{"id":157945,"date":"2026-09-04T22:19:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157945"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:46:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:46:38","slug":"turms-etrusky-posol-bohov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/turms-etrusky-posol-bohov\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Etrusk\u00fd posol bohov a bo\u017estvo mrtvych"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157945\" class=\"elementor elementor-157945 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etrusk\u00fd posol bohov, obdoba gr\u00e9ckeho Herma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etruskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve posol bohov a sprievodca mrtvych do podsvetia. Funk\u010dne zodpoved\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckemu Hermovi a r\u00edmskemu Mercuriovi. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok popisuje jeho religionistick\u00e9 postavenie, ikonografick\u00e9 znaky a \u00falohu v etruskom eschatologickom syst\u00e9me.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Posol trad\u00edcie Etrusk\u00e1.\">Posol<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie Etrusk\u00e1.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Posol bohov a sprievodca mrtvych.\">Posol bohov a sprievodca mrtvych<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159818\" alt=\"Turms \u2013 bohovia z etruskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie v etruskom pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms patr\u00ed medzi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch bohov etrusk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu. Je poslom medzi bohmi a medzi svetmi, medzi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a mrtvymi. V tejto funkcii do ve\u013ekej miery zodpoved\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckemu Hermovi Psychopompovi.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante a Nancy Thomson de Grummond sa Turmsovi venovali vo svojich dielach o etruskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve. V etruskom v\u00fdtvarnom umen\u00ed je \u010dastou postavou, \u010dasto zobrazovanou na zrkadl\u00e1ch s popisom.<\/p><p>Posol bohov Turms patr\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu, ktor\u00e9 je pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez vyznania.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> preto tak zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, preto\u017ee sprostredk\u00fava medzi gr\u00e9cko-mediter\u00e1nnym a italsko-r\u00edmskym tradi\u010dn\u00fdm svetom. Z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 pr\u00edspevky k v\u00fdskumu poskytli Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna, ktor\u00fdch pr\u00e1ce zostrili obraz samostatnej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere v danom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> mala jasne \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> so stup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi hodnos\u0165ami a presne rozdelen\u00fdmi \u00falohami; Turms v \u0148om mal pevne zakotven\u00fa funkciu posla medzi bohmi a medzi svetmi. Kde star\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie tento syst\u00e9m opisovali ako z\u00e1hadn\u00fd alebo cudz\u00ed, dnes sa v \u0148om rozpozn\u00e1va samostatn\u00e1 forma mediter\u00e1nneho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch It\u00e1lie zauj\u00edmali Etruskovia sprostredkuj\u00facu poz\u00edciu medzi gr\u00e9ckymi vplyvmi a vznikaj\u00facim r\u00edmskym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom. T\u00e1to sprostredkuj\u00faca \u00faloha, ktor\u00e1 sa v istom zmysle odr\u00e1\u017ea v poslaneckej funkcii Turmsa, je z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska mimoriadne zauj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p><p>Religiozno-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed pova\u017euje etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo za uzavret\u00fd, religi\u00f3zno-fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Miesto star\u0161ieho v\u00fdkladu, ktor\u00fd ho ch\u00e1pal ako \u010dist\u00fa odvodeninu gr\u00e9ckeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, zaujal v\u00fdrazne diferencovanej\u0161\u00ed poh\u013ead, z ktor\u00e9ho \u0165a\u017e\u00ed aj ch\u00e1panie Turmsa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Turms je dolo\u017een\u00e9 na mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch a n\u00e1pisoch. Spo\u013eahliv\u00fd etymologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad sa nepodarilo rekon\u0161truova\u0165. Helmut Rixov <em>Editio Minor<\/em> dokumentuje epigrafick\u00e9 doklady.