{"id":157964,"date":"2026-09-04T22:20:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157964"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:47:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:47:11","slug":"melqart-mestsky-boh-tyru","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/melqart-mestsky-boh-tyru\/","title":{"rendered":"Melqart \u2013 mestsk\u00fd boh T\u00fdru"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157964\" class=\"elementor elementor-157964 elementor-2626 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart, f\u00e9nick\u00fd mestsk\u00fd boh T\u00fdru a 'Herakles' Feni\u010danov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart (f\u00e9nicky <em>mlqrt<\/em>, doslova &#8218;kr\u00e1\u013e mesta&#8216;) je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mestsk\u00fd boh T\u00fdru a jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch f\u00e9nick\u00fdch bohov v\u00f4bec. Gr\u00e9ci ho identifikovali s Herakleom (&#8218;Herakles-Melqart&#8216;) a v helenisticko-r\u00edmskom svete bol uctievan\u00fd na mnoh\u00fdch miestach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh trad\u00edcie f\u00e9nickej.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/fenicania-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie f\u00e9nickej.\">F\u00e9nick\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mestsk\u00fd boh.\">Mestsk\u00fd boh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159799\" alt=\"Melqart \u2013 bohovia z fenickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie a stru\u010dn\u00fd profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart je hlavn\u00fdm bohom f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho matersk\u00e9ho mesta T\u00fdru, a stoj\u00ed tak na k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej poz\u00edcii stredomorsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnetov\u00e1 predlo\u017eila v svojej monografii <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) najkomplexnej\u0161iu \u0161t\u00fadiu o tomto bohovi; ukazuje, \u017ee Melqart bol z\u00e1rove\u0148 mestsk\u00fdm bohom, ochrann\u00fdm bohom kr\u00e1\u013ea, h\u00e9room a chtonicko-vzkriesiv\u00fdm bohom. V r\u00e1mci <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/fenicania-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00e9nickej trad\u00edcie<\/a> je centr\u00e1lnym mu\u017esk\u00fdm hlavn\u00fdm bohom t\u00fdrskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> sa roz\u0161\u00edril s t\u00fdrskymi kol\u00f3niami po celom Stredomor\u00ed. V Gades (dne\u0161n\u00fd C\u00e1diz v \u0160panielsku) sa nach\u00e1dzal najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed Melqartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> z\u00e1padne od samotn\u00e9ho T\u00fdru; pr\u00edtomn\u00fd bol aj v Kart\u00e1gu. Maria Eugenia Aubetov\u00e1 podrobne zdokumentovala jeho stredomorsk\u00e9 \u0161\u00edrenie v diele <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Z n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska predstavuje Melqart typ mestsk\u00e9ho a kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho boha, ktor\u00fd sa sez\u00f3nne aktualizuje v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00fdm &#8218;zob\u00fadzan\u00edm&#8216; (<em>egersis<\/em>) na jar. T\u00e1to sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 zob\u00fadzania je jedn\u00fdm z charakteristick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00fdch znakov Melqarta a odli\u0161uje ho od in\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch bo\u017estiev. Spojenie s gr\u00e9ckym Herakleom vzniklo na z\u00e1klade funk\u010dn\u00fdch podobnost\u00ed a intenz\u00edvnych gr\u00e9cko-f\u00e9nick\u00fdch kontaktov od 8. storo\u010dia pred Kr.<\/p><p>Zauj\u00edmavou osobitos\u0165ou Melqarta je jeho \u00fazke prepojenie s t\u00fdrskym kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm rodom: kr\u00e1\u013e T\u00fdru bol z\u00e1rove\u0148 najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm Melqartov\u00fdm k\u0148azom; v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00fa sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 zob\u00fadzania vykon\u00e1val osobne kr\u00e1\u013e. T\u00e1to toto\u017enos\u0165 politickej a ritu\u00e1lnej \u0161pi\u010dky je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska porovnate\u013en\u00e1 s egyptsk\u00fdm fara\u00f3nom alebo r\u00edmskym <em>pontifex maximus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aj <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-ochranna-prax\/\">hetitsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia<\/a> poznala podobn\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch a kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch bohov; \u00fazke porovnanie s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157961\">Sarrumom<\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161trukt\u00farne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznatky o kr\u00e1\u013eovskej teol\u00f3gii neskorej doby bronzovej vo v\u00fdchodnom Stredomor\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Melqart je zlo\u017eeninou z <em>mlk<\/em> &#8218;kr\u00e1\u013e&#8216; a <em>qrt<\/em> &#8218;mesto&#8216;, teda doslova &#8218;kr\u00e1\u013e mesta&#8216;. Mestom je T\u00fdros, a Melqart je &#8218;kr\u00e1\u013e T\u00fdru&#8216; v bo\u017eskom zmysle.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to etymol\u00f3gia je nesporn\u00e1 a jednozna\u010dne zdokumentovan\u00e1 v n\u00e1pisoch. V klinopisn\u00fdch textoch sa objavuje ako <em>Milqartu<\/em>, v gr\u00e9ckych prame\u0148och ako Melqart alebo Melkart, v helenistick\u00fdch synkretizmoch ako Herakles-Melqart.<\/p><p>Alternat\u00edvna interpret\u00e1cia vid\u00ed v <em>mlk<\/em> nielen &#8218;kr\u00e1\u013ea&#8216; vo svetskom zmysle, ale aj &#8218;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obe\u0165<\/span>&#8218; (molk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obe\u0165<\/span>), dvojzmyselnos\u0165 rovnak\u00e9ho kore\u0148a vo f\u00e9nickom jazyku. V b\u00e1dan\u00ed sa v\u0161ak tento v\u00fdklad presadzuje menej.<\/p><p>Na gr\u00e9cke strane sa jeho meno objavuje ako &#8218;Herakles-Tyrios&#8216;, &#8218;Herakles&#8216; alebo pod teoforick\u00fdm prvkom mena &#8218;Melikartos&#8216;. Identifik\u00e1cia s Herakleom je liter\u00e1rne dolo\u017een\u00e1 od 5. storo\u010dia pred Kr. (Herodotos 2.44). Gr\u00e9cka mytologick\u00e1 postava Herakla nesie rysy f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho Melqarta, najm\u00e4 v m\u00fdtoch o ceste na &#8218;Z\u00e1pad&#8216; a zabit\u00ed Geryona.<\/p><p>Teoforick\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 meno Hamilkar bolo v Kart\u00e1gu ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9; nosili ho viacer\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed kart\u00e1ginsk\u00ed vojvodcovia, medzi nimi Hamilkar Barkas, otec Hannibala. T\u00e1to menn\u00e1 trad\u00edcia dokazuje pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faci v\u00fdznam Melqarta v politickom \u017eivote punsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart sa vo f\u00e9nickej ikonografii zvy\u010dajne zobrazuje ako brady mu\u017e v kr\u00e1tkej z\u00e1stere, so zdvihnutou bojovou sekerou alebo palicou, niekedy s lukom, \u010dasto odet\u00fd v levej ko\u017ei. T\u00e1to ikonografia levej ko\u017ee je historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e1, preto\u017ee priamo pre\u0161la do gr\u00e9ckej herakleovskej trad\u00edcie s levou ko\u017eou a palicou.<\/p><p>Na tyrsk\u00fdch minciach z helenistick\u00e9ho obdobia sa Melqart-Herakles \u010dasto zobrazuje s palicou a levou ko\u017eou; na kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch st\u00e9lach z tofetu stoj\u00ed ob\u010das ved\u013ea <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157965\">Baal-Hammona<\/a>. D\u00f4le\u017eitou ikonografickou trad\u00edciou je &#8218;Melqart na morskom koni&#8216;, ktor\u00e1 dokumentuje jeho spojenie s n\u00e1morn\u00edctvom a morom.<\/p><p>Jeho sv\u00e4t\u00fdm zviera\u0165om je lev; na niektor\u00fdch reli\u00e9foch je zobrazen\u00fd kr\u00e1\u010daj\u00faci na levovi alebo dusiaci leva. V niektor\u00fdch neskor\u0161\u00edch zobrazeniach sa ako jeho sprievodn\u00e9 zviera objavuje aj orol. Bonnetov\u00e1 podrobne zdokumentovala ikonografick\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165; ukazuje, \u017ee Melqart si v ka\u017edom stredomorskom kontexte vytv\u00e1ral mierne odli\u0161n\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Na sl\u00e1vnej &#8218;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 doska s n\u00e1pisom alebo obrazom.