{"id":158045,"date":"2026-09-04T22:20:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:20:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=158045"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:49:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:49:20","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"158045\" class=\"elementor elementor-158045 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, egyptsk\u00fd stvorite\u013esk\u00fd boh z Heliopolisu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je egyptsk\u00fd stvorite\u013esk\u00fd boh, ktor\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> mal svoje s\u00eddlo v Heliopolise a ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed na za\u010diatku tamoj\u0161ej Deviatky bohov. V staroegyptskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span> je Atum pova\u017eovan\u00fd za stvorite\u013esk\u00e9ho boha Heliopolisu, ktor\u00fd sa vynoril z prvotn\u00fdch v\u00f4d Nun a s\u00e1m zo seba splodil prv\u00fdch dvoch bohov, \u0160ua a Tefnut.<\/p><p>Jeho meno sa obvykle preklad\u00e1 ako \u201eten dokonal\u00fd\u201c, \u201eten \u00fapln\u00fd\u201c alebo \u201eten, ktor\u00fd sa stal v\u0161etk\u00fdm\u201c; z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 aj \u201eten, ktor\u00fd neexistuje\u201c, preto\u017ee sloveso \u201etem\u201c m\u00f4\u017ee vyjadrova\u0165 jednak dov\u0155\u0161enie, jednak neg\u00e1ciu.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to s\u00e9mantick\u00e1 nejednozna\u010dnos\u0165 vystihuje Atumovo teologick\u00e9 postavenie: je t\u00fdm, \u010do bolo pred stvoren\u00edm, a t\u00fdm, \u010do bude po stvoren\u00ed, po\u010diatkom aj koncom kozmick\u00e9ho cyklu.<\/p><p>Zatia\u013e \u010do v Strednej a Novej r\u00ed\u0161i prevzal hlavn\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 postavenie Amon-Re, Atum si zachov\u00e1va svoju kosmogonick\u00fa funkciu a svoj charakteristick\u00fd profil stvorite\u013ea prostredn\u00edctvom samoplodnej masturb\u00e1cie alebo samovyjadrenia \u2013 jedn\u00e9ho z najstar\u0161\u00edch a najvytr\u00edbenej\u0161\u00edch konceptov v dejin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Zosobnen\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi kompetenciami \u2014 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia starovek\u00e9ho \u00fadolia N\u00edlu, cca 3000 pred n. l. a\u017e 30 pred n. l.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159743\" alt=\"Atum \u2013 bohovia z trad\u00edcie star\u00e9ho Egypta, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus a rodokme\u0148<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolsk\u00e1 kosmog\u00f3nia stavia Atuma na po\u010diatok Deviatky bohov (enneady). Z prvotn\u00fdch v\u00f4d Nun, ktor\u00e9 existovali predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e vznikol \u010das a forma, sa Atum vyn\u00e1ra na prvotn\u00fd pahorok (Tatenen), prv\u00fd pevn\u00fd bod v chaose.<\/p><p>Na tomto pahorku Atum uskuto\u010d\u0148uje stvorenie: v Textoch pyram\u00edd (v\u00fdrok 527) stvoril \u0160ua a Tefnut zo svojho semena, ktor\u00e9 bu\u010f vypustil rukou, alebo prijal v podobe vlastnej \u017eenskej podoby ruky \u2013 bohyne \u201eHethemut\u201c.<\/p><p>V inej verzii (Texty pyram\u00edd, v\u00fdrok 600) Atum stvoril prv\u00fdch bohov vyplut\u00edm: vyp\u013eul \u0160ua (vzduch) k\u00fdchnut\u00edm, Tefnut (vlhkos\u0165) vyp\u013eul. Obe verzie stoja ved\u013ea seba a egyptsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> sa ich nepok\u00fa\u0161ala zos\u00faladi\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Zo \u0160ua a Tefnut vznikaj\u00fa Geb (zem) a Nut (nebo), z ich zv\u00e4zku potom Osiris, Isis, Set, Nefthys a v niektor\u00fdch zoznamoch aj Horus Star\u0161\u00ed. T\u00fdm sa Atum st\u00e1va genealogick\u00fdm praotcom takmer v\u0161etk\u00fdch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch bohov.