<\/p><p>Turms sa objavuje aj pod pr\u00edvlastkom Turms Aitas (&#8218;Turms Aity&#8216;), \u010do ho v\u00fdslovne ozna\u010duje za sprievodcu boha podsvetia <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157948\">Aity<\/a>. T\u00e1to s\u00favislos\u0165 je vedecky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1: ukazuje jeho dvojit\u00fa funkciu posla bohov a sprievodcu mrtvych.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd jazyk stoj\u00ed jazykovo osamotene; pova\u017euje sa za izolovan\u00fd alebo sa hypoteticky zara\u010fuje do tyrsenskej jazykovej rodiny, ku ktorej mo\u017eno patria aj lemnijsk\u00fd a r\u00e9tsky jazyk. Na de\u0161ifrovan\u00ed textov pracuje v\u00fdskum od 19. storo\u010dia, dokon\u010den\u00fd nie je, \u010do sa t\u00fdka aj v\u00fdkladu mena Turms.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00facou epigrafickou zbierkou etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu je Rixov Editio Minor; v \u0148om s\u00fa zdokumentovan\u00e9 aj doklady mena Turms. Dnes ju dopl\u0148uje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1za ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>U\u017e v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> sa n\u00e1zory na p\u00f4vod Etruskov rozch\u00e1dzali: Herodotos ich odvodzoval z L\u00fddie, Dion\u00fdzios z Halikarnassu v nich videl dom\u00e1ci italsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Religionistick\u00fd je t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka relevantn\u00e1, preto\u017ee od nej z\u00e1vis\u00ed, \u010di etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo vykazuje s\u00favislosti s malo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdmi kultmi.<\/p><p>Jazykoveda a epigrafika dnes spolupracuj\u00fa \u00fazko. Digit\u00e1lna ed\u00edcia etrusk\u00fdch textov, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), v\u00fdrazne u\u013eah\u010duje porovn\u00e1vacie v\u00fdskumy, napr\u00edklad k teonym\u00e1m ako Turms. Priekopn\u00edcke pr\u00edspevky k tomu predlo\u017eili Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je v etruskom umen\u00ed zobrazovan\u00fd ako mlad\u00fd mu\u017e, \u010dasto s cestovn\u00fdm klob\u00fakom (petasos), okr\u00eddlen\u00fdmi sand\u00e1lmi a caduceom (heroldskou palicou). T\u00e1to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> je prevzat\u00e1 z gr\u00e9ckej trad\u00edcie Herma. Zn\u00e1me s\u00fa etrusk\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 so\u0161ky Turmsa, ktor\u00e9 sa zachovali v mnoh\u00fdch zbierkach po celom svete.<\/p><p>Na etrusk\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch (4.\/3. storo\u010die pred Kr.) sa Turms objavuje v mnoh\u00fdch mytologick\u00fdch sc\u00e9nach &#8211; \u010dasto ako sprievodca umieraj\u00facich alebo pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fdch hrdinov, niekedy aj ako posol medzi bohmi.<\/p><p>Z h\u013eadiska religionistiky je obrazov\u00e9 umenie Etruskov mimoriadne bohat\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlavn\u00fdm zdrojom na\u0161ich vedomost\u00ed, pr\u00e1ve aj pre mnoh\u00e9 zobrazenia Turmsa. Zrkadl\u00e1, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e9 ma\u013eby a bronzy tvoria v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu tohto materi\u00e1lu. Larissa Bonfante vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch zd\u00f4raznila, \u017ee t\u00e1to obrazov\u00e1 re\u010d je samostatnou trad\u00edciou, nie iba odvodenou.