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> Jechawmilka&#8216;, kr\u00e1\u013ea Byblosu (5. storo\u010die pred Kr.), sa s\u00edce Melqart samotn\u00fd neobjavuje, ale objavuje sa tam obrazov\u00e1 formula kr\u00e1\u013eovsko-bo\u017esk\u00e9ho stretnutia, ktor\u00e1 je typick\u00e1 pre f\u00e9nick\u00fa trad\u00edciu kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho boha. T\u00e1to ikonografick\u00e1 konvencia sa tiahne od T\u00fdru cez Byblos a\u017e po Kart\u00e1go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologick\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feni\u010dianske m\u00fdty o Melkartovi sa zachovali iba fragment\u00e1rne. Eusebius z C\u00e9zarey citoval rozpr\u00e1vanie z diela Fil\u00f3na z Byblu (Praeparatio Evangelica 1.10), v ktorom je Melkart zobrazen\u00fd ako h\u00e9ros a o\u017eivova\u010d. Pod\u013ea antick\u00fdch spr\u00e1v Melkart ka\u017edoro\u010dne preb\u00fadza k \u017eivotu na sviatku prebudenia (<em>egersis<\/em>), \u010d\u00edm sa zara\u010fuje do trad\u00edcie ka\u017edoro\u010dne umieraj\u00facich a vzkriesen\u00fdch vegeta\u010dn\u00fdch a mestsk\u00fdch bohov.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie sp\u00e1ja Melkarta so samotn\u00fdm zalo\u017een\u00edm T\u00fdru: pod\u013ea tejto trad\u00edcie mal spevni\u0165 pl\u00e1vaj\u00face skaly, na ktor\u00fdch bol T\u00fdr postaven\u00fd, prostredn\u00edctvom vt\u00e1\u010dej obety. In\u00fd pr\u00edbeh ho sp\u00e1ja s vyn\u00e1lezom purpurov\u00e9ho farbenia, ktor\u00e9 bolo pre Feni\u010danov k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou hospod\u00e1rskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou: Melkartov pes mal omylom rozhr\u00fdz\u0165 purpurov\u00fa ulitu a tak n\u00e1hodne objavi\u0165 purpurov\u00e9 farbivo.<\/p><p>V gr\u00e9ckom prevzat\u00ed ako Herakles-Melkart zdedil rozpr\u00e1vania z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gie<\/span> Herakla, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm epiz\u00f3du s Geryonom, v ktorej Herakles v z\u00e1padnom Stredomor\u00ed (na mieste neskor\u0161ieho Gadesu) unesie dobytok trojhlav\u00e9mu obrovi Geryonovi. Toto spojenie je religionistick\u00fd zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, preto\u017ee Gades bol skuto\u010dne feni\u010dianskym zalo\u017een\u00edm a najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou z\u00e1padnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu uctievaniu bo\u017estva zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148ou<\/span> Melkarta.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eitou pseudoepigrafiou je &#8218;Sanchunjaton&#8216; (Sankuniathon), \u00fadajn\u00fd feni\u010diansky k\u0148az, ktor\u00e9ho dielo sa mala zachova\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom Fil\u00f3na z Byblu. Kritick\u00e1 ed\u00edcia Alberta Baumgartena ukazuje, \u017ee hoci je materi\u00e1l z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti neskor\u00fd helenistick\u00fd v\u00fdmysel, obsahuje aj skuto\u010dn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky feni\u010dianskej mytologickej trad\u00edcie, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vo vz\u0165ahu k Melkartovi a geneal\u00f3gii bohov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a uctievanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fd kult Melkarta s\u00eddlil v T\u00fdre, v najstar\u0161om a najvzne\u0161enej\u0161om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> mesta. Herodotos tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> podrobne popisuje (2.44) a spom\u00edna dva pil\u00edre, jeden zo zlata a druh\u00fd zo smaragdu, ktor\u00e9 v noci \u017eiarili, \u010do bol pravdepodobne sl\u00e1vny jav &#8218;s\u00eew\u00e2n&#8216;, fosforescencia miner\u00e1lov.<\/p><p>Ch\u00edram I. z T\u00fdru (10. storo\u010die pred Kr.) je s Melkartov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span> \u00fazko sp\u00e4t\u00fd; pod\u013ea Josepha Fl\u00e1via ho postavil zo zlata a bronzu.