed typick\u00fd proces konsolid\u00e1cie, v ktorom sa viacer\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 bohyne spojili do jednej celor\u00ed\u0161sky platnej postavy.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje soci\u00e1lnu funkciu jej kultu. Gula bola patr\u00f3nkou celej profesijnej skupiny, asu a asipu, teda medic\u00ednsko-ritu\u00e1lnych \u0161pecialistov. Prepojenie tejto profesijnej skupiny s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span> bolo d\u00f4le\u017eitou \u0161truktur\u00e1lnou zlo\u017ekou starej mezopot\u00e1mskej spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o ve\u0161tectve a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zasiahnu\u0165 do behu vec\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> zdokumentoval \u00fazke prepojenie Gulinho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> a zakl\u00ednacej praxe. Walther Sallaberger a Andrew George archeologicky a textovo zrekon\u0161truovali chr\u00e1mov\u00fd kult v Isine a Nippure.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert kriticky vydal a komentoval \u00abHymnus Bullussa-rabi\u00bb. V\u00fdskum vid\u00ed v Gule jeden z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov k pochopeniu starej mezopot\u00e1mskej medic\u00edny a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gulov hymnus od Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm liter\u00e1rnym textom o bohyni je ve\u013ek\u00fd Gulov hymnus od Bullussa-rabi, menovite zn\u00e1mej pis\u00e1rky zo strednobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia, pravdepodobne z 12. storo\u010dia pred Kristom. Text v rozsahu 200 riadkov sa zachoval v viacer\u00fdch exempl\u00e1roch, najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie tabu\u013eky poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z kni\u017en\u00edc A\u0161\u0161uru, Ninive a Babylonu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hymnus prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t vydal v roku 1967 Wilfred G. Lambert v Orientalia 36, s rozsiahlym koment\u00e1rom a prekladom. Text je nap\u00edsan\u00fd v \u0161t\u00fdle sebaprezent\u00e1cie, v ktorej Gula v prvej osobe hovor\u00ed o svojich vlastnostiach, sil\u00e1ch a lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi predstavuje bohy\u0148u v encyklopedickom v\u00fdpo\u010dte jej mien a funkci\u00ed. Je Belet-ili, Pani bohov, Nintinugga, Bau a Ninisinna, ktor\u00e9 boli uctievan\u00e9 v r\u00f4znych mest\u00e1ch Sumeru.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to konkaten\u00e1cia region\u00e1lnych boh\u00fd\u0148 pod jedn\u00fdm dominantn\u00fdm menom je pr\u00edkladom mezopot\u00e1mskej synkretickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>, v ktorej sa miestne kulty spojili pod jedn\u00fdm hlavn\u00fdm menom. Hymnus je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd, preto\u017ee zachyt\u00e1va teologick\u00fa integr\u00e1ciu mnoh\u00fdch lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdch boh\u00fd\u0148 do jedinej postavy Guly.<\/p>\n<p>Obsahovo hymnus popisuje Gulinu \u010dinnos\u0165 ako lek\u00e1rky. Je \u00abve\u013ekou lek\u00e1rkou, ktor\u00e1 obracia \u017ealospev na rados\u0165\u00bb, \u00abupokojuje ranu t\u00fdm, \u017ee ju obvia\u017ee\u00bb, \u00abnech\u00e1va mrtveho vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa do \u017eivota\u00bb.<\/p><p>Posledn\u00e9 vyjadrenie je hyperbolick\u00e9, ale ukazuje rozsah pripisovanej lie\u010dite\u013eskej sily. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tne miesto zauj\u00edma v\u00fdpo\u010det lie\u010div\u00fdch byliniek, ktor\u00fdch presn\u00e1 botanick\u00e1 identifik\u00e1cia predstavuje pre modr\u00fd v\u00fdskum \u0165a\u017ekosti. Stefan Maul t\u00fato farmakopeu komentoval vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o babylonskom lie\u010dite\u013eskom umen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin a chr\u00e1mov\u00e1 archeol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fdm centrom kultu Guly bolo mesto Isin na dolnom Eufrate, ktor\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba, ktor\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd bohyni nosil meno E-gal-mah, \u00abve\u013ek\u00fd vzne\u0161en\u00fd pal\u00e1c\u00bb.<\/p><p>Mesto za\u017eilo svoj rozmach v 20. a 19. storo\u010d\u00ed pred Kr. po\u010das dynastie Isin, ktorej kr\u00e1li sa naz\u00fdvali \u00abvyvolen\u00fdmi z domu Ninisinny\u00bb (teda Guly). Stavebn\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy Lipit-I\u0161tara a Enlil-baniho dokumentuj\u00fa rozsiahle nad\u00e1cie, medzi nimi obnovy chr\u00e1mov, zasv\u00e4tenia s\u00f4ch a zria\u010fovanie lie\u010debn\u00fdch priestorov.<\/p>\n<p>Nemeck\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky v Isine pod veden\u00edm Barthela Hroudu medzi rokmi 1973 a 1989 odkryli E-gal-mah takmer v celom rozsahu. V chr\u00e1movom n\u00e1dvor\u00ed sa na\u0161la stud\u0148a, do ktorej boli po uzdraven\u00ed h\u00e1dzan\u00e9 fig\u00farky psov ako vot\u00edvne dary.