{"id":158067,"date":"2026-09-04T22:21:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158067"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:49:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:49:54","slug":"janus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/janus\/","title":{"rendered":"Janus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158067\" class=\"elementor elementor-158067 elementor-3016 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05047e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"05047e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3193240 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3193240\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33b5239 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33b5239\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06668d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06668d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Janus, r\u00edmsky boh po\u010diatkov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2af55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e2af55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus je r\u00edmsky boh po\u010diatkov, dver\u00ed a prechodov, ktor\u00e9mu bol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prostredn\u00edctvom n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu odovzdan\u00fd sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu, a t\u00fdm vy\u0148at\u00fd z be\u017en\u00e9ho.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd<\/span> za\u010diatok roka i ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd za\u010diatok. Janus je dvojtv\u00e1rny r\u00edmsky boh za\u010diatku, konca, br\u00e1n a prechodu.<\/p><p>V talickom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve m\u00e1 v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9 postavenie, preto\u017ee nem\u00e1 priamu gr\u00e9cku ani etrusk\u00fa obdobu a pova\u017euje sa za p\u00f4vodne r\u00edmske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> na f\u00f3re, Ianus geminus, symbolicky regulovala vojnu a mier cel\u00e9ho mesta. Pri ka\u017edej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbe<\/span> sa jeho meno vyslovovalo ako prv\u00e9, \u010do mu prepo\u017ei\u010diavalo v\u00fdsadn\u00e9 postavenie v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej modlitbovej praxi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87192d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87192d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d43a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0d43a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ Bohy\u0148a: Zosobnen\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasne vymedzenou p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ou \u2014 sily pr\u00edrody, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/rim\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00edmske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo od kr\u00e1\u013eovstva a\u017e po neskor\u00fa antiku \u2014 synkretick\u00e9, s gr\u00e9ckymi a etrusk\u00fdmi vrstvami.\">R\u00edm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8223baf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8223baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7012a23 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"7012a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__7012a23\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0108958 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0108958\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3fc010 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b3fc010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159690\" alt=\"Janus \u2013 bohovia z r\u00edmskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_janus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe12bf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cbe12bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1ab632 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b1ab632\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5dd818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5dd818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a p\u00f4vod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b80c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78b80c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Janus sa z jazykovedn\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska odv\u00e1dza od latinsk\u00e9ho slova ianua, teda \u201ebr\u00e1na\u201c alebo \u201epriechod\u201c. Oba pojmy maj\u00fa indoeur\u00f3psky kore\u0148 s v\u00fdznamom \u201e\u00eds\u0165\u201c, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje aj v sanskritsk\u00fdch a avestsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrazoch. Janus je tak etymologicky bohom prech\u00e1dzania.