<\/p><p>Vrcholom kultu bol ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok prebudenia; obrad viedol &#8218;preb\u00fadza\u010d&#8216; (<em>mqm-\u02belm<\/em>, &#8218;ten, ktor\u00fd vzkriesi boha&#8216;). Kr\u00e1\u013e T\u00fdru bol centr\u00e1lnou osobou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00e1 postupnos\u0165 symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span>. Podobn\u00e9 sviatky prebudenia s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9 v Kart\u00e1gu a v Gadese; historicky sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa Melkarta s Tammuzom\/Dumuzim a s Adonisom.<\/p><p>Aj v Kart\u00e1gu bol Melkart pr\u00edtomn\u00fd; ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00fd poplatok Melkartovmu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mu<\/span> v T\u00fdre bol Kart\u00e1gom udr\u017eiavan\u00fd e\u0161te v obdob\u00ed neskorej republiky, \u010do je dokladom \u00fazkeho puta s matersk\u00fdm mestom.<\/p><p>V Gadese st\u00e1l Melkartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na malom ostrove; pop\u00edsali ho Polybios, Strab\u00f3n a Silius Italicus. Aj po r\u00edmskom dobyt\u00ed zostala sv\u00e4ty\u0148a Gades-Melkart akt\u00edvna ako Herkulovsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu uctievaniu bo\u017estva zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 miesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> a nav\u0161t\u00edvili ju Hannibal, Caesar a Hadri\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum Melkartovho chr\u00e1mu v T\u00fdre je s\u0165a\u017een\u00fd modernou v\u00fdstavbou; v Gadese s\u00fa naopak zvy\u0161ky sv\u00e4tyne na dne\u0161nom ostrove Sancti Petri lep\u0161ie pr\u00edstupn\u00e9. Prebiehaj\u00face podvodn\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky pod veden\u00edm Antonia S\u00e1eza Romera prinieslo v posledn\u00fdch rokoch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 nov\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 prax a apotropaika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melkart bol ochrann\u00fdm bohom kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho rodu, mesta a lodnej dopravy. Na kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch pe\u010datiach z T\u00fdru sa objavuje ako ochranca; vo feni\u010dianskych osobn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch je jeho teonymum be\u017en\u00e9 (Hamilkar = &#8218;sluha Melkartov&#8216;, Bomilkar = &#8218;rukou Melkartovou&#8216;). Frekvencia teoforick\u00fdch mien s prvkom Melkart je dokladom intenz\u00edvnej osobnej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracaj\u00faci ne\u0161\u0165astie: o znameniach a predmetoch, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa odvraca\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vplyvy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> sa nosili Melkartove skaraby a mal\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 fig\u00farky alebo sa umiest\u0148ovali v dom\u00e1cnosti. Sl\u00e1vna &#8218;Melkartova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 doska s n\u00e1pisom alebo zobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span>&#8218; z Bred\u0161e (Bredja) v severnej S\u00fdrii, vot\u00edvny n\u00e1pis aramejsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea Bar-Hadada venovan\u00fd Melkartovi, je jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch epigrafick\u00fdch svedectiev Melkartovho kultu mimo T\u00fdru.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">V lodiplavebnej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti bol Melkart najvy\u0161\u0161ou ochrannou in\u0161tanciou; feni\u010dianski kapit\u00e1ni a kolonisti mu prin\u00e1\u0161ali vot\u00edvne dary pri odchode i pri pr\u00edchode. T\u00e1to cestovn\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165 je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm religionistick\u00fdm znakom feni\u010dianskej mobility. iWell Guard uv\u00e1dza Melkarta ako historick\u00fa postavu bez ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho odkazu na pr\u00eds\u013eub uzdravenia.<\/p><p>V kart\u00e1ginsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch 5. a 4. storo\u010dia pred Kr. sa Melkart objavuje ako druh\u00fd alebo tret\u00ed boh po <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157965\">Baal-Hammonovi<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157963\">Tanit<\/a>. Trojica bohov feni\u010dianskeho matersk\u00e9ho mesta (Baal-\u0160amem, Astart\u00e9, Melkart) bola v Kart\u00e1gu preformovan\u00e1 do novej konfigur\u00e1cie, bez toho, aby bol Melkart \u00faplne zatla\u010den\u00fd do \u00fazadia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historicky najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou paralelou je gr\u00e9cka identifik\u00e1cia s Herakleom. Walter Burkert vo svojom diele <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) a v mnoh\u00fdch neskor\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee gr\u00e9cka postava Herakla je silne ovplyvnen\u00e1 f\u00e9nick\u00fdm Melqartom, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v epiz\u00f3de s Geryonom a v pr\u00edpade &#8218;Herakleov\u00fdch st\u013apov&#8216; (Gibraltarsk\u00fd prieliv), ktor\u00e9 boli p\u00f4vodne &#8218;St\u013apmi Melqarta&#8216;.<\/p><p>S mezopot\u00e1mskym Gilgame\u0161om m\u00e1 Melqart spolo\u010dn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> smrte\u013eno-nesmrte\u013en\u00e9ho hrdinu s kr\u00e1\u013eovskou funkciou. V Kart\u00e1gu sa z jeho trad\u00edcie nevyvinulo samostatn\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, preto\u017ee kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo si vytvorilo vlastn\u00fd vrchol panthe\u00f3nu s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157965\">Baal-Hammonom<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157963\">Tanit<\/a>; Melqart v\u0161ak zostal v\u017edy pr\u00edtomn\u00fd.<\/p><p>Historicky je Melqart prototypick\u00fdm f\u00e9nick\u00fdm mestsk\u00fdm a kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm bohom. So <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157961\">Sarrumom<\/a> z <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/hetitsko-anatolske-tarhunna-ochranna-prax\/\">hetitskej trad\u00edcie<\/a> zdie\u013ea funkciu osobn\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho ochrann\u00e9ho boha; s mezopot\u00e1mskym Mardukom funkciu vzkriesen\u00e9ho mestsk\u00e9ho boha po sez\u00f3nnej por\u00e1\u017eke. V helenistickom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zl\u00fa\u010denie predst\u00e1v alebo bo\u017estiev z r\u00f4znych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretizme<\/span> sa st\u00e1va prototypick\u00fdm &#8218;prekladov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span>&#8218; medzi f\u00e9nick\u00fdm a gr\u00e9ckym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom.<\/p><p>V z\u00e1padnom Stredomor\u00ed je Melqart pod gr\u00e9ckym menom Herakles pr\u00edtomn\u00fd v nespo\u010detn\u00fdch n\u00e1pisoch a minciach; prechody medzi &#8218;Melqartom&#8216; a &#8218;Heraklom&#8216; s\u00fa v helenistickom jazykovom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed \u010dasto plynul\u00e9. V Kart\u00e1gu bolo toto dvojit\u00e9 pomenovanie politicky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na otvorenie f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva gr\u00e9ckym spojencom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 recepcia a v\u00fdskum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdskum Melqarta dosahuje dnes vysok\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Monografia Corinne Bonnetovej <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) a jej neskor\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie s\u00fa \u0161tandardnou referenciou; Maria Eugenia Aubetov\u00e1, Sabatino Moscati a H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Saderov\u00e1 predlo\u017eili d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00edspevky k archeologickej str\u00e1nke. N\u00e1pisy s\u00fa pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 v ed\u00edci\u00e1ch Charlesa Krahmalkova a Wolfganga R\u00f6lliga.