{"id":157994,"date":"2026-09-04T22:20:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157994"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:47:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:47:59","slug":"tupilak-duch-pomsty-inuitov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/tupilak-duch-pomsty-inuitov\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak \u2013 Umelo vytvoren\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nskych Inuitov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157994\" class=\"elementor elementor-157994 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak \u2013 umelo vytvoren\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak je v gr\u00f3nskej inuitskej trad\u00edcii umelo vytvoren\u00e1, cielene nasaden\u00e1 bytos\u0165 zlo\u017een\u00e1 zo zvierac\u00edch a \u013eudsk\u00fdch zvy\u0161kov, ktorou chcel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a duchovn\u00fdm svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> ubl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 nepriate\u013eovi alebo ho zabi\u0165. Dnes je pojem medzin\u00e1rodne zn\u00e1my najm\u00e4 ako vyrez\u00e1van\u00e1 fig\u00farka z kost\u00ed alebo kame\u0148a. Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska patr\u00ed do zriedkavej triedy vyroben\u00fdch agres\u00edvnych duchov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch trad\u00edcie Inuitov.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/inuiti-a-arktida-sedna-tornit-ochranna-prax\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie Inuitov.\">Inuiti<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Umelo vytvoren\u00fd duch \u0161kody.\">Umelo vytvoren\u00fd duch \u0161kody<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159768\" alt=\"Tupilak \u2013 duchovia z inuitskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak patr\u00ed v religionistickej klasifik\u00e1cii do zriedkavej skupiny umelo vytvoren\u00fdch duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na rozdiel od <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157991\">Sedny<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157992\">Sily<\/a> alebo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157993\">Tornarssuka<\/a>, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00ed za dan\u00fa kozmick\u00fa alebo pom\u00e1haj\u00facu silu, je Tupilak vedome vytvoren\u00fd kon\u0161trukt, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017ei konkr\u00e9tnemu \u00fa\u010delu: ubl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 nepriate\u013eovi. T\u00e1to kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e1 dimenzia ho z\u00e1sadne odli\u0161uje od v\u0161etk\u00fdch ostatn\u00fdch hesiel inuitsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu.<\/p><p>Pramene o Tupilakovi sa s\u00fastre\u010fuj\u00fa na Gr\u00f3nsko, najm\u00e4 na v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 pobre\u017eie a z\u00e1liv Disko, a siahaj\u00fa od 18. storo\u010dia u Hansa Egedeho cez Henrika Rinka v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed a\u017e po Williama Thalbitzera a Roberta Petersena v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p><p>Aj v centr\u00e1lnej kanadskej Arkt\u00edde s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9 pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 pojmy ako <em>tupilaq<\/em> alebo <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, tam v\u0161ak \u010diasto\u010dne s odli\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom. T\u00e1to region\u00e1lna \u0161pecifickos\u0165 je vedecky ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p><p>Dnes existuje Tupilak paralelne v dvoch vrstv\u00e1ch: ako historick\u00fd koncept skuto\u010dne vytvorenej a magicky o\u017eivenej \u0161kodlivej bytosti a ako ozna\u010denie vyrez\u00e1van\u00fdch fig\u00farok z narval\u00edch klov, sob\u00edch parohov a kost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa od 80. rokov 19. storo\u010dia vyvinuli ako gr\u00f3nska umeleckoremeseln\u00e1 forma. T\u00e1to dvojvrstvovos\u0165 rob\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fa diskusiu o Tupilakovi metodicky n\u00e1ro\u010dnou a vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4sledn\u00fa diferenci\u00e1ciu.