<\/p>\n<p>Macrobius v \u00abSaturn\u00e1li\u00e1ch\u00bb hovor\u00ed o Janovi ako o p\u00f4vodne talickej vl\u00e1dcovskej postave. Pod\u013ea tejto trad\u00edcie pri\u0161iel z v\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Latia, prijal Saturna, ktor\u00fd musel utiec\u0165 pred Jupiterom, a spolo\u010dne s n\u00edm zalo\u017eil starobyl\u00fd Zlat\u00fd vek Talianska.<\/p><p>Ov\u00eddius v \u00abFastoch\u00bb nadv\u00e4zuje na rovnak\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie a svoje dielo za\u010d\u00edna Janom, ktor\u00fd otv\u00e1ra cel\u00fd rok. V dial\u00f3gu s b\u00e1snikom boh vo \u00abFastoch\u00bb s\u00e1m vysvet\u013euje svoje funkcie.<\/p>\n<p>Dvojtv\u00e1rnos\u0165, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Bifrons, nazna\u010duje star\u00fa predstavu, v ktorej boh h\u013ead\u00ed naraz do dvoch smerov. Mytologicky sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vyklad\u00e1 ako poh\u013ead do minulosti a bud\u00facnosti, na niektor\u00fdch miestach ako poh\u013ead smerom dovn\u00fatra a navonok alebo na v\u00fdchod a z\u00e1pad.<\/p><p>Na rozdiel od gr\u00e9ckeho Herma, ktor\u00fd iba sprostredk\u00fava pohyb, Janus sed\u00ed priamo na prahu a steles\u0148uje ho. T\u00e1to teologick\u00e1 koncepcia je v antickom svete jedine\u010dn\u00e1 a rob\u00ed z neho ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fd predmet modern\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho myslenia.<\/p>\n<p>Janus zrejme nemal indoeur\u00f3pskeho predchodcu, ale vznikol z p\u00f4vodne talickej vrstvy, v ktorej mali dvere ako prah domu osobit\u00fa kultov\u00fa v\u00e1\u017enos\u0165.<\/p><p>V ka\u017edom r\u00edmskom dome bola ianua spojen\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdmi obradmi a boh prahov bol vz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako osobn\u00e1 ochrana pred \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi vplyvmi. Spojenie dom\u00e1ceho a \u0161t\u00e1tneho prahu je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k pochopeniu tohto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b2b443 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b2b443\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e359b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95e359b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly a atrib\u00faty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2570a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2570a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centr\u00e1lnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> Jana je jeho dvojit\u00e1 tv\u00e1r. Na minciach a reli\u00e9foch sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie zobrazuje ako bradat\u00fd starec s dvoma tv\u00e1rami oto\u010den\u00fdmi na opa\u010dn\u00e9 strany. Takto ho zobrazuj\u00fa ro\u010dn\u00e9 asy r\u00edmskej republiky a tento mot\u00edv zostal \u0161tandardn\u00fdm mot\u00edvom \u0161t\u00e1tnej reprezent\u00e1cie a\u017e do doby cis\u00e1rskej.<\/p>\n<p>Palica a k\u013e\u00fa\u010d s\u00fa jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie atrib\u00faty. Palica ho ozna\u010duje ako str\u00e1\u017ecu ciest, k\u013e\u00fa\u010d ako str\u00e1\u017ecu br\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Oba spolu vyjadruj\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00fa funkciu prahov\u00e9ho bo\u017estva, ktor\u00e9 rozhoduje o otv\u00e1ran\u00ed a zatv\u00e1ran\u00ed. V niektor\u00fdch zobrazeniach nos\u00ed dvan\u00e1s\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov, jeden pre ka\u017ed\u00fd mesiac roka, ktor\u00fd ako boh prv\u00e9ho mesiaca otv\u00e1ra.<\/p>\n<p>Ianus geminus na f\u00f3re, dvojit\u00e1 br\u00e1na medzi F\u00f3rom Romanom a Argiletom, bol jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148ou<\/span>. Jej dve br\u00e1ny zost\u00e1vali v \u010dase mieru zatvoren\u00e9 a v \u010dase vojny otvoren\u00e9.<\/p><p>Livius uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee tieto br\u00e1ny boli pred Augustom zatvoren\u00e9 len trikr\u00e1t v celej hist\u00f3rii, \u010do zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdnimo\u010dnos\u0165 r\u00edmskych obdob\u00ed mieru v rozsahu celej r\u00ed\u0161e. S\u00e1m Augustus sa v \u00abRes gestae\u00bb chv\u00e1li, \u017ee br\u00e1ny po\u010das svojej vl\u00e1dy zatvoril trikr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ou stavbou spojenou s Janom je Janus Quadrifrons na F\u00f3re Boarium, \u0161tvortv\u00e1rov\u00e1 br\u00e1na, ktor\u00e1 ozna\u010dovala prahy vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u0161tyroch svetov\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch. T\u00e1to stavba z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prechodn\u00e1 epocha medzi staroveku a stredovekom, pribli\u017ene 3. a\u017e 7. storo\u010die.