<\/p><p>V popul\u00e1rnej recepcii je Melqart zn\u00e1my predov\u0161etk\u00fdm svojou identifik\u00e1ciou s Heraklom a tartessk\u00fdmi legendami (spojen\u00fdmi s pokladom Karambolo, &#8218;Zlat\u00fdm jablkom Hesperidiek&#8216;). V modernom Libanone T\u00fdros od 90. rokov 20. storo\u010dia obnovou svojich archeologick\u00fdch lokal\u00edt rehabilitoval Melqarta ako kult\u00farny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je Melqart dnes pova\u017eovan\u00fd za centr\u00e1lny predmet \u0161t\u00fadia f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, mestskej bohoslovnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span> a stredomorskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej dynamiky. Aktu\u00e1lne \u0165a\u017eisk\u00e1 v\u00fdskumu s\u00fa diferenci\u00e1cia lok\u00e1lnych hypost\u00e1z Melqarta, ikonografick\u00fd prenos do gr\u00e9ckej herakleovskej trad\u00edcie a archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum sv\u00e4tyne v Gades. iWell Guard uv\u00e1dza Melqarta ako historick\u00e9ho \u010dlena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aj helenistick\u00e9 mince z T\u00fdru a Kart\u00e1ga zobrazuj\u00fa Melqarta, \u010dasto s kyjakom, lukom alebo pr\u00eddavkom lode. Toto mincov\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojom pre ikonografick\u00e9 dejiny Melqarta.<\/p><p>Aktu\u00e1lne \u0161t\u00fadie Josephine Quinnovej a Briana Doaka nanovo sk\u00famali \u00falohu Melqarta v punskej kon\u0161trukcii identity a v r\u00edmsko-f\u00e9nickej kontaktnej z\u00f3ne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara a zdroje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nasleduj\u00faci v\u00fdber obsahuje najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie \u0161tandardn\u00e9 diela v\u00fdskumu Melqarta. Zah\u0155\u0148a monografie, ed\u00edcie n\u00e1pisov a n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-historick\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy. Monografia Corinne Bonnetovej <em>Melqart<\/em> je prv\u00fdm vstupom do t\u00e9my; Burkert sa zaober\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckou linkou; Aubetov\u00e1 stredomorsk\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm; Krahmalkov jazykovohistorick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom. Najnov\u0161ia monografia H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Saderovej pon\u00faka archeologick\u00fa synt\u00e9zu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff50c6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ff50c6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp202ddb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp202ddb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egersis, sviatok vzkriesenia Melqarta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2683cd7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2683cd7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27bc6d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27bc6d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osobitos\u0165ou kultu Melqarta v T\u00fdre bol v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok, ktor\u00fd gr\u00e9cke pramene ozna\u010duj\u00fa ako <em>egersis<\/em>, teda vzkriesenie alebo prebudenie boha. Tento pojem nazna\u010duje, \u017ee sviatku bola vlastn\u00e1 predstava, \u017ee Melqart zomiera a vracia sa do \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Melqart tak patr\u00ed do radu bo\u017estiev star\u00e9ho Orientu, ktor\u00fdch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov k bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bol spojen\u00fd s cyklom smrti a n\u00e1vratu, porovnate\u013en\u00fd s Adonisom alebo mezopot\u00e1mskym Dumuzim.<\/p><p>Presn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly egersis s\u00fa zn\u00e1me iba \u00fatr\u017ekovito. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antick\u00ed<\/span> autori spom\u00ednaj\u00fa sp\u00e1lenie obrazu alebo fig\u00fary boha a hovoria o osobe, ktor\u00e1 nosila titul vzkrisovate\u013ea boha.<\/p><p>Sviatok bol pravdepodobne spojen\u00fd s jarn\u00fdm term\u00ednom, a t\u00fdm aj s obnovou pr\u00edrody, av\u0161ak pramene neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa spo\u013eahliv\u00fa rekon\u0161trukciu. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> z cypersk\u00e9ho Kitionu spom\u00edna <em>mqm \u02belm<\/em>, vzkrisovate\u013ea boha, ako kultick\u00fd \u00farad, \u010d\u00edm nepriamo potvrdzuje existenciu tak\u00e9hoto sviatku.<\/p><p>Historicky je egersis v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, preto\u017ee odli\u0161uje Melqarta od \u010dist\u00e9ho mestsk\u00e9ho a kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho boha a d\u00e1va mu sp\u00e1sno-dejinn\u00fd, cyklick\u00fd charakter. Corinne Bonnetov\u00e1 vo svojej monografii o Melqartovi kriticky presk\u00famala dostupn\u00fd materi\u00e1l k egersis a varovala pred pred\u010dasn\u00fdm zaraden\u00edm do star\u0161ej sch\u00e9my umieraj\u00facich a vzkriesen\u00fdch bohov.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum sa zhoduje na tom, \u017ee sviatok existoval, no rozch\u00e1dza sa v ot\u00e1zke jeho presnej podoby. Zost\u00e1va jedn\u00fdm z najintenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie diskutovan\u00fdch elementov f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho sviato\u010dn\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1ra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25186adb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25186adb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e3a4f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e3a4f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart a Herakles, dvojit\u00e1 identita<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp226fa5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp226fa5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243726bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243726bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gr\u00e9ci stoto\u017e\u0148ovali Melqarta d\u00f4sledne so svoj\u00edm hrdinom Heraklom. Toto stoto\u017enenie bolo tak pevn\u00e9, \u017ee sl\u00e1vna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> Melqarta v Gadire, dne\u0161nom C\u00e1dize na \u0161panielskom atlantickom pobre\u017e\u00ed, sa v antick\u00fdch prame\u0148och objavuje ako Heraklov chr\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Heraklove st\u013apy, Gibralt\u00e1rsky prieliv, s\u00fa nazvan\u00e9 pod\u013ea tejto v\u00e4zby; p\u00f4vodne to boli pravdepodobne Melqartove st\u013apy.<\/p><p>D\u00f4vody stoto\u017enenia spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00fa v spolo\u010dn\u00fdch rysoch oboch post\u00e1v. Obaja s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00ed za hrdinov, ktor\u00ed podnikaj\u00fa dlh\u00e9 cesty, prenikaj\u00fa na okraj zn\u00e1meho svet a \u0161\u00edria kult\u00faru a poriadok.<\/p><p>Melqart bol uctievan\u00fd ako ochranca tyrskej koloniz\u00e1cie; kdeko\u013evek Tyros zalo\u017eil dc\u00e9rske mesto, od Kart\u00e1ga po Gadir, postavili mu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148u<\/span>. Herakles zas v gr\u00e9ckej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh s \u010dasto historick\u00fdm jadrom a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdmi rysmi.\" tabindex=\"0\">povesti<\/span> prech\u00e1dza cel\u00fdm stredomorsk\u00fdm priestorom. Oboch sp\u00e1ja smr\u0165 a jej prekonanie, Melqarta prostredn\u00edctvom egersis, Herakla jeho prijat\u00edm medzi bohov po zhoren\u00ed na pohrebnej hranici.<\/p><p>B\u00e1danie hovor\u00ed o identifik\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sobila v oboch smeroch. Niektor\u00e9 rysy gr\u00e9ckeho Herakla, najm\u00e4 epiz\u00f3da s pohrebnou hranicou, mohli by\u0165 ovplyvnen\u00e9 fenick\u00fdm Melqartom. Naopak, Melqart sa v dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1pisoch, napr\u00edklad na zn\u00e1mej fenicko-gr\u00e9ckej bilingv\u00e1lnej inskripcii z Malty, priamo stoto\u017e\u0148uje s Heraklom.<\/p><p>Tento maltsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> bol mimochodom v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov k rozl\u00fa\u0161teniu fenick\u00e9ho p\u00edsma. Dvojit\u00e1 identita Melqart-Herakles je tak vzorov\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom toho, ako dve kult\u00fary rozpoznali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> ako toto\u017en\u00e9 a prepletli svoje trad\u00edcie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22fd1a8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22fd1a8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fd95ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fd95ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart v dejin\u00e1ch od Kart\u00e1ga po Tyros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274edf27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp274edf27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27b9f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27b9f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart bol mestsk\u00fdm bohom Tyru a jeho v\u00fdznam presahuje \u010faleko za n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo do politick\u00fdch dej\u00edn fenick\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu. Ke\u010f Tyros v deviatom storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom zalo\u017eil Kart\u00e1go, nov\u00e9 mesto zostalo zaviazan\u00e9 bohu matersk\u00e9ho mesta.<\/p><p>Kart\u00e1ginsk\u00e9 prameny a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> spr\u00e1vy uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee Kart\u00e1go posielalo ro\u010dne desiatok svojich pr\u00edjmov do Melqartovej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyne<\/span> v Tyre, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd, v spolo\u010denstve pravidelne opakovan\u00fd \u00fakon.\" tabindex=\"0\">zvyk<\/span>, ktor\u00fd po st\u00e1ro\u010dia zvidite\u013e\u0148oval n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 puto medzi kol\u00f3niou a matersk\u00fdm mestom.<\/p><p>Obliehanie Tyru Alexandrom Ve\u013ek\u00fdm v roku 332 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom je \u00fazko spojen\u00e9 s Melqartom. Alexander chcel v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> boha obetova\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee ho ch\u00e1pal ako Herakla, od ktor\u00e9ho odvodzoval svoj p\u00f4vod.<\/p><p>Tyrania mu odopreli pr\u00edstup, \u010do bolo sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010dom mnohomesa\u010dn\u00e9ho, nakoniec \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9ho obliehania. T\u00e1to epiz\u00f3da ukazuje, ak\u00fa politick\u00fa v\u00fdbu\u0161nos\u0165 mohol ma\u0165 pr\u00edstup do mestskej sv\u00e4tyne.<\/p><p>Aj v r\u00edmskej dobe zostal Melqartov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u017eiv\u00fd. Septimius Severus poch\u00e1dzal zo severoafrick\u00e9ho Lepcis Magna, p\u00f4vodne fenick\u00e9ho zalo\u017eenia s vlastn\u00fdm Melqartov\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span>, a jeho dynastia podporovala fenick\u00e9 trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet zmapovala t\u00fato dlh\u00fa hist\u00f3riu od ran\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistorick\u00e1 epocha nasleduj\u00faca po dobe bronzovej, charakterizovan\u00e1 spracovan\u00edm \u017eeleza.\" tabindex=\"0\">doby \u017eeleznej<\/span> a\u017e po cis\u00e1rske obdobie a uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee Melqart zostal po cel\u00fd \u010das bohom mesta, vl\u00e1dy a koloniz\u00e1cie. Jeho pr\u00edbeh je tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 k\u00faskom dej\u00edn fenickej expanzie po celom Stredomor\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Melqart<\/em> (Leuven\/Namur 1988)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> o Melqartovi sp\u00e1ja jeho ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00fa smr\u0165 v ohni a jeho vzkriesenie s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultom<\/span> Tyru a formoval fenick\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne od Gadesu po Kart\u00e1go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Melqart Tyros Feni\u010dania Herakles Gades mestsk\u00fd boh egersis vzkriesenie.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-melqart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu nosite\u013en\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/fenicania-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00e9nicka<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, r\u00fddze zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 vr\u00e1tenia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. Religionistick\u00fd obsah predstavuje kult\u00farno-historick\u00e9 zaradenie, nie odpor\u00fa\u010danie duchovnej praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2850,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Melqart T\u00fdros Feni\u010dania","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Melqart \u2013 mestsk\u00fd boh T\u00fdru, m\u00fdtus, kult, Herakles","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Melqart, 'kr\u00e1\u013e mesta', je f\u00e9nick\u00fd mestsk\u00fd boh T\u00fdru, ktor\u00e9ho Gr\u00e9ci identifikovali s Herakleom. 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