<\/p><p>Prvorad\u00fdm zdrojom pre n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a eschatol\u00f3giu Etruskov je hrobov\u00e1 ma\u013eba, zachovan\u00e1 najm\u00e4 v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Jej obrazy zobrazuj\u00fa hostiny, mytologick\u00e9 epiz\u00f3dy, ako aj tanec a hudbu; posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, do ktor\u00e9ho Turms sprev\u00e1dza ako vodca du\u0161\u00ed, sa v nich jav\u00ed ako pokra\u010dovanie pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> preferuje kompoz\u00edcie s viacer\u00fdmi postavami, rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky a symbolicky zhusten\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 v\u00fdpovede; aj Turms sa v tak\u00fdchto sc\u00e9nach objavuje \u010dasto. Rozl\u00fa\u0161tenie tejto obrazovej re\u010di je \u00falohou etruskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej ikonografie.<\/p><p>Pre etrusk\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 umenie je typick\u00e1 hust\u00e1 rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e1 vrstvenos\u0165. U\u017e jedno jedin\u00e9 zrkadlo alebo v\u00e1za m\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 viacero mytologick\u00fdch s\u00favislost\u00ed naraz, napr\u00edklad ke\u010f sa Turms objav\u00ed spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi postavami. T\u00e1to zhustenos\u0165 si od v\u00fdskumu vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4kladn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu obrazov\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms ako posol bohov<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo svojej funkcii posla bohov Turms pren\u00e1\u0161a spr\u00e1vy medzi Olympanmi, medzi bohmi a \u013eu\u010fmi, a medzi \u017eiv\u00fdmi a m\u0155tvymi. Na etrusk\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch je \u010dasto zobrazen\u00fd v sc\u00e9nach, v ktor\u00fdch bohovia medzi sebou komunikuj\u00fa &#8211; Turms tam stoj\u00ed ako sprostredkovate\u013e medzi nimi.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to funkcia je dobre zn\u00e1ma z trad\u00edcie Herma a Etruskovia ju pravdepodobne prevzali z gr\u00e9ckeho mytologick\u00e9ho okruhu. Etruskovia v\u0161ak do nej vlo\u017eili aj svoje vlastn\u00e9 d\u00f4razy, najm\u00e4 prostredn\u00edctvom spojenia s podsvet\u00edm.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mytol\u00f3gia<\/span> Etruskov sa na rozdiel od gr\u00e9ckej alebo r\u00edmskej nezachovala vo forme rozvinut\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1vac\u00edch textov. M\u00fdty o Turmsovi treba rekon\u0161truova\u0165 z obrazov\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pisov a gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmskeho sekund\u00e1rneho podania. T\u00e1to nepriama pramenn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia vy\u017eaduje osobitn\u00fa metodick\u00fa obozretnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Vz\u0165ah medzi etruskou a gr\u00e9ckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3giou<\/span> je zlo\u017eit\u00fd. Etruskovia na jednej strane prevzali mnoh\u00e9 gr\u00e9cke l\u00e1tky, napr\u00edklad o Achilleovi, Odysseovi a Oidipovi, na druhej strane im dali vlastn\u00e9 v\u00fdklady a d\u00f4razy. Ako presne t\u00e1to adapt\u00e1cia prebiehala, napr\u00edklad pri prevzat\u00ed Hermov\u00fdch \u010d\u0155t na Turmsa, intenz\u00edvne sk\u00fama v\u00fdskum.<\/p><p>Typick\u00fdm znakom etruskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span> je zhroma\u017edenie bohov, consensus deorum. Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh Tinia nekon\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed sa s ostatn\u00fdmi bohmi, a Turms medzi nimi vystupuje ako posol. Z h\u013eadiska religionistiky predstavuje toto zhroma\u017edenie zvl\u00e1\u0161tnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span> nezanechala uzavret\u00fa rozpr\u00e1vaciu trad\u00edciu; treba ju zlo\u017ei\u0165 z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pisov a sekund\u00e1rnych zdrojov, \u010do vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4kladn\u00fd v\u00fdklad. Ke\u010f\u017ee Turms sa objavuje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na zrkadl\u00e1ch, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 sa tu osved\u010duje sp\u00e1janie etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu, gr\u00e9ckeho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edtania danej sc\u00e9ny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms ako vodca du\u0161\u00ed m\u0155tvych<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou eschatologickou funkciou Turmsa je