\" tabindex=\"0\">neskorej antiky<\/span> stoj\u00ed e\u0161te dnes vo ve\u013ekej miere zachovan\u00e1 na Foro Boario a pova\u017euje sa za posledn\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 svedectvo Janovho kultu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3140e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d3140e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3616fb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3616fb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uctievanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a8162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57a8162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus st\u00e1l na za\u010diatku ka\u017edej r\u00edmskej modlitby a ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu. Pred ka\u017edou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetou<\/span> sa jemu ako prv\u00e9mu predniesla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednacie oslovenie bo\u017estva \u010di moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">invok\u00e1cia<\/span>, preto\u017ee otv\u00e1ral pr\u00edstup k ostatn\u00fdm bohom. T\u00e1to jeho prvenstevn\u00e1 funkcia sa jednotne objavuje v n\u00e1pisoch, modlitbov\u00fdch formul\u00e1ch a liter\u00e1rnych prame\u0148och. Cicero a Macrobius sa jej podrobne venuj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho hlavn\u00fd sviatok pripadal na 1. janu\u00e1ra, de\u0148 Nov\u00e9ho roka. U\u017e v juli\u00e1nskom kalend\u00e1ri st\u00e1l mesiac Ianuarius pod jeho patron\u00e1tom. V de\u0148 Nov\u00e9ho roka si Rimania vymie\u0148ali mal\u00e9 dar\u010deky, tzv. strenae, obsahuj\u00face sladkosti, datle alebo mince.<\/p><p>Toto gesto malo osudov\u00fd charakter, preto\u017ee to, \u010do sa robilo v de\u0148 Nov\u00e9ho roka, malo pozna\u010di\u0165 cel\u00fd nasleduj\u00faci rok. T\u00e1to zvyklos\u0165 \u017eije \u010falej vo franc\u00fazskom \u00e9trennes a talianskom strenne ako novoro\u010dn\u00fd dar\u010dek a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie sa za\u010d\u00ednali pri Ianus geminus. Br\u00e1ny otv\u00e1ral konzul alebo princeps, vojsko cez ne symbolicky pre\u0161lo a vojna sa tak pova\u017eovala za vyhl\u00e1sen\u00fa. Pri n\u00e1vrate a uzavret\u00ed mieru sa br\u00e1ny zatv\u00e1rali v opa\u010dnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd \u00fakon, ktor\u00fd sa odohr\u00e1va pod\u013ea pevn\u00fdch pravidiel.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerem\u00f3nii<\/span>.<\/p><p>Augustus vo svojich \u00abRes Gestae\u00bb zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee za svojej vl\u00e1dy nechal br\u00e1ny zatvori\u0165 trikr\u00e1t, \u010do sa predt\u00fdm v celej r\u00edmskej hist\u00f3rii stalo iba dvakr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Okrem toho existovali v R\u00edme aj men\u0161ie Janusove sv\u00e4tyne. Provin\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9 zriedkavej\u0161ie, \u010do pod\u010diarkuje v\u00fdslovne r\u00edmsko-mestsk\u00e9 zakotvenie Janovho kultu. V Laziu a Etr\u00farii je napriek tomu zn\u00e1mych nieko\u013eko vidieckych Janusov\u00fdch olt\u00e1rov, zvy\u010dajne postaven\u00fdch pri vstupe do ded\u00edn alebo na kri\u017eovatk\u00e1ch ciest.<\/p>\n<p>Osobitn\u00fa \u00falohu zohr\u00e1val Janus aj v Sali\u00e1rskej pies\u0148ovej zbierke, starobylom modlitbovom zborn\u00edku k\u0148azov S\u00e1liov. Tam bol vz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako kr\u00e1\u013e bohov e\u0161te pred Iuppiterom, \u010do ukazuje archaick\u00fa vrstvu r\u00edmskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>, v ktorej mal Janus nad\u010dasov\u00e9 prvenstvo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99562d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99562d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a058ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a058ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00fdty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d91477 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d91477\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie mytologick\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie zachyt\u00e1va z\u00e1chranu R\u00edma pred Sab\u00ednmi. Pod\u013ea Livia a Ov\u00eddia Sab\u00edni napadli R\u00edm, prenikli cez Kapitolsk\u00fd vrch a dostali sa a\u017e do bl\u00edzkosti F\u00f3ra.