<\/p><p>Nov\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum roz\u0161\u00edril svoje metodick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a sp\u00e1ja etnografick\u00fa presnos\u0165, jazykov\u00fa kritiku pramenov a komparat\u00edvnu perspekt\u00edvu. Toto zjemnenie je tu obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 potrebn\u00e9, preto\u017ee star\u0161ie z\u00e1padn\u00e9 popisy umelo vytvoren\u00fa \u0161kodliv\u00fa bytos\u0165 \u010dasto senz\u00e1ciechtivo zveli\u010dovali; inuitsk\u00e1 znalostn\u00e1 komunita, ktor\u00e1 je dnes sama zapojen\u00e1 do v\u00fdskumu, tak\u00e9to niekedy kolonialisticky za\u0165a\u017een\u00e9 pris\u00fadenia opravuje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymol\u00f3gia a hist\u00f3ria slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologicky sa <em>tupilak<\/em> alebo <em>tupilaq<\/em> odvodzuje od kme\u0148a <em>tupi-<\/em>, ktor\u00fd vo viacer\u00fdch inuitsk\u00fdch jazykoch znamen\u00e1 predok alebo du\u0161a zomret\u00e9ho. Tupilak by teda bol doslova asi predkovsk\u00e1 podoba alebo duchovn\u00fd v\u00fdtvor. Robert Petersen vo svojich jazykovohistorick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch zd\u00f4raznil pr\u00edbuznos\u0165 s pojmami pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">ducha<\/span> zosnul\u00e9ho a vytvoril tak jazykov\u00fd most\u00edk do sveta mrtvych Inuitov.<\/p><p>V gr\u00f3nskom jazyku existuje aj mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo <em>tupilait<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duje s\u00fabor t\u00fdchto bytost\u00ed. V modernom jazykovom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed sa v\u00fdznam roz\u0161\u00edril a \u010dasto sa preklad\u00e1 ako stra\u0161ideln\u00e1 postava alebo zl\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>, \u010do p\u00f4vodn\u00fd v\u00fdznam skracuje a vytr\u00e1ca \u0161pecifick\u00fa kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fa dimenziu. Vedecky treba k tomuto skr\u00e1teniu pr\u00edstupova\u0165 kriticky.<\/p><p>Je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee Tupilak nem\u00e1 v etymol\u00f3gii negat\u00edvny podt\u00f3n. Negat\u00edvne hodnotenie vypl\u00fdva z funkcie, nie zo samotn\u00e9ho slova.<\/p><p>Tupilak nie je zl\u00fd od pr\u00edrody, ale je nasadzovan\u00fd na agresiu. T\u00e1to etick\u00e1 neutralita samotn\u00e9ho slova je vedecky zauj\u00edmav\u00e1, preto\u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee mor\u00e1lne hodnotenie vznik\u00e1 a\u017e prostredn\u00edctvom z\u00e1mern\u00e9ho pou\u017eitia.<\/p><p>Dopl\u0148uj\u00faci poh\u013ead pon\u00faka religionosociologick\u00e9 sk\u00famanie roly, ktor\u00fa Tupilak zohr\u00e1val v spolo\u010denskom poriadku tradi\u010dnej inuitskej komunity.<\/p><p>Ke\u010f\u017ee tak\u00e1to bytos\u0165 bola cielene namieren\u00e1 proti nepriate\u013eovi, mo\u017eno na nej obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zrete\u013ene pozorova\u0165, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara nebola oddelen\u00e1 od spolo\u010denskej praxe, ale \u00fazko s \u0148ou prepleten\u00e1. T\u00e1to prepletenos\u0165 tvor\u00ed samostatn\u00fa oblas\u0165 religi\u00f3zno-antropologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu, ktor\u00fa systematicky spracovali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand a Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdroba v tradi\u010dnej praxi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etnografick\u00e9 pramene, najm\u00e4 u Henrika Rinka a Williama Thalbitzera, podrobne popisuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobu tupilaku. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a duchovn\u00fdm svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span>, ktor\u00fd chcel po\u0161kodi\u0165 nepriate\u013ea, tajne zbieral r\u00f4zne s\u00fa\u010dasti: kosti rozli\u010dn\u00fdch zvierat, vlasy, \u0161\u013eachy, niekedy k\u00fasky m\u0155tvol alebo z odevu samotn\u00e9ho nepriate\u013ea.<\/p><p>Tieto s\u00fa\u010dasti sa na od\u013eahlom mieste, \u010dasto pri skalnej trhline alebo v jaskyni, sp\u00e1jali do jednej fig\u00fary.<\/p><p>Nad touto fig\u00farou sa vykon\u00e1vali spevy a zakl\u00ednania. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a duchovn\u00fdm svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0160aman<\/span> doj\u010dil bytos\u0165 zo svojej podpazu\u0161nej jamky alebo z lona a preniesol na \u0148u \u017eivotn\u00fa silu. N\u00e1sledne bola fig\u00fara vypusten\u00e1 do vody alebo do snehu, aby vyh\u013eadala nepriate\u013ea a zabila ho.<\/p><p>Ak bol nepriate\u013e s\u00e1m mocn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a duchovn\u00fdm svetom.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanom<\/span>, mohol tupilaka odrazi\u0165 alebo ho dokonca obr\u00e1ti\u0165 proti jeho tvorcovi, \u010do dod\u00e1valo tejto praxi zna\u010dn\u00e9 riziko.<\/p><p>Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je t\u00e1to prax zauj\u00edmav\u00e1, preto\u017ee sa zaklad\u00e1 na te\u00f3rii o\u017eivovania anorganick\u00fdch a organick\u00fdch zvy\u0161kov, ktor\u00e1 je previazan\u00e1 so \u0161amanskou n\u00e1ukou o pomocn\u00fdch duchoch. Tupilak je formou kon\u0161trukt\u00edvnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo formuliek zasiahnu\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, ktor\u00e1 je v inuitskom kozme s\u00fa\u010dasne dovolen\u00e1 a eticky za\u0165a\u017een\u00e1. Z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva ide o zmie\u0161an\u00fa formu kon\u0161truk\u010dnej magie a odu\u0161evnenia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje \u00fa\u010dinok vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">ducha<\/span>.<\/p><p>Samotn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba bola nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm aktom. Kto bol odhalen\u00fd, riskoval spolo\u010densk\u00e9 zavrhnutie, odvetu od rodiny nepriate\u013ea alebo smr\u0165 zapr\u00ed\u010dinen\u00fa vlastn\u00fdm tupilakom. T\u00e1to \u0161trukt\u00fara rizika stabilizovala spolo\u010densk\u00fd poriadok a sp\u00f4sobila, \u017ee pou\u017eitie tupilakov bolo sk\u00f4r v\u00fdjimkou ne\u017e pravidlom, hoci rozpr\u00e1vania vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa dojem \u010dastej\u0161ej praxe.<\/p><p>V porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi \u0161amansk\u00fdmi praktikami Inuitov je v\u00fdroba tupilaku pop\u00edsan\u00e1 mimoriadne podrobne, preto\u017ee sa pova\u017eovala za nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa anom\u00e1liu, \u010do v etnografoch vzbudzovalo osobitn\u00fd z\u00e1ujem o ich inform\u00e1torov. Toto skreslenie prame\u0148ov treba vedecky reflektova\u0165, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee prax tupilaku sa v percepcii jav\u00ed v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia, ne\u017e v skuto\u010dnosti bola.<\/p><p>V porovn\u00e1vacej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez viazanosti na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistike<\/span> sa tupilak ch\u00e1pe ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 tej cirkumpol\u00e1rnej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej topografie, ktor\u00e1 sa v pozoruhodne stabilnej \u0161trukt\u00fare opakuje na tis\u00edcoch kilometrov. T\u00e1to \u0161truktur\u00e1lna stabilita sa z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva pova\u017euje za jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch poznatkov odboru a je dodnes predmetom kontroverznej diskusie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropaick\u00e9 protipraktiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proti tupilakovi existoval zaveden\u00fd reperto\u00e1r apotropaick\u00fdch prakt\u00edk. Kto tu\u0161il, \u017ee proti nemu je vyslan\u00fd tupilak, vyh\u013eadal \u0161amana, ktor\u00fd s pomocou svojich tornait, teda svojich pomocn\u00fdch duchov, mohol tupilaka zachyti\u0165, identifikova\u0165 a posla\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165.<\/p><p>Ak sa tupilak vr\u00e1til proti svojmu tvorcovi, privodil mu predur\u010den\u00fa smr\u0165. T\u00e1to reciprocita predstavuje z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva vlastn\u00fd typick\u00fd vzor.<\/p><p>\u010eal\u0161ie ochrann\u00e9 praktiky spo\u010d\u00edvali v nosen\u00ed apotropaick\u00fdch amuletov, v uzatv\u00e1ran\u00ed vchodov do iglu ur\u010dit\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1lmi a v dodr\u017eiavan\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch tabuizovan\u00fdch pravidiel, ktor\u00fdch dodr\u017eiavanie mal tupilaka oslabi\u0165. \u00da\u010dinnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto prostriedkov bola centr\u00e1lnou t\u00e9mou viery a sk\u00fasenosti, ktor\u00e1 sa podrobne rozober\u00e1 v gr\u00f3nskej rozpr\u00e1va\u010dskej literat\u00fare a tvor\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 \u00fastneho korpusu.<\/p><p>Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee prax tupilaku vytvorila diskurzy hrozby aj ochrany. Mo\u017enos\u0165 agres\u00edvneho pou\u017eitia zvy\u0161ovala spolo\u010densk\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u0161amanov ako ochrannej instancie a s\u00fa\u010dasne stabilizovala spolo\u010densk\u00fd poriadok, preto\u017ee zjavn\u00fdm konfliktom sa tenden\u010dne vyh\u00fdbalo. T\u00e1to spolo\u010densko-politick\u00e1 funkcia hrozby tupilaku je z h\u013eadiska sociol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva samostatn\u00fdm predmetom v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e9 a legend\u00e1rne rozpr\u00e1vania o tupilakoch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdchodogr\u00f3nska rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e1 literat\u00fara pozn\u00e1 mnoho pr\u00edbehov o tupilakoch, v ktor\u00fdch sa tupilak obr\u00e1til proti svojmu tvorcovi, preto\u017ee zvolen\u00fd nepriate\u013e bol pr\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00fd. Jeden zn\u00e1my pr\u00edbeh hovor\u00ed o \u0161amanovi, ktor\u00fd poslal tupilaka proti konkurentovi, ten v\u0161ak rozpoznal jeho silu, odrazil ho a poslal sp\u00e4\u0165 k p\u00f4vodcovi. Tvorca potom zomrel vo vlastnom iglu.<\/p><p>In\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vania hovoria o tupilakoch, ktor\u00ed omylom zasiahli nevinn\u00fdch, alebo o tupilakoch, ktor\u00ed sa vymkli spod kontroly svojho tvorcu a putuj\u00fa tundrou ako bl\u00fadiaci \u0161kodliv\u00ed duchovia.<\/p><p>Tieto rozpr\u00e1vania nie s\u00fa len z\u00e1bavn\u00e9, ale sl\u00fa\u017eia aj ako etick\u00e9 varovania: kto vyr\u00e1ba tupilaky, riskuje vlastn\u00fd \u017eivot. Didaktick\u00fd rozmer t\u00fdchto rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed je v religi\u00f3znej pedagogike samostatnou t\u00e9mou.<\/p><p>Pr\u00edbehy o tupilakoch s\u00fa mnohokr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e9 vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch gr\u00f3nskych zbierkach, napr\u00edklad u Henrika Rinka a Mathiasa Storcha. Tvoria samostatn\u00fd \u017e\u00e1ner v r\u00e1mci inuitskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1van\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara so zvykmi, rozpr\u00e1vaniami a pies\u0148ami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ru<\/span> a s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm prame\u0148ov\u00fdm korpusom pre vedeck\u00fa rekon\u0161trukciu tradi\u010dnej \u0161amanskej praxe a jej etick\u00e9ho diskurzu.<\/p><p>Osobitn\u00e1 podskupina rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed sa venuje tupilakom, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa opisovan\u00ed ako zvieracie hybridy a pohybuj\u00fa sa na hranici medzi zviera\u0165om a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie na svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tento hybridn\u00fd charakter tupilakov je z h\u013eadiska religionistickej fenomenol\u00f3gie samostatn\u00fdm javom a sp\u00e1ja predstavu o tupilakoch so v\u0161eobecnou transforma\u010dnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3giou<\/span> Inuitov, v ktorej s\u00fa hranice medzi \u010dlovekom, zviera\u0165om a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie na svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchom<\/span> priepustn\u00e9. Tu sa otv\u00e1ra samostatn\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka o kon\u0161trukcii hybridn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho ducha k vyrez\u00e1vanej fig\u00farke<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 premena konceptu tupilaka sa za\u010dala v 80. rokoch 19. storo\u010dia v v\u00fdchodnom Gr\u00f3nsku. Eur\u00f3pski n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci sa p\u00fdtali \u0161amanov, ako tupilaky vyzeraj\u00fa. Ke\u010f\u017ee skuto\u010dn\u00e9 tupilaky boli nevidite\u013en\u00e9 alebo beztvar\u00e9 a hne\u010f po splnen\u00ed svojej \u00falohy sa rozpadli, \u0161amani za\u010dali vyrez\u00e1va\u0165 modely z ve\u013eryb\u00edch zubov, rohov sobov a nesk\u00f4r aj z kame\u0148a. Tieto modely boli uk\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 predmety, nie magicky p\u00f4sobiace tupilaky.