sprev\u00e1dzanie m\u0155tvych do podsvetia. Na etrusk\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1goch a hrobov\u00fdch ma\u013eb\u00e1ch (Tarquinia, Vulci) je \u010dasto zobrazen\u00fd spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi vodcami du\u0161\u00ed m\u0155tvych, ako s\u00fa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157946\">Charun<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157947\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 eschatol\u00f3gia je vedecky mimoriadne zauj\u00edmav\u00e1, preto\u017ee pon\u00faka v\u00fdrazn\u00fa predstavu o podsvet\u00ed (etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdraz \u010diasto\u010dne calusna). Turms je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou tejto predstavy. Jean-Rene Jannot v diele <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> systematicky spracoval eschatol\u00f3giu.<\/p><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm pozad\u00edm Turmsa je Disciplina Etrusca, ve\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m Etruskov, ktor\u00fd poznal tri odvetvia: pozorovanie vn\u00fatornost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad bleskov (fulguratio) a pozorovanie letu vt\u00e1kov (auspicia). Etruskovia ho odovzdali Rimanom, kde zostal \u017eivou praxou a\u017e do 4. storo\u010dia po Kr. Podrobne ho pop\u00edsali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Tradovan\u00e9 poznanie, v ktorom m\u00e1 svoje miesto aj postava ako Turms, uchov\u00e1vali \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 k\u0148azsk\u00e9 \u0161koly, v ktor\u00fdch sa Disciplina Etrusca odovzd\u00e1vala z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.<\/p><p>Za ich hlavn\u00e9 spisy sa pova\u017euj\u00fa Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tieto texty sa nezachovali; z cit\u00e1tov u Cicera, Festa a Macrobia sa v\u0161ak daj\u00fa \u010diasto\u010dne rekon\u0161truova\u0165.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd kult bol silno sp\u00e4t\u00fd s jednotliv\u00fdmi mestami. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z ve\u013ek\u00fdch centier, teda Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, mali svoje vlastn\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 osobitosti.<\/p><p>Postavenie religiozity, v ktorej m\u00e1 Turms svoje miesto, sa ukazuje na Disciplina Etrusca: ako s\u00favisl\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd a ve\u0161teck\u00fd syst\u00e9m patr\u00ed medzi najrozvinutej\u0161ie ve\u0161teck\u00e9 praktiky antick\u00e9ho svet. Rimania ju systematicky prevzali a jej vykon\u00e1vanie pretrvalo a\u017e do neskorej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. Historicky si t\u00e1to kontinuita zasluhuje pozornos\u0165.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms bol uctievan\u00fd vo vlastn\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch, hoci nie s takou prominenciou ako Tinia, Uni alebo Menrva. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania ur\u010den\u00e9ho bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> mal sk\u00f4r praktick\u00fa a pragmatick\u00fa orient\u00e1ciu: dovol\u00e1vali sa ho cestuj\u00faci, obchodn\u00edci a poslovia, pri pohreboch bol vz\u00fdvan\u00fd, aby bezpe\u010dne odprevadil m\u0155tvych do podsvetia.<\/p><p>V\u00fdraznou praxou bolo ukladanie mal\u00fdch fig\u00farok Turmsa do hrobov. Mali m\u0155tvym ukazova\u0165 cestu. Tak\u00e9to fig\u00farky sa na\u0161li v mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch hroboch.<\/p><p>Aj stavby, v ktor\u00fdch boli bo\u017estva ako Turms uctievan\u00e9, maj\u00fa svoj charakteristick\u00fd rukopis. Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> sa vyzna\u010duje tuscansk\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom s vlastn\u00fdm porad\u00edm st\u013apov, ktor\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius v diele De Architectura. V p\u00f4doryse v\u00fdrazne vystupuje cella a \u0161irok\u00e1 \u010deln\u00e1 sie\u0148, \u010d\u00edm sa tieto stavby jasne odli\u0161uj\u00fa od gr\u00e9ckych predl\u00f4h.