<\/p><p>Janus v rozhoduj\u00facom okamihu sp\u00f4sobil, \u017ee zo zeme vyrazil hor\u00faci prame\u0148, ktor\u00fd \u00fato\u010diacich Sab\u00ednov zatla\u010dil sp\u00e4\u0165 a mestu poskytol \u010das, aby sa spam\u00e4talo. Z v\u010fa\u010dnosti Rimania na mieste prame\u0148a zasv\u00e4tili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148u<\/span> a rozhodli sa, \u017ee po\u010das vojnov\u00fdch \u010dias bud\u00fa br\u00e1ny ponech\u00e1va\u0165 otvoren\u00e9, aby boh mohol v pr\u00edpade potreby zasiahnu\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie sp\u00e1ja Janusa so Saturnom. Pod\u013ea Macrobia a Verg\u00edlia Saturn utiekol po v\u00ed\u0165azstve svojho syna Iuppitera z Olympu a pri\u0161iel do Latia, kde ho Janus prijal.<\/p><p>Obaja spolo\u010dne vl\u00e1dli a prinieskli dobu mieru a hojnosti, ktor\u00e1 sa v kult\u00farnej pam\u00e4ti It\u00e1lie zap\u00edsala ako Zlat\u00fd vek. Nesk\u00f4r Janus zostal s\u00e1m a rozvinul z\u00e1kony a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo. Toto rozpr\u00e1vanie mu prisudzuje postavenie kult\u00farneho zakladate\u013ea na prahu medzi mytick\u00fdm a historick\u00fdm \u010dasom.<\/p>\n<p>Tretie rozpr\u00e1vanie sa t\u00fdka nymfy Carny alebo Cardey, ktor\u00fa Janus miloval a ktorej udelil moc nad dverov\u00fdmi z\u00e1vesmi. V Ov\u00eddiov\u00fdch \u00abFast\u00e1ch\u00bb sa rozpr\u00e1va <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span>, v ktorom je Cardea ustanoven\u00e1 za bohy\u0148u prahov a rodiny.<\/p><p>Chr\u00e1ni deti v dome, a preto sa na jej sviatok 1. j\u00fana jedli \u010derstv\u00e9 fazule a slanina, aby sa zahnalo zlo. Toto rozpr\u00e1vanie sp\u00e1ja Janusa s rodinn\u00fdm ka\u017edodenn\u00fdm \u017eivotom a ukazuje jeho p\u00f4sobenie aj mimo mestsko-\u0161t\u00e1tnej sf\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160tvrt\u00e9 mytologick\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie hovor\u00ed o Janusovi a Iuturne. Janus vraj zbavil nymfu Iuturnu smrte\u013enosti a pov\u00fd\u0161il ju na bohy\u0148u prame\u0148ov. T\u00e1to epiz\u00f3da, ktor\u00fa spom\u00edna Verg\u00edlius v \u00abAeneide\u00bb, sp\u00e1ja Janusa s vidieckym kultom prame\u0148ov a pod\u010diarkuje jeho funkciu boha prahu aj medzi \u013eudskou a bo\u017eskou sf\u00e9rou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b6e05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49b6e05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d81d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d81d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahy v pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9558c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9558c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus stoj\u00ed na \u010dele takmer v\u0161etk\u00fdch r\u00edmskych vz\u00fdvac\u00edch zoznamov. V n\u00e1pisoch bratstva Arvalov, starobyl\u00e9ho k\u0148azsk\u00e9ho zboru, sa Janus v\u017edy uv\u00e1dza pred Iuppiterom, \u010do zrete\u013ene ukazuje jeho ritu\u00e1lnu funkciu otv\u00e1rate\u013ea. Napriek tomu je v hierarchickom zmysle najvy\u0161\u0161ou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 uctievan\u00e1 bytos\u0165 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bohom<\/span> Iuppiter, preto sa Janus \u010dasto ozna\u010duje ako \u00abotv\u00e1rate\u013e Iuppitera\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>So Saturnom ho sp\u00e1ja m\u00fdtick\u00fd Zlat\u00fd vek, s Vestou staros\u0165 o prah a dom, s Martom a Merk\u00farom patron\u00e1t nad vych\u00e1dzan\u00edm z domu, s Quirinom funkcia pre r\u00edmsky \u013eud. V star\u0161\u00edch modlitbov\u00fdch textoch sa objavuje rad Ianus, Iuppiter, Mars, Quirinus ako jadro r\u00edmskej postupnosti bohov.<\/p>\n<p>V helenistickom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Splynutie predst\u00e1v alebo bo\u017estiev z r\u00f4znych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretizme<\/span> zostal Janus nedotknut\u00fd, preto\u017ee nem\u00e1 priamy gr\u00e9cky protip\u00f3l. To z neho urobilo pre r\u00edmskych teol\u00f3gov, ako boli Varro a Cicero, v\u00fdsadn\u00fd pr\u00edklad samostatnosti r\u00edmskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva vo\u010di gr\u00e9ckej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gii<\/span>. V etruskom obrazovom svete existuje paralela v podobe \u0161tvortv\u00e1rov\u00e9ho Culsansa, genetick\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi nimi je v\u0161ak sporn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Janus sa objavuje v starobylej tri\u00e1de s Iuppiterom a Saturnom, ktor\u00e1 je vo v\u00fdskume interpretovan\u00e1 ako predkapitolsk\u00e1 vrstva.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to tri\u00e1da, ktor\u00fa spom\u00edna u\u017e Macrobius v \u00abSaturn\u00e1li\u00e1ch\u00bb (I, 9), je mlad\u0161ia ako kapitolsk\u00e1 trias Iuppitera, Iuno a Minervy, ale star\u0161ia ako f\u00e1za \u0161t\u00e1tnej teologickej reprezent\u00e1cie. Dum\u00e9zil vid\u00ed v spojen\u00ed Janusa, Iuppitera a Saturna archaick\u00fd komplex funkcie otv\u00e1rania, vl\u00e1dy a siatia.<\/p>\n<p>S Karnou, starobylou bohy\u0148ou dverov\u00fdch z\u00e1vesov, bol Janus pod\u013ea Ov\u00eddiov\u00fdch \u00abFasti\u00bb VI spojen\u00fd ako brat a sestra alebo man\u017eelsk\u00fd p\u00e1r. Karna bola zodpovedn\u00e1 za zdrav\u00e9 vyrastanie det\u00ed, za vn\u00fatorn\u00fa pevnos\u0165 dverov\u00fdch z\u00e1vesov a s\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed z\u00e1mkov.<\/p><p>Toto spojenie ozna\u010duje vn\u00fatorn\u00fa stranu prahov\u00e9ho sveta, ktor\u00e9ho vonkaj\u0161ou stranou bol samotn\u00fd Janus. Toto dvojit\u00e9 obsadenie ukazuje d\u00f4slednos\u0165, s akou r\u00edmske n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo personifikovalo v\u0161etky aspekty prechodu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3dd144 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3dd144\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f51d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f51d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ohlas a vplyv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f501c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09f501c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V renesancii sa Janus stal ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> m\u00fadrosti a predv\u00eddavosti. Andrea Alciato a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed tvorcovia embl\u00e9mov ho zobrazovali ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd predstavuje abstraktn\u00fa my\u0161lienku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolick\u00fd obraz<\/span> historick\u00e9ho vzdelania, ktor\u00e9 h\u013ead\u00ed oboma smermi. V erboch a tla\u010diarensk\u00fdch zna\u010dk\u00e1ch sa jeho dvojtv\u00e1rnos\u0165 objavuje \u010dasto, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vo vydavate\u013estv\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 chceli vytvori\u0165 s\u00favislosti medzi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobie gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikou<\/span> a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n<p>V architekt\u00fare ovplyvnil Janov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> podobu triumf\u00e1lnych obl\u00fakov, mestsk\u00fdch br\u00e1n a pr\u00edstavn\u00fdch stavieb. Obl\u00fak Argent\u00e1rov v R\u00edme a mnoh\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 br\u00e1ny vo Franc\u00fazsku a \u0160panielsku preberaj\u00fa dvojit\u00fd obl\u00fakov\u00fd mot\u00edv Ianus geminus. V 19. storo\u010d\u00ed sa dvojtv\u00e1rny Janus stal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1zorn\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd predstavuje abstraktn\u00fa my\u0161lienku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolick\u00fdm obrazom<\/span> samotnej historickej vedy, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama minulos\u0165 aj bud\u00facnos\u0165 s\u00fa\u010dasne.<\/p>\n<p>V modernom vedeckom jazyku m\u00e1 slovn\u00e9 spojenie Janova tv\u00e1r alebo Janus-faced charakter \u0161tandardnej metafory pre ambivalenciu. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 Janusova kin\u00e1za, d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd enzymatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, bola v roku 1989 pomenovan\u00e1 v nar\u00e1\u017eke na dvojtv\u00e1rne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>. Aj astronomick\u00e9 pozorovanie saturnovho mesiaca menom Janus, ktor\u00fd si vymie\u0148a dr\u00e1hu s mesiacom Epimetheus, nadv\u00e4zuje na mytick\u00fa dvojtv\u00e1rnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>V stredoveku sa Janus prostredn\u00edctvom mena mesiaca Ianuarius udr\u017eal aj v astronomick\u00fdch u\u010debniciach. Izidor zo Sevilly ho v diele \u00abEtymologiae\u00bb (V, 33) osl\u00e1vil ako personifik\u00e1ciu nov\u00e9ho za\u010diatku.