<\/p><p>Z t\u00fdchto modelov vznikla samostatn\u00e1 umelecko-remeseln\u00e1 trad\u00edcia. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 gr\u00f3nske vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 tupilaky zobrazuj\u00fa deformovan\u00e9, hybridn\u00e9 bytosti s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi, zvierac\u00edmi a fantastick\u00fdmi rysmi. S\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm hospod\u00e1rskym faktorom pre Gr\u00f3nsko a s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v ka\u017edom turistickom obchode. Estetick\u00e1 rozmanitos\u0165 je ve\u013ek\u00e1 a odr\u00e1\u017ea individu\u00e1lnu tvorivos\u0165 jednotliv\u00fdch rezb\u00e1rov.<\/p><p>Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je t\u00e1to premena u\u010debnicov\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom profaniz\u00e1cie n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej kateg\u00f3rie. Tupilak ako duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165 z predst\u00e1v v podstate zmizol, tupilak ako vyrez\u00e1van\u00e1 fig\u00farka je naopak svetozn\u00e1my. Ak chceme pochopi\u0165 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Inuitov, obe tieto vrstvy treba d\u00f4sledne rozli\u0161ova\u0165. Tento rozdiel sa v\u00fdslovne vysvet\u013euje aj v s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch gr\u00f3nskych \u0161kol\u00e1ch a m\u00faze\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi bytos\u0165ami<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo vedeckom porovnan\u00ed patr\u00ed tupilak do kateg\u00f3rie z\u00e1merne vytvoren\u00fdch agres\u00edvnych duchov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dok\u00e1zan\u00e9 v mnoh\u00fdch kult\u00farach. \u0160truktur\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd je hebrejsk\u00fd golem, jav\u00e1nsky <em>tuju<\/em>, haitsk\u00fd komplex <em>zonbi<\/em> a v istom zmysle aj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e1<\/span> kliatba <em>katadesmos<\/em>. V\u0161etk\u00fdm je spolo\u010dn\u00e1 cielen\u00e1 hmotn\u00e1 kon\u0161trukcia \u00fa\u010dinnej bytosti.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci cirkumpol\u00e1rnej oblasti existuj\u00fa paralely v \u010duk\u010dskej a jupickej trad\u00edcii, ktor\u00e9 poznaj\u00fa vyroben\u00fdch agres\u00edvnych duchov, hoci s in\u00fdmi hmotn\u00fdmi a ritu\u00e1lnymi \u0161pecifikami. U <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/sami-a-finsko-ugorska-tradicia-noaidi-buben\/\">S\u00e1mov<\/a> zodpoved\u00e1 tupilak \u0161truktur\u00e1lne vyrez\u00e1van\u00fdm duchovn\u00fdm bytostiam, ktor\u00e9 hrali \u00falohu v s\u00e1mskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m, v ktorom \u0161pecialisti komunikuj\u00fa so svetom duchov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanizme<\/span>, bez toho, aby sa dala predpoklada\u0165 priama historick\u00e1 pr\u00edbuznos\u0165.<\/p><p>Prax s tupilakmi sa od z\u00e1padn\u00fdch predst\u00e1v \u010diernej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zvl\u00e1\u0161tnymi \u00fakonmi alebo formulami zasiahnu\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gie<\/span> odli\u0161uje t\u00fdm, \u017ee nie je prim\u00e1rne ods\u00faden\u00e1 z etick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska. Je riskantn\u00e1, ale v r\u00e1mci inuitsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu hodn\u00f4t predstavuje legit\u00edmnu, hoci nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 v pr\u00edpade konfliktu. T\u00e1to etick\u00e1 poz\u00edcia rob\u00ed prax s tupilakmi zauj\u00edmavou z religi\u00f3zno-filozofick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska a v\u00fdrazne ju odli\u0161uje od kres\u0165ansko-mor\u00e1lne formovan\u00fdch predst\u00e1v o \u0161kodlivej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zvl\u00e1\u0161tnymi \u00fakonmi alebo formulami zasiahnu\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gii<\/span>.