<\/p><p>Archeol\u00f3govia z\u00edskali nieko\u013eko stoviek terakotov\u00fdch psov, ktor\u00e9 boli do vody vkladan\u00e9 v priebehu st\u00e1ro\u010d\u00ed. Tento nezvy\u010dajn\u00fd druh prame\u0148ov potvrdzuje symboliku psa spom\u00ednan\u00fa v hymne bohyni a poskytuje poh\u013ead na \u013eudov\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165 t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed h\u013eadali uzdravenie.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> st\u00e1la v Nippure a tretia v Babylone, kde sa Gula v neskorobabylonskom obdob\u00ed stala \u0161t\u00e1tnou teologicky \u00fastrednou bohy\u0148ou lie\u010denia. Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy Nabuchodonozora II. ju uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ako darky\u0148u uzdravenia kr\u00e1\u013ea po \u0165a\u017ekej chorobe.<\/p><p>Aj v meste A\u0161\u0161\u00far v As\u00fdrii existoval E-gal-mah, ktor\u00fd obnovili Sinacherib a A\u0161\u0161urbanipal. T\u00e1to celoregion\u00e1lna pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 rob\u00ed z Guly jedno z hlavn\u00fdch celomezopot\u00e1mskych bo\u017estiev, porovnate\u013en\u00e9 svoj\u00edm p\u00f4soben\u00edm s I\u0161tar alebo Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pes ako atrib\u00fat a vot\u00edvna prax<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pes je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm atrib\u00fatom Guly, \u010do je v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov jedn\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo jednej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span> Mezopot\u00e1mie jedine\u010dn\u00e9. In\u00ed bohovia maj\u00fa b\u00fdkov, levov alebo draky, ale iba Gula m\u00e1 za sprievodn\u00e9 zviera psa.<\/p><p>Na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine reli\u00e9fov kudurru zo strednobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na kudurru Meli-\u0160ipaka (12. storo\u010die pred Kr.), je zobrazen\u00e1 tr\u00f3nnou s le\u017eiacim psom pri noh\u00e1ch. T\u00e1to obrazov\u00e1 trad\u00edcia je zdokumentovan\u00e1 aj na glazovan\u00fdch tehl\u00e1ch Nabuchodonozora II. v Babylone.<\/p>\n<p>Historicky je symbolika psa mnohovrstevn\u00e1. Psy s\u00fa v Mezopot\u00e1mii na jednej strane pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za ne\u010dist\u00e9 a ob\u00e1van\u00e9, na druhej strane s\u00fa str\u00e1\u017ecami prahu. V lie\u010dite\u013estve je pes pravdepodobne posv\u00e4tn\u00fdm lie\u010debn\u00fdm zviera\u0165om, ktor\u00e9ho slina a l\u00edzanie r\u00e1n platili v \u013eudovej medic\u00edne za lie\u010div\u00e9.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leistenov\u00e1 vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o babylonskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve upozornila na dvojzna\u010dnos\u0165 psa, ktor\u00fd bol ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako \u010dist\u00fd aj ne\u010dist\u00fd z\u00e1rove\u0148. Aj Karen Radnerov\u00e1 sa v viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch venovala vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9mu vz\u0165ahu lie\u010debn\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu a uctievania psa.<\/p>\n<p>Vot\u00edvna prax zah\u0155\u0148ala okrem hlinen\u00fdch psov aj modely chor\u00fdch telesn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed. Pri chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vkach sa na\u0161li hlinen\u00e9 odliatky r\u00fak, chodidiel, o\u010d\u00ed a genit\u00e1li\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 pacienti prin\u00e1\u0161ali ako prosebn\u00e9 dary.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to prax m\u00e1 priame paralely v neskor\u0161\u00edch gr\u00e9ckych chr\u00e1moch Asklepia, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v Epidaure, kde uzdraven\u00ed zanech\u00e1vali hlinen\u00e9 odliatky kon\u010dat\u00edn. O priamej religionisticko-historickej kontinuite sa diskutuje, av\u0161ak jednozna\u010dne ju preuk\u00e1za\u0165 nemo\u017eno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobie gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span>: pramene \u00abHymnus na Bullussa-rabi\u00bb venovan\u00fd Gule, lek\u00e1rske a zakl\u00ednacie texty zo staro babylonsk\u00e9ho a novoas\u00fdrskeho obdobia, n\u00e1pisy z Isinu, Nippuru a Sipparu, hymny na Ninisinu a Ninkarraku, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode vec\u00ed a usporiadan\u00ed sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> o Anzuovi v neskor\u0161\u00edch verzi\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie \u0161tandardn\u00e9 diela n\u00e1jdete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/literatura\/\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 Babylonsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a lie\u010denia a pan\u00ed psov | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula je babylonsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia, medic\u00edny a o\u017eivovania. 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