<\/p><p>V gotickej stavebnej plastike sa hlavy Janusa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na kl\u00e1\u0161torn\u00fdch port\u00e1loch a mestsk\u00fdch br\u00e1nach, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v Lombardii a v juhofranc\u00fazskej oblasti, kde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobie gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00fd<\/span> boh prahu za\u017eil vlastn\u00fa renesanciu.<\/p>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnom psychologickom jazyku sa Janus objavuje ako \u201eJanusova tv\u00e1r\u201c vo v\u00fdzname ambivalencie. C. G. Jung pou\u017e\u00edva tento obraz v diele \u00abMysterium Coniunctionis\u00bb ako pr\u00edklad dvojakej podstaty psychick\u00fdch obsahov.<\/p><p>V ekonomick\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch je \u201eJanusova strat\u00e9gia\u201c pojem pre podniky, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4sobia s\u00fa\u010dasne na star\u00fdch aj nov\u00fdch trhoch. Toto modern\u00e9 pojmov\u00e9 utv\u00e1ranie ukazuje, ako archaick\u00fd obraz \u017eije \u010falej v reflex\u00edvnom jazyku u\u017e dve tis\u00edcro\u010dia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08b23a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08b23a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51dc415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51dc415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aab09f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aab09f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil vo viacer\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee Janus zauj\u00edma v r\u00e1mci troch indoeur\u00f3pskych funkci\u00ed osobitn\u00e9 postavenie. Nestoj\u00ed v \u017eiadnej z troch funkci\u00ed samotn\u00fdch, ale na ich za\u010diatku, akoby ako otv\u00e1raj\u00faca predfunkcia. Tento v\u00fdklad bol vo v\u00fdskume \u0161iroko prijat\u00fd a patr\u00ed k najmenej spochyb\u0148ovan\u00fdm \u010dastiam Dum\u00e9zilovho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Schilling a Kurt Latte zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdslovne italick\u00fd p\u00f4vod Janovho kultu. Na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch bo\u017estiev tu neexistuje etrusk\u00fd n\u00e1protivok. Janus sa tak jav\u00ed ako jeden z m\u00e1la \u010disto italsko-r\u00edmskych kultov\u00fdch prvkov bez gr\u00e9ckeho alebo etrusk\u00e9ho vzoru.<\/p><p>Mary Beard, John North a Simon Price zara\u010fuj\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do jeho politickej funkcie a ukazuj\u00fa, ako sa otv\u00e1ranie a zatv\u00e1ranie Ianus geminus stalo \u0161t\u00e1totvorn\u00fdm symbolick\u00fdm aktom.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid zrekon\u0161truoval ritu\u00e1lnu prax pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> na F\u00f3re a uk\u00e1zal, ako bol boh za\u010dlenen\u00fd do ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho obetn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke rozober\u00e1 v\u00fdznam Janusa pre kalend\u00e1rny syst\u00e9m a augustovsk\u00fa reprezent\u00e1ciu, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vo vz\u0165ahu k \u00abRes Gestae\u00bb.<\/p><p>Annie Dubourdieu vo svojej \u0161t\u00fadii \u00abLes origines et le d\u00e9veloppement du culte des P\u00e9nates \u00e0 Rome\u00bb rozpracovala prepojenie Janusa s Pen\u00e1tmi a dom\u00e1cim n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0abc0be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0abc0be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ce60b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2ce60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Janusove chr\u00e1my a topografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe5baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe5baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm Janusov\u00fdm chr\u00e1mom bol Janus Geminus na F\u00f3re Romanum, mal\u00e1 stavba obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00e9ho p\u00f4dorysu s dvomi proti\u013eahl\u00fdmi dverami. Dvere sa v \u010dase mieru zatv\u00e1rali a v \u010dase vojny otv\u00e1rali.<\/p><p>Livius uv\u00e1dza v diele \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb (I, 19, 2), \u017ee dvere boli po\u010das celej r\u00edmskej hist\u00f3rie pred Augustom zatvoren\u00e9 len dvakr\u00e1t, konkr\u00e9tne za vl\u00e1dy Numu Pompilia a po prvej p\u00fanskej vojne v roku 235 pred Kr.<\/p><p>Augustus dal dvere zatvori\u0165 v roku 29 pred Kr. po Actiu, v roku 25 pred Kr. po kantabrijsk\u00fdch vojn\u00e1ch a v roku 8 pred Kr. po germ\u00e1nskych \u0165a\u017eeniach, \u010do vo svojej v\u00fdpovedi o skutkoch, Res gestae divi Augusti (13), oslavoval ako vrchol svojej mierovej politiky.