<\/p><p>Doplnkovo treba upozorni\u0165 na paralelu s mezopot\u00e1mskymi zakl\u00ednaniami proti Lama\u0161tu, v ktor\u00fdch je tie\u017e zrete\u013en\u00e1 kombin\u00e1cia konstrukcie \u0161kodlivej bytosti a apotropajnej praxe, bez toho, aby sa musela predpoklada\u0165 historick\u00e1 s\u00favislos\u0165.<\/p><p>Tieto \u0161truktur\u00e1lne anal\u00f3gie s\u00fa vo vedeckej diskusii o univerz\u00e1lnych vzorcoch \u0161kodlivej m\u00e1gie samostatnou oblas\u0165ou v\u00fdskumu a dokladom \u0161truktur\u00e1lnej st\u00e1losti tak\u00fdchto prakt\u00edk v r\u00e1mci r\u00f4znych kult\u00far.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misia, z\u00e1kaz a pam\u00e4\u0165<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S misiou, ktor\u00fa v roku 1721 za\u010dal Hans Egede v z\u00e1padnom Gr\u00f3nsku a ktor\u00fa pokra\u010dovali moravsk\u00e9 a d\u00e1nsko-luthersk\u00e9 cirkvi, sa prax tupilaku dostala pod siln\u00fd tlak. Pova\u017eovala sa za diabolsk\u00fa, bola cirkevne zak\u00e1zan\u00e1 a spolo\u010densky odsudzovan\u00e1. Vo v\u00fdchodnom Gr\u00f3nsku, ktor\u00e9 bolo intenz\u00edvne misionizovan\u00e9 a\u017e koncom 19. storo\u010dia, sa t\u00e1to prax udr\u017eala najdlh\u0161ie.<\/p><p>Vedecky je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 presne datova\u0165 vymiznutie skuto\u010dnej v\u00fdroby tupilakov. William Thalbitzer v roku 1923 e\u0161te referuje o osob\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 v mladosti vyr\u00e1bali tupilaky, alebo aspo\u0148 tvrdili, \u017ee to robili. V druhej polovici 20. storo\u010dia pre\u017e\u00edva tupilak u\u017e len v rezb\u00e1rskom umen\u00ed a v rozpr\u00e1va\u010dskej literat\u00fare.<\/p><p>V gr\u00f3nskych u\u010debniciach a m\u00faze\u00e1ch sa trad\u00edcia tupilaku dnes sprostredk\u00fava s didaktickou starostlivos\u0165ou. Rozdiel medzi historickou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal sna\u017eia zasiahnu\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1giou<\/span> a s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm umen\u00edm sa v\u00fdslovne zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, aby sa predi\u0161lo nedorozumeniam. T\u00e1to pedagogick\u00e1 prax je samostatnou oblas\u0165ou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskodidaktick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu a pr\u00edkladom sprostredkovania koloni\u00e1lne pretvorenej religi\u00f3znej hist\u00f3rie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum a recepcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum tupilaku prebieha predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v samotnom Gr\u00f3nsku, napr\u00edklad v Greenland National Museum and Archives v Nuuku a v etnologick\u00fdch \u00fastavoch d\u00e1nskych univerz\u00edt. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne a Jens Rosing predlo\u017eili z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie o praxi tupilaku a jej obrazovej hist\u00f3rii, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 v medzin\u00e1rodnom vedeckom diskurze.<\/p><p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 recepcia je rozdelen\u00e1. Zatia\u013e \u010do odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara ch\u00e1pe tupilak ako historicko-ritu\u00e1lnu kateg\u00f3riu, v popul\u00e1rnej kult\u00fare dominuje jeho pou\u017e\u00edvanie ako ezoterick\u00e9ho alebo dekorat\u00edvneho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvu<\/span>. Tento rozpor je predmetom vlastnej vedeckej reflexie o koloni\u00e1lnom privlast\u0148ovan\u00ed si p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev a etickej problematike tak\u00fdchto privlastnen\u00ed.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci inuitskej diasp\u00f3ry zostal tupilak symbolom identity, bez toho, aby sa o\u017eivovala jeho magick\u00e1 prax. Tento dvojak\u00fd pr\u00edstup, zachova\u0165 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>, ale vedome opusti\u0165 prax, je vedecky ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00fd a ukazuje selekt\u00edvne osvojovanie si tradi\u010dn\u00fdch konceptov v modernom formovan\u00ed p\u00f4vodnej identity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odkazy v lexik\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s\u00fa hesl\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157993\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157991\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157992\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157995\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157997\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157996\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157998\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157999\">Malina<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158000\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kult\u00farny uzol <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/inuiti-a-arktida-sedna-tornit-ochranna-prax\/\">Inuitsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia<\/a> r\u00e1mcuje religi\u00f3znu hist\u00f3riu. \u0160trukt\u00farne podobn\u00e9 duchovia-kon\u0161trukty sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v s\u00e9rii hesiel o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/sami-a-finsko-ugorska-tradicia-noaidi-buben\/\">saamskej<\/a> trad\u00edcii a v mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch po celom svete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00fdroba tupilaku v \u00fastnej trad\u00edcii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak nie je v gr\u00f3nskej inuitskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcii<\/span> narodenou bytos\u0165ou, ale vyrobenou.<\/p><p>Pod\u013ea opisov, ktor\u00e9 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa okrem in\u00e9ho zo z\u00e1znamov Piatej Thulskej exped\u00edcie pod veden\u00edm Knuda Rasmussena a zo star\u0161\u00edch cestopisov, zhotovila osoba, ktor\u00e1 chcela ubl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 in\u00e9mu \u010dloveku, t\u00fato bytos\u0165 tajne z r\u00f4znych materi\u00e1lov. Pou\u017e\u00edvali sa kosti, \u010dasti zvierat, k\u00fasky ko\u017eu\u0161\u00edn, \u0161\u013eachy a pr\u00edle\u017eitostne aj nie\u010do z tela die\u0165a\u0165a alebo zosnul\u00e9ho.<\/p><p>Tieto s\u00fa\u010dasti sa zlo\u017eili do malej, \u010dasto beztvarej fig\u00farky. Pies\u0148ami, zakl\u00ednadlami a pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch spr\u00e1v aj kontaktom s vlastn\u00fdm telom tvorcu bola fig\u00farke vd\u00fdchnut\u00e1 du\u0161a. Tupilak tak bol n\u00e1strojom \u0161kodlivej m\u00e1gie: bol vyslan\u00fd do mora, aby vyh\u013eadal a zabil ur\u010dit\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obe\u0165<\/span>.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Trad\u00edcia<\/span> v\u0161ak zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee tupilak bol nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd aj pre svojho vlastn\u00e9ho tvorcu. Ak mala zam\u00fd\u0161\u013ean\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obe\u0165<\/span> silnej\u0161ie nadprirodzen\u00e9 schopnosti, alebo ak bola sama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a svetom duchov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161amanom<\/span>, dok\u00e1zala tupilaka odvr\u00e1ti\u0165 a posla\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165. Vracaj\u00faci sa tupilak potom zabil toho, kto ho zhotovil.<\/p><p>Jeho v\u00fdroba preto platila za mimoriadne rizikov\u00fd a spolo\u010densky odsudzovan\u00fd \u010din. Zdroje t\u00fdchto predst\u00e1v s\u00fa prakticky v\u00fdlu\u010dne z\u00e1znamy zvonka, zozbieran\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkmi exped\u00edci\u00ed, far\u00e1rmi a cestovate\u013emi, a t\u00fdkaj\u00fa sa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho a z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Gr\u00f3nska. Jednotn\u00fa prax pre cel\u00fd inuitsk\u00fd svet z nich nemo\u017eno odvodi\u0165.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rezb\u00e1rske fig\u00farky tupilaku a koloni\u00e1lny trh s umen\u00edm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie tupilakov\u00e9 objekty s\u00fa dnes mal\u00e9 vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 fig\u00farky zo zuba, kosti, parohu alebo dreva, ktor\u00e9 zobrazuj\u00fa groteskn\u00fa zmie\u0161an\u00fa podobu a znetvoren\u00e9 tv\u00e1re. Tieto fig\u00farky sa v\u0161ak nezhoduj\u00fa s bytos\u0165ami \u0161kodlivej magie, ktor\u00e9 popisuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00fastna trad\u00edcia<\/span>. P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 tupilaky boli skryt\u00e9, tajne zhotoven\u00e9 predmety, ktor\u00e9 nemal nikto vidie\u0165 a ktor\u00e9 sa po pou\u017eit\u00ed neuchov\u00e1vali.