<\/p><p>Heliopolsk\u00e1 enneada (deviatka bohov) zah\u0155\u0148a Atuma, \u0160ua, Tefnut, Geba, Nut, Osirisa, Isis, Seta a Nefthys; tvor\u00ed teologick\u00fd z\u00e1klad heliopolskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Poradie bohov treba ch\u00e1pa\u0165 nielen genealogicky, ale aj kozmicky: rozv\u00edja stvorenie od \u010distej Atumovej podstaty cez element\u00e1rne sily pr\u00edrody a\u017e po postavy bohov, ktor\u00e9 formuj\u00fa \u013eudsk\u00fd svet.<\/p>\n<p>Pozoruhodn\u00e1 je Atumova sebesta\u010dnos\u0165 v najstar\u0161ej trad\u00edcii. Na rozdiel od in\u00fdch stvorite\u013esk\u00fdch bohov Atum nepotrebuje partnera ani predom dan\u00fa hmotu; svet tvor\u00ed s\u00e1m zo seba.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to predstava sa v neskor\u0161ej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span> \u010falej filozoficky rozv\u00edja: hymny na Atuma z Novej r\u00ed\u0161e ho ozna\u010duj\u00fa ako toho, kto sa \u201estvoril s\u00e1m\u201c, kto \u201evznikol s\u00e1m zo seba\u201c (cheper-d\u017eesef). Tento v\u00fdklad ovplyvnil teologick\u00e9 \u00favahy v pozdnej dobe a zanechal stopu aj v kres\u0165ansko-gnostick\u00fdch predstav\u00e1ch o samoplodiacom stvorite\u013eovi.<\/p>\n<p>V spojenej podobe bohov Atum-Re vystupuje Atum ako aspekt slne\u010dn\u00e9ho boha, konkr\u00e9tne ako zapadaj\u00face ve\u010dern\u00e9 slnko (na rozdiel od Chepriho ako vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho a Rea ako polud\u0148ov\u00e9ho slnka).<\/p><p>Toto trojit\u00e9 delenie slne\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu, podrobne rozvinut\u00e9 v slne\u010dn\u00fdch lit\u00e1ni\u00e1ch Novej r\u00ed\u0161e, rob\u00ed z Atuma boha konca kozmick\u00e9ho cyklu, ktor\u00fd v sebe z\u00e1rove\u0148 nesie nov\u00fd po\u010diatok. Fara\u00f3ni sa s Atumom identifikovali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v smrti, preto\u017ee steles\u0148oval prechod od pozemsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu slnka k z\u00e1hrobn\u00e9mu znovuzrodeniu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly, ikonografia a atrib\u00faty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum sa zvy\u010dajne zobrazuje ako mu\u017e s dvojitou korunou (pschent), ktor\u00e1 symbolizuje spojenie Horn\u00e9ho a Doln\u00e9ho Egypta. T\u00e1to koruna je kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm atrib\u00fatom a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje Atumovu funkciu prvotn\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea a praotca fara\u00f3nskej d\u00f4stojnosti.<\/p><p>M\u00f4\u017ee sa objavi\u0165 aj so <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chrob\u00e1k skarabeus ako staroegyptsk\u00fd symbol vzniku a obnovy.\" tabindex=\"0\">skarabeom<\/span> na hlave, so slne\u010dn\u00fdm diskom alebo s korunou atef. V antropomorfnej podobe je jeho tv\u00e1r zvy\u010dajne bez brady a mladistv\u00e1, \u010do je v protiklade s predstavou \u201estar\u00e9ho\u201c Atuma, ktor\u00fd steles\u0148uje ve\u010dern\u00e9 slnko.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho sv\u00e4t\u00fdm zviera\u0165om je had. V Knihe mrtvych (v\u00fdrok 175) Atum vyhlasuje: \u201eSvet znovu vr\u00e1tim do prvotn\u00fdch v\u00f4d, a jedine ja a Usir zostaneme ako dva hady, ktor\u00fdch nepozn\u00e1 nijak\u00fd \u010dlovek ani nijak\u00fd boh.\u201c<\/p><p>T\u00e1to eschatologick\u00e1 v\u00edzia ukazuje hada ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje ist\u00fa predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> nediferencovan\u00e9ho prvotn\u00e9ho stavu. Okrem toho je sv\u00e4t\u00fdm zviera\u0165om Atuma aj ichneum\u00f3n (fara\u00f3nsky potkan), preto\u017ee zab\u00edja hady, ktor\u00e9 steles\u0148uj\u00fa hrozby podobn\u00e9 Apopisovi.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00fdm kultov\u00fdm symbolom Atuma je kame\u0148 benben v H\u00e9liopoli, pyram\u00eddovo alebo ku\u017ee\u013eovito tvarovan\u00fd kame\u0148, ktor\u00fd steles\u0148oval prvotn\u00fd pahorok.<\/p><p>Z benbenu vznikol neskor\u0161\u00ed pyram\u00eddov\u00fd tvar kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch hrobov a obelisky; ka\u017ed\u00fd pyramidi\u00f3n (vrchol pyram\u00eddy) je symbolicky kame\u0148om benben, ktor\u00fd steles\u0148uje v\u00fdstup do neba a stretnutie s Atum-Reom. Samotn\u00e1 H\u00e9liopolis bola v hieroglyfickom p\u00edsme ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 znakom benben.<\/p>\n<p>Soch\u00e1rske vyobrazenia Atuma sa zachovali z v\u0161etk\u00fdch obdob\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Z Novej r\u00ed\u0161e poch\u00e1dza sl\u00e1vna kremencov\u00e1 socha Tutanchamona, na ktorej je mlad\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e zobrazen\u00fd s Atumovou korunou; z Neskorej doby sa zachovalo mno\u017estvo men\u0161\u00edch bronzov\u00fdch so\u0161iek s Atumom.<\/p><p>Na chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch sten\u00e1ch ramessovskej doby, najm\u00e4 v Karnaku a Abydose, je Atum pravidelne zobrazovan\u00fd v rade bohov, ktor\u00ed korunuj\u00fa kr\u00e1\u013ea alebo mu pod\u00e1vaj\u00fa znak \u017eivota \u201eanch\u201c. V D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed vybavila Hat\u0161epsut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Atum-Rea p\u00f4sobiv\u00fdmi v\u00fdtvarn\u00fdmi programami, ktor\u00e9 legitimizovali jej vlastn\u00e9 stvorenie Amonom-Atumom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uctievanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u00e9liopolis (egyptsky Iunu, \u010do znamen\u00e1 \u201emesto pilierov\u201c alebo \u201emesto st\u013apov\u201c) bola hlavn\u00fdm kultov\u00fdm centrom Atuma. Mesto sa nach\u00e1dzalo asi desa\u0165 kilometrov severov\u00fdchodne od dne\u0161nej Kairy a od zjednotenia Egypta patrilo medzi teologicky najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie mest\u00e1 krajiny.<\/p><p>Tu sa nach\u00e1dzal ve\u013ek\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca \u00facte jedn\u00e9mu alebo viacer\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u00e1m.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Atum-Rea s kame\u0148om benben, sv\u00e4t\u00fdm stromom perzea a slne\u010dnou b\u00e1rkou, ktor\u00e1 zobrazovala denn\u00fd vzostup a z\u00e1nik slnka. H\u00e9liopolsk\u00e9 k\u0148a\u017estvo, na \u010dele s najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm k\u0148azom (naz\u00fdvan\u00fdm \u201eVe\u013ek\u00fd z vidiacich\u201c), bolo naju\u010denej\u0161ie z cel\u00e9ho egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva; jeho teologick\u00e9 \u00favahy p\u00f4sobili na cel\u00fa krajinu.<\/p>\n<p>V dennom ritu\u00e1li Atumovho chr\u00e1mu prebiehalo r\u00e1no \u201eprebudenie\u201c obrazu bo\u017estva prostredn\u00edctvom vykurovania, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vylievanie tekutiny ako obetn\u00e9ho \u00fakonu pre bo\u017estvo.\" tabindex=\"0\">lib\u00e1cie<\/span> a recit\u00e1cie hymnov. V priebehu d\u0148a sa prin\u00e1\u0161ali denn\u00e9 potravinov\u00e9 obete; ve\u010der bol obraz bo\u017estva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Patriaci k pevne stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu \u00fakonov.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lne<\/span> ulo\u017een\u00fd na odpo\u010dinok a sv\u00e4ty\u0148a zape\u010daten\u00e1.<\/p><p>Pri osobitn\u00fdch sviatkoch, ako bolo kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 jubileum (sviatok sed) a Nov\u00fd rok, sa Atumov obraz vyberal zo sv\u00e4tyne a nesol sa v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesii<\/span> chr\u00e1mov\u00fdmi n\u00e1dvoriami. Tieto procesie boli verejn\u00e9 a umo\u017e\u0148ovali mestsk\u00e9mu obyvate\u013estvu podie\u013ea\u0165 sa na inak v\u00fdlu\u010dne k\u0148azskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulte<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm Atumov\u00fdm sviatkom bol sviatok \u201eWepet-Renpet\u201c, Nov\u00fd rok, ktor\u00fd ozna\u010doval za\u010diatok n\u00edlskej z\u00e1plavy. Atum dost\u00e1val v predve\u010der nov\u00e9ho roka prv\u00e9 prvotinov\u00e9 obety, preto\u017ee ako stvorite\u013e bol aj t\u00fdm, kto obnovoval ro\u010dn\u00fd cyklus.<\/p><p>N\u00e1pisy v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca \u00facte jedn\u00e9mu alebo viacer\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u00e1m.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> v Karnaku a v ramessovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch tieto obrady podrobne zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa. V \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00e1 sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1li<\/span> kr\u00e1\u013ea z r\u00fak Atuma\u201c (papyrus Berl\u00edn 3055) je liturgick\u00e1 sekvencia zachyten\u00e1 v \u00faplnosti; sl\u00fa\u017eila fara\u00f3novi ako vzor jeho vlastn\u00e9ho denn\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p>Mimo H\u00e9liopolisu bol Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> pr\u00edtomn\u00fd na mnoh\u00fdch miestach, takmer v\u017edy v\u0161ak ako aspekt in\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch bohov. V T\u00e9bach bol uctievan\u00fd Amon-Atum, v Karnaku bola do sviato\u010dn\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1ra zaraden\u00e1 cel\u00e1 enne\u00e1da vr\u00e1tane Atuma. V Memfise bolo spojenie Ptah-Atum d\u00f4le\u017eitou teologickou koncepciou, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1jala predstavu Ptaha ako rozumu s predstavou Atuma ako sebesta\u010dnosti.<\/p><p>Sl\u00e1vny text \u201ememfisk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span>\u201c (na \u0160abakovom kameni, dnes v Lond\u00fdne) vyjadruje teologick\u00fa \u00favahu, \u017ee Ptah svoj\u00edm rozumom a slovom vykonal v\u0161etko to, \u010do Atum vykonal svoj\u00edm semenom; ide o filozoficky vysoko rozvinut\u00fa variantu teol\u00f3gie stvorenia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne a chr\u00e1my<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atumov-R\u00e9ov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Heliopole bol jednou z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch sakr\u00e1lnych stavieb Egypta, no dodnes sa z neho zachovalo len m\u00e1lo. Mesto bolo v r\u00edmskej dobe opusten\u00e9 a v stredoveku sl\u00fa\u017eilo ako kame\u0148olom pre v\u00fdstavbu ne\u010falekej K\u00e1hiry; zachovali sa iba jednotliv\u00e9 obelisky (Senusreta I. v Mat\u00e1rii) a zvy\u0161ky chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch m\u00farov.<\/p><p>Strab\u00f3n (XVII, 1, 27 a\u017e 30) opisuje svoju n\u00e1v\u0161tevu Heliopolu v prvom storo\u010d\u00ed pred Kristom a pod\u00e1va stru\u010dn\u00fa spr\u00e1vu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span>; v tom \u010dase bola <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> u\u017e zanedban\u00e1, no st\u00e1le vidite\u013en\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 Atumove kaplnky sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v Karnaku (na n\u00e1dvor\u00ed Amunovho chr\u00e1mu), v z\u00e1du\u0161nom chr\u00e1me Hat\u0161epsut v D\u00e9r el-Bahr\u00ed, v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> Ramesseho II. v Abydose a v chr\u00e1me sed-sl\u00e1vnosti Amenhotepa III. v Malkate.<\/p><p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ramessovsk\u00fdch z\u00e1du\u0161n\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov na z\u00e1padnej strane T\u00e9b (Ramesseum, Med\u00ednet Hab\u00fa, chr\u00e1m Setiho I.) m\u00e1 Atumove kaplnky, v ktor\u00fdch bol zosnul\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e zjednoten\u00fd s Atumom-R\u00e9om.<\/p>\n<p>V Ab\u00fa Simbele patr\u00ed Atum medzi \u0161tyroch hlavn\u00fdch bohov ve\u013ek\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu (Amun-R\u00e9, Re-Harachte, Ptah a samotn\u00fd Ramesse II.); Atum tu vystupuje ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 kr\u00e1\u013eovskej apote\u00f3zy. V D\u00e9r el-Med\u00edne, dedine robotn\u00edkov na kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch, sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa mal\u00e9 s\u00fakromn\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne, kde bol Atum-R\u00e9 popri Amunovi a Ptahovi predmetom vz\u00fdvania.<\/p><p>Atumove sv\u00e4tyne v L\u00edbyjskej p\u00fa\u0161ti (Bahr\u00edja, Charga, Dachla) s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9 z neskor\u00e9ho obdobia. V chr\u00e1me v Hibis v o\u00e1ze Charga je Atum v\u00fdrazne zast\u00fapen\u00fd ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 teologick\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch programov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centr\u00e1lnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode vec\u00ed a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtom<\/span> o Atumovi je jeho samostvorenie. V Textoch pyram\u00edd (v\u00fdrok 527 a 600) sa pr\u00edbeh rozpr\u00e1va v dvoch variantoch. V prvom Atum s\u00e1m na prvotnom pahorku vypust\u00ed svoje semeno do svojej ruky, ktor\u00e1 je zosobnen\u00e1 ako bohy\u0148a Hetemet alebo Iusaas; z tejto \u0161kvrny semena vznikn\u00fa \u0160u a Tefnut.<\/p><p>V druhom variante Atum oboch bohov vyp\u013euje, pri\u010dom egyptsk\u00e1 slovn\u00e1 hra medzi \u201evyp\u013eu\u0165\u201c (techech) a Tefnut, resp. \u201eprska\u0165\/k\u00fdchnu\u0165\u201c (ischesch) a \u0160u je zrete\u013ene po\u010dute\u013en\u00e1; bohovia s\u00fa teda priv\u00e1dzan\u00ed na svet zvukomalebnos\u0165ou zo slovies. Oba varianty vyjadruj\u00fa egyptsk\u00fa predstavu, \u017ee stvorenie je telesn\u00fd akt, nie abstraktn\u00fd duchovn\u00fd proces.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00fd pr\u00edbeh popisuje Atumovo h\u013eadanie svojich straten\u00fdch det\u00ed \u0160ua a Tefnut. V m\u00fdtickej praveku obaja bohovia zmizli v prvotn\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch Nun; Atum vyslal svoje oko (oko-oko alebo oko Ureh), aby ich vyh\u013eadalo. Po\u010das nepr\u00edtomnosti oka si Atum vytvoril nov\u00e9 oko.<\/p><p>Ke\u010f sa star\u00e9 oko vr\u00e1tilo s n\u00e1jden\u00fdmi de\u0165mi, na\u0161lo na svojom mieste nov\u00e9 oko a z\u00farilo. Atum oko upokojil t\u00fdm, \u017ee ho umiestnil na svoje \u010delo v podobe uraeus hada; z s\u013az oka vznikli prv\u00ed \u013eudia.<\/p><p>Tento m\u00fdtick\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, dochovan\u00fd v viacer\u00fdch neskor\u00fdch textoch, sp\u00e1ja oko boha s uraeus hadom a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vysvet\u013euje vznik \u013eudsk\u00e9ho pokolenia.<\/p>\n<p>V Knihe mrtv\u00fdch (v\u00fdrok 175) sa nach\u00e1dza eschatologick\u00e1 v\u00edzia: Atum oznamuje, \u017ee po dlh\u00fdch vekoch sa stvoren\u00fd svet znovu navr\u00e1ti do prvotn\u00fdch v\u00f4d Nun; iba samotn\u00fd Atum a Usirev zostan\u00fa v podobe hadov.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to predstava cyklicko-eschatologick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vratu svetu do chaosu m\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskodejinn\u00fd v\u00fdznam a je \u0161truktur\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzn\u00e1 s hinduistick\u00fdm konceptom pralaya a s neskor\u0161\u00edmi apokalyptick\u00fdmi predstavami.<\/p>\n<p>V dennom slne\u010dnom cykle prevezme Atum \u00falohu ve\u010dern\u00e9ho slnka. S jeho vstupom do podsvetia za\u010d\u00edna no\u010dn\u00e1 cesta slne\u010dnej b\u00e1rky, ktor\u00e1 v dvan\u00e1stich hodinov\u00fdch \u00fasekoch prech\u00e1dza r\u00ed\u0161ou mrtvych.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to cesta je podrobne pop\u00edsan\u00e1 v \u201eKnih\u00e1ch br\u00e1n\u201c a v \u201eAmduate\u201c (Kniha o tom, \u010do je v podsvet\u00ed). Atum ako starec s berlou a zohnut\u00fdm chrbtom vstupuje do b\u00e1rky a je veden\u00fd nocou k rann\u00e9mu vzkrieseniu ako Chepri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahy v pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum je genealogicky a teologicky praotcom heliopolsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu. So \u0160uom a Tefnut ho sp\u00e1ja vz\u0165ah otca a det\u00ed; v jednej z variantov sa objavuj\u00fa ako jeho ruky, ktor\u00e9 nadob\u00fadaj\u00fa vlastn\u00fa existenciu.<\/p><p>S R\u00e9om tvor\u00ed dvojformu Atum-R\u00e9, v ktorej sa teologicky sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa ve\u010dern\u00e9 a denn\u00e9 slnko. S Chepriom a R\u00e9om vznik\u00e1 trojica pod\u00f4b slne\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu: Chepri (rann\u00e9 slnko), R\u00e9 (polud\u0148aj\u0161ie slnko), Atum (ve\u010dern\u00e9 slnko).<\/p>\n<p>S Amunom v T\u00e9bach sa Atum sp\u00e1ja do podoby Amun-Atum, formy, ktor\u00e1 nadobudla teologick\u00fd v\u00fdznam v ramessovskom obdob\u00ed.<\/p><p>S Ptahom v Memfise existuje v \u00abMemfiskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span>\u00bb filozofick\u00fd vz\u0165ah: Ptah mysl\u00ed a vyslovuje to, \u010do Atum n\u00e1sledne tvorivo uskuto\u010d\u0148uje; tento v\u00fdklad rob\u00ed z Atuma vykon\u00e1vaj\u00faci aspekt stvorenia, ktor\u00e9 koncipoval Ptah. S Chnumom v Esne existuje podobn\u00e1 komplementarita; Chnum formuje \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti, Atum ich priv\u00e1dza k existencii.<\/p>\n<p>S Usirim m\u00e1 Atum eschatologick\u00fd vz\u0165ah, ktor\u00fd je vyjadren\u00fd v Knihe m\u0155tvych: obaja s\u00fa predstaven\u00ed ako jedin\u00ed bohovia, ktor\u00ed zostan\u00fa na konci sveta, v podobe hadov. Toto usporiadanie rob\u00ed z Atuma boha kozmick\u00e9ho po\u010diatku a konca, z Usiriho boha vl\u00e1dy nad podsvet\u00edm.<\/p><p>S kr\u00e1\u013eom (fara\u00f3nom) existuje osobitn\u00fd vz\u0165ah: pri korunov\u00e1cii je fara\u00f3n stoto\u017enen\u00fd s Atumom, pri svojej smrti je ako Atum-R\u00e9 prijat\u00fd do slne\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu. T\u00e1to ritu\u00e1lna identifik\u00e1cia tvor\u00ed jadro egyptskej kr\u00e1\u013eovskej teol\u00f3gie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V gr\u00e9ckor\u00edmskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> bol Atum obvykle stoto\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fd s H\u00e9liom alebo Apol\u00f3nom, niekedy aj so Saturnom, preto\u017ee Atum je \u00abstarec\u00bb. Plutarchos (\u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12 a 73) sa venuje heliopolitskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span> a stoto\u017e\u0148uje Atuma s gr\u00e9ckym \u00abGeron\u00bb, starcom.<\/p><p>Helenistick\u00e1 hermetika vyu\u017e\u00edvala koncepty Atuma vo svojich \u00favah\u00e1ch o \u00abautogenes theos\u00bb, \u00absebavytvorenom bohu\u00bb. Tento v\u00fdklad ovplyvnil \u00abCorpus Hermeticum\u00bb a prostredn\u00edctvom neho aj kres\u0165ansko-gnostick\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3giu<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prechodn\u00e1 epocha medzi antikou a stredovekom, pribli\u017ene 3. a\u017e 7. storo\u010die.\" tabindex=\"0\">neskorej antiky<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>S koncom pohansk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho kultu v piatom a \u0161iestom storo\u010d\u00ed kres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho letopo\u010dtu praktick\u00fd Atumov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanikol. Koptsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia v\u0161ak zachovala niektor\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 koncepty, napr\u00edklad predstavu sebavytvoren\u00e9ho boha, ktor\u00e1 je vidite\u013en\u00e1 v koptsko-kres\u0165anskej christol\u00f3gii.<\/p><p>V stredoveku arabsk\u00ed cestovatelia opisovali opusten\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky chr\u00e1mov Heliopolisu; v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina obeliskov bola postupom \u010dasu prevezen\u00e1 do R\u00edma (dnes Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) alebo do Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu.<\/p>\n<p>Modern\u00e9 znovuobjavenie Atumovho kultu sa za\u010d\u00edna s napoleonsk\u00fdmi vedcami a Champollionov\u00fdm rozl\u00fa\u0161ten\u00edm hieroglyfov. V dev\u00e4tn\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed Lepsius zdokumentoval Atumove obrazov\u00e9 programy; v dvadsiatom storo\u010d\u00ed James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort a Erik Hornung systematicky predstavili teologick\u00fa h\u013abku heliopolitskej kozmog\u00f3nie.<\/p><p>V nov\u0161om v\u00fdskume Jana Assmanna (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a prax \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165<\/span>\u00bb, 1984) a Jamesa P. Allena (\u00abGenesis in Egypt\u00bb, 1988) je Atum spracovan\u00fd ako centr\u00e1lna postava egyptskej \u00abteol\u00f3gie pred zroden\u00edm\u00bb. V modernej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrnn\u00fd pojem pre u\u010denia, ktor\u00e9 si n\u00e1rokuj\u00fa skryt\u00e9 poznanie pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 len zasv\u00e4tencom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterike<\/span> a v literat\u00fare New Age sa Atum objavuje ako praz\u00e1kladn\u00fd obraz \u00absamozroden\u00e9ho vedomia\u00bb, v\u00fdklad opieraj\u00faci sa o hermeticko-gnostick\u00fa trad\u00edciu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum patr\u00ed do kateg\u00f3rie bohov stvorite\u013eov, ktor\u00ed tvoria prostredn\u00edctvom sebazrodenia. T\u00e1to predstava je v dejin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva n\u00e1padn\u00e1: zatia\u013e \u010do v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina polyteistick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev opisuje stvorenie z\u00e1pasom, spojen\u00edm alebo dielenskou pr\u00e1cou, egyptsk\u00e1 heliopolitsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> pozn\u00e1 stvorite\u013ea, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 s\u00e1m zo seb\u00e4.<\/p><p>Porovnate\u013en\u00fdch je len m\u00e1lo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch predst\u00e1v: hinduistick\u00fd Pr\u00e1d\u017e\u00e1pati, v\u00e9dsky Hiranjagarbha (\u00abzlat\u00e9 vajce\u00bb) a v obmedzenej miere aj gnostick\u00fd Autogenes.<\/p>\n<p>Teologick\u00e1 reflexia Atuma dosiahla svoje vrcholy predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v neskorom obdob\u00ed. Esnianske hymny, memfisk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a hymny z chr\u00e1mov v Edfu a Dendere sa venuj\u00fa paradoxn\u00fdm aspektom stvorite\u013ea: je v prap\u00f4vodn\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa od nich odli\u0161uje, je s\u00e1m a z\u00e1rove\u0148 otcom deviatich bohov, je star\u00fd a ve\u010dn\u00fd naraz.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to filozofick\u00e1 h\u013abka rob\u00ed egyptsk\u00fd diskurz o stvoren\u00ed jedn\u00fdm z najprepracovanej\u0161\u00edch v antick\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva a stavia egyptsk\u00e9 myslenie na \u00farove\u0148 gr\u00e9ckej a indickej filozofie.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort videl v Atumovi \u00abvysok\u00e9ho boha\u00bb egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, v\u00fdklad, ktor\u00fd nesk\u00f4r relativizoval Hornung: Atum nie je jedin\u00fdm ani najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bohom, ale prejavom bo\u017esk\u00e9ho princ\u00edpu, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje v mnoh\u00fdch men\u00e1ch a podob\u00e1ch. Jan Assmann vo svojej pr\u00e1ci \u00abEgypt.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a prax \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165<\/span>\u00bb (1984) analyzuje \u00abnov\u00fa slne\u010dn\u00fa teol\u00f3giu\u00bb Novej r\u00ed\u0161e, v ktorej sa Atum, Re a Chepri sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa do troch aspektov jedinej slne\u010dnej bytosti; tento v\u00fdklad predznamen\u00e1va monolatrick\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a prax \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165<\/span> amarnskej doby za Achnatona a je \u0161truktur\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd s neskor\u0161\u00edm biblick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Viera v jedin\u00e9ho boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteizmom<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Texty pyram\u00edd, v\u00fdrok 527 (samostvorenie), v\u00fdrok 600 (\u0160u a Tefnut), v\u00fdrok 587. Textmi sarkof\u00e1gov a Knihou mrtvych, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdroky 17, 78 a 175. Memfisk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> (\u0160abakov kame\u0148, British Museum EA 498), vydanie James H. Breasted. Chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy z Esny, vydanie Sauneron. \u00abKniha br\u00e1n\u00bb a \u00abAmduat\u00bb z kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch hrobov v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013eov, vydanie Hornung.<\/p><p>Strab\u00f3n, \u00abGeographika\u00bb XVII, 1, 27 a\u017e 30; Plutarchos, \u00abDe Iside et Osiride\u00bb 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u00abKingship and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u00abDer Eine und die Vielen\u00bb, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u00abGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts\u00bb, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u00ab\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a prax \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165<\/span> jednej ranej vyspelej kult\u00fary\u00bb, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum \u2013 Egyptsk\u00fd stvorite\u013esk\u00fd boh z Heliopolisu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum je egyptsk\u00fd stvorite\u013esk\u00fd boh z Heliopolisu, otec Deviatky bohov a 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