<\/p><p>Toto trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 uzavretie sa stalo ideologick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> Pax Augusta.<\/p>\n<p>Medzi \u010fal\u0161ie Janusove stavby patril Janus Quirinus na F\u00f3re, obl\u00fak na Argilete, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010doval \u0161tvr\u0165 kn\u00edhkupcov a obuvn\u00edkov, a Janus Pater na kopci Mons Janiculus na pravom brehu Tiberu, ktor\u00fd nav\u0161tevovali najm\u00e4 ro\u013en\u00edci a vojaci.<\/p><p>Tieto \u0161tyri Janusove sv\u00e4tyne v topografickom zmysle ozna\u010dovali prahy mesta, preto\u017ee Janus bol bohom prechodov. Obl\u00fak na Argilete bol z\u00e1rove\u0148 orienta\u010dn\u00fdm bodom trhu, \u010do doklad\u00e1 prepojenie kultovej a obchodnej funkcie v R\u00edme.<\/p>\n<p>Z v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska Filippo Coarelli presnej\u0161ie ur\u010dil umiestnenie Janusa Geminusa medzi Basilicou Aemiliou a Curiou Iuliou. Na Neronov\u00fdch sesterci\u00e1ch s n\u00e1pisom Pace populi terra mariq parta Ianum clusit je t\u00e1to stavba zobrazen\u00e1 architektonicky podrobne.<\/p><p>Tento numizmatick\u00fd prame\u0148 je jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch obrazov\u00fdch dokladov o vzh\u013eade chr\u00e1mu. V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prechodn\u00e1 epocha medzi staroveku a stredovekom, pribli\u017ene 3. a\u017e 7. storo\u010die.\" tabindex=\"0\">neskorej antike<\/span> bol Janusov chr\u00e1m v r\u00e1mci christianiz\u00e1cie uzavret\u00fd a za Hon\u00f3ria v 5. storo\u010d\u00ed zb\u00faran\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e5003 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91e5003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-861aa43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"861aa43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Carmen Saliare a liturgia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f677ba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f677ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janus st\u00e1l na po\u010diatku v\u0161etk\u00fdch r\u00edmskych modlitieb. V archaickom porad\u00ed vz\u00fdvania bohov sa jeho meno vyslovovalo prv\u00e9, preto\u017ee ako boh prechodov symbolizoval aj prechod z ml\u010dania do slova.<\/p><p>Cicero v diele \u00abDe natura deorum\u00bb (II, 67) uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee Rimania pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> najprv vz\u00fdvali Janusa a a\u017e potom pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo. T\u00e1to ritu\u00e1lna prednos\u0165 pod\u010diarkuje jeho kozmologick\u00e9 postavenie boha vstupu.<\/p>\n<p>Carmen Saliare, archaick\u00e1 k\u0148azsk\u00e1 piese\u0148, ktor\u00fa spievali Salii, dvan\u00e1s\u0165\u010dlenn\u00e9 k\u0148azsk\u00e9 kol\u00e9gium, po\u010das marcov\u00e9ho sviato\u010dn\u00e9ho sprievodu, obsahovala strofu venovan\u00fa Janusovi, ktor\u00e1 u\u017e na konci republiky nebola plne pochopen\u00e1.<\/p><p>Varro sa v diele \u00abDe lingua Latina\u00bb (VII, 26 a nasl.) pok\u00fasil vysvetli\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 slov\u00e1, uviedol v\u0161ak, \u017ee saliarske v\u00fdroky s\u00fa \u00abpr\u00edli\u0161 archaick\u00e9\u00bb, aby ich bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 jednozna\u010dne vylo\u017ei\u0165.<\/p><p>Zachovan\u00e9 fragmenty uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa Cerus manus duonus Cerus es, \u010do bolo rekon\u0161truovan\u00e9 ako \u00abTvorca, dobr\u00fd mu\u017e, Tvorca si\u00bb, mo\u017en\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednacie oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> Cera, boha tvorcu sp\u00e1jan\u00e9ho s Janusom.<\/p>\n<p>Rex sacrorum, k\u0148azsk\u00fd \u00farad, ktor\u00fd pokra\u010doval v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch republik\u00e1nskeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, bol zodpovedn\u00fd za Janusov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>. Viedol Janusove <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> na kalendy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mesiaca, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v\u0161ak na Marcov\u00e9 idy, na star\u00fd Nov\u00fd rok, a 9. janu\u00e1ra, na sviatok Agonalia zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd Janusovi.<\/p><p>Liturgick\u00e9 predpisy s\u00fa \u010diasto\u010dne zachovan\u00e9 v Acta fratrum Arvalium, protokoloch arv\u00e1lskych k\u0148azov, a poskytuj\u00fa poh\u013ead na ritu\u00e1lnu prax.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0a34e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c0a34e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba49604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba49604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Numizmatika a obrazov\u00e1 trad\u00edcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3de82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb3de82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Janova hlava, Ianus bifrons s dvoma proti\u013eahl\u00fdmi tv\u00e1rami, je jedn\u00fdm z najsilnej\u0161\u00edch obrazov\u00fdch v\u00fdtvorov R\u00edma. U\u017e najstar\u0161ie r\u00edmske asy ukazovali od 3. storo\u010dia pred Kr. Janovu hlavu, preto\u017ee as ako najmen\u0161ia hodnotov\u00e1 jednotka zauj\u00edmal v pe\u0148a\u017en\u00edctve z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 prahov\u00e9 postavenie.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to trad\u00edcia pokra\u010dovala po\u010das storo\u010d\u00ed: republik\u00e1nske asy, den\u00e1re a sesterce nes\u00fa Bifrons po\u010das cel\u00e9ho cis\u00e1rskeho obdobia. E\u0161te aj za Diokleci\u00e1na a Kon\u0161tant\u00edna sa razili mince s Janom.<\/p>\n<p>Vz\u00e1cnou variantou je Ianus Quadrifrons so \u0161tyrmi tv\u00e1rami, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje na niektor\u00fdch sestercoch Hadri\u00e1na. T\u00e1to forma je filozofick\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm, v ktorom Janus h\u013ead\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasne na v\u0161etky \u0161tyri svetov\u00e9 strany alebo na \u0161tyri ro\u010dn\u00e9 obdobia. Forum Transitorium, men\u0161\u00ed forumn\u00fd komplex Domici\u00e1na, bol zdoben\u00fd obl\u00fakom Ianus Quadrifrons, ktor\u00fd sa dnes zachoval u\u017e len v renesan\u010dn\u00fdch kresb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>V kres\u0165anskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prechodn\u00e1 epocha medzi staroveku a stredovekom, pribli\u017ene 3. a\u017e 7. storo\u010die.\" tabindex=\"0\">neskorej antike<\/span> sa obraz Bifronsa za\u010dal ch\u00e1pa\u0165 negat\u00edvne a sp\u00e1jal sa s \u013estivos\u0165ou. August\u00edn v diele \u00abDe civitate Dei\u00bb (VII, 7) polemizuje proti \u00abdvom tv\u00e1ram\u00bb Jana ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolu<\/span> falo\u0161nosti.<\/p><p>Tento v\u00fdklad p\u00f4sobil a\u017e do stredoveku, ke\u010f sa v\u00fdraz \u201ejanusovsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r\u201c stal stelesnen\u00edm dvojtv\u00e1rnosti. A\u017e renesancia rehabilitovala Janovu hlavu ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd zastupuje abstraktn\u00fa my\u0161lienku.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolick\u00fd obraz<\/span> m\u00fadrej predv\u00eddavosti, napr\u00edklad v Alciatovej knihe embl\u00e9mov z roku 1531, kde Janus ilustruje z\u00e1sadu Prudens futuri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f298894 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f298894\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f25b338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f25b338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882346b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"882346b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> pramene: Verg\u00edlius \u00abAeneis\u00bb, Ov\u00eddius \u00abFasti\u00bb, Livius \u00abAb urbe condita\u00bb, Cicero \u00abDe natura deorum\u00bb, Varro \u00abDe lingua latina\u00bb, Macrobius \u00abSaturn\u00e1lie\u00bb, Augustus \u00abRes gestae divi Augusti\u00bb, Serviov koment\u00e1r, Plutarchos \u00abNuma\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara: Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u00abLa religion romaine archa\u00efque\u00bb, Par\u00ed\u017e 1966. Robert Schilling, \u00abRites, cultes, dieux de Rome\u00bb, Par\u00ed\u017e 1979. Kurt Latte, \u00abR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte\u00bb, Mn\u00edchov 1960. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u00abReligions of Rome\u00bb, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, \u00abAn Introduction to Roman Religion\u00bb, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u00abDie Religion der R\u00f6mer\u00bb, Mn\u00edchov 2001.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3257,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Janus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Janus \u2013 R\u00edmsky boh po\u010diatkov | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Janus je r\u00edmsky boh po\u010diatkov, dver\u00ed a prechodov, zobrazovan\u00fd s dvoma tv\u00e1rami. 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