<\/p><p>Vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 fig\u00farky vznikli a\u017e v kontakte s Eur\u00f3panmi. Cestovatelia, mision\u00e1ri a nesk\u00f4r turisti chceli vedie\u0165, ako tupilak vyzer\u00e1, a Gr\u00f3nlan\u010fania preto vytvorili vidite\u013en\u00e9 zobrazenia toho, \u010do dovtedy existovalo len ako predstava.<\/p><p>Z tohto stretnutia sa od konca 19. storo\u010dia a najm\u00e4 v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed vyvinulo samostatn\u00e9 rezb\u00e1rske umenie, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 vo v\u00fdchodnom Gr\u00f3nsku v okol\u00ed Ammassaliku. Tupilakov\u00e9 fig\u00farky sa stali pevnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou gr\u00f3nskeho remeseln\u00e9ho umenia a vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa sa a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti.<\/p><p>Pre vedu je tento v\u00fdvoj pou\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom dej\u00edn predmetov formovan\u00fdch koloni\u00e1lnym kontaktom. To, \u010do sa v m\u00faze\u00e1ch a zbierkach uchov\u00e1va ako tupilak, je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou produktom doby kontaktu, nie svedectvom predkoloni\u00e1lnej ritu\u00e1lnej praxe. Etnol\u00f3govia ako William Thalbitzer, ktor\u00fd sk\u00famal v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 Gr\u00f3nsko na za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia, upozornili na rozdiel medzi tradovan\u00fdm konceptom a vidite\u013enou fig\u00farkou u\u017e ve\u013emi skoro.<\/p><p>Vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 tupilaky napriek tomu nie s\u00fa len falzifik\u00e1tmi, ale samostatnou umeleckou trad\u00edciou, ktor\u00e1 previedla star\u00fd koncept do novej, materi\u00e1lnej formy. Pri ka\u017edom tvrden\u00ed o tupilakov\u00fdch objektoch je preto potrebn\u00e9 rozli\u0161ova\u0165, \u010di ide o tradovan\u00fa predstavu, alebo o rezb\u00e1rske umenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak sa v gr\u00f3nskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00fastnej trad\u00edcii<\/span> pova\u017euje za umelo vytvoren\u00e9ho <strong>duchamstite\u013ea pomsty<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd \u0161pecialista, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje sprostredkovanie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a svetom duchov.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0161aman<\/span> alebo angakkoq formoval z kost\u00ed, zvierac\u00edch zvy\u0161kov a ko\u017ee, aby zasiahol konkr\u00e9tneho protivn\u00edka.<\/p><p>Ako z\u00e1merne vytvoren\u00fd duch pomsty sa tupilak odli\u0161uje od vo\u013ene sa pohybuj\u00facich duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed inuitskej trad\u00edcie, preto\u017ee je zameran\u00fd na konkr\u00e9tnu osobu a pod\u013ea prame\u0148ov sa m\u00f4\u017ee obr\u00e1ti\u0165 aj proti svojmu vlastn\u00e9mu tvorcovi, ak je napadnut\u00fd cie\u013e chr\u00e1nen\u00fd silnej\u0161ie, ne\u017e sa o\u010dak\u00e1valo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait duch \u0161kody vyrez\u00e1van\u00e1 fig\u00farka v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 Gr\u00f3nsko ve\u013eryb\u00ed zub Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/inuiti-a-arktida-sedna-tornit-ochranna-prax\/\">Inuitov<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, prav\u00e9 zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 lehota na vr\u00e1tenie.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. Religionistick\u00fd obsah predstavuje kult\u00farno-historick\u00e9 zaradenie, nie odpor\u00fa\u010danie duchovnej praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak Inuit duch pomsty","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak \u2013 duch pomsty a vyrez\u00e1van\u00e1 fig\u00farka Inuitov","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak je umelo vytvoren\u00fd duch pomsty gr\u00f3nskych Inuitov, nesk\u00f4r vyrez\u00e1van\u00e1 fig\u00farka. 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