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1my<\/span> kultov\u00e9ho sveta, ku ktor\u00e9mu patr\u00ed aj Turms, boli \u010dasto monument\u00e1lne. Pr\u00edkladom je Jupiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na Kapitole v R\u00edme, ktor\u00fd postavili etrusk\u00ed architekti a umelci, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm Vulca z Vej\u00ed. Pova\u017euje sa za architektonick\u00fd d\u00f4kaz etruskej religiozity v ranom R\u00edme.<\/p><p>Pre Turmsa ako bo\u017esk\u00e9ho posla je pr\u00edzna\u010dn\u00fd nadregion\u00e1lny kultov\u00fd r\u00e1mec, v ktorom bol uctievan\u00fd: pri Fanum Voltumnae bl\u00edzko Volsini\u00ed sa ka\u017edoro\u010dne stret\u00e1vala etrusk\u00e1 liga dvan\u00e1stich miest na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a s\u00fa\u010dasne politick\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenie. Voltumna pri tom p\u00f4sobil ako spolkov\u00fd boh tohto zv\u00e4zku \u0161t\u00e1tov a mal n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, ktor\u00fd presahoval jednotliv\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms bol v ochrann\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach vz\u00fdvan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm cestuj\u00facimi, obchodn\u00edkmi, poslami a ve\u0161tcami. Kto sa vyd\u00e1val na cestu, predn\u00e1\u0161al Turmsovi modlitby (karakia); obchodn\u00edci ho zara\u010fovali do svojich obchodn\u00fdch prakt\u00edk ako ochrann\u00e9ho patr\u00f3na. Aj vo ve\u0161tebn\u00fdch kontextoch, najm\u00e4 pri pozorovan\u00ed letu vt\u00e1kov a v\u00fdklade snov, mal Turms svoju \u00falohu.<\/p><p>Apotropajn\u00e9 praktiky spojen\u00e9 s Turmsom zah\u0155\u0148ali nosenie jeho fig\u00farok, umiest\u0148ovanie hermov Turmsa pri vchodoch do domov a miest a jeho vz\u00fdvanie pred d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi rokovaniami. T\u00e1to prax bola prevzat\u00e1 z gr\u00e9ckej trad\u00edcie Herma.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etrusk\u00fd ochrann\u00fd zvykov\u00fd reperto\u00e1r disponuje mnoh\u00fdmi odvracac\u00edmi znameniami: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgonei\u00f3nov\u00e9 zobrazenia, symboly o\u010d\u00ed, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formuly. Obrazov\u00fa re\u010d t\u00fdchto apotropajn\u00fdch symbolov spracovala Larissa Bonfante vo svojom diele Etruscan Mirrors, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzalo od roku 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Ako aj in\u00e9 postavy etrusk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu, aj Turms sa pohybuje v prostred\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bolo preniknut\u00e9 odvracac\u00edmi znameniami. Oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgonei\u00f3ny sa nach\u00e1dzali na chr\u00e1moch a hroboch rovnako ako na domov\u00fdch sv\u00e4tyniach a osobn\u00fdch predmetoch. T\u00e1to prax p\u00f4sobila aj mimo etruskej kult\u00fary, v r\u00edmskej a \u0161ir\u0161ej stredomorskej \u013eudovej viere.<\/p><p>Kto sa pribl\u00ed\u017ei k oblasti p\u00f4sobenia Turmsa, naraz\u00ed na religiozitu, ktorej ochrann\u00e9 konanie bolo \u00fazko zviazan\u00e9 s Disciplina Etrusca. Zalo\u017eenie mesta, vojensk\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie alebo stavba domu sa neza\u010d\u00ednali bez predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho ve\u0161tebn\u00e9ho zis\u0165ovania v\u00f4le bohov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms funk\u010dne zodpoved\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckemu Hermovi a r\u00edmskemu Merk\u00farovi. Toto spojenie je tesn\u00e9, a to jednak typologicky, jednak historicky: etrusk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia Turmsa priamo vych\u00e1dza z gr\u00e9ckej trad\u00edcie Herma. Etruskovia v\u0161ak vlo\u017eili vlastn\u00e9 akcenty, najm\u00e4 v eschatol\u00f3gii.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom porovnan\u00ed mo\u017eno Turmsa sp\u00e1ja\u0165 s in\u00fdmi bo\u017esk\u00fdmi poslami: Anubisom (egyptsk\u00fd, sprievodca zosnul\u00fdch), Hermom (gr\u00e9cky), Merk\u00farom (r\u00edmsky), Wotanom\/Odinom vo funkcii vodcu du\u0161\u00ed (germ\u00e1nsky). Predstava bo\u017esk\u00e9ho posla ako sprostredkovate\u013ea medzi svetmi je z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva univerz\u00e1lna.<\/p><p>Prostredn\u00edctvom interpretatio Romana z\u00edskali etrusk\u00e9 bo\u017estva r\u00edmske men\u00e1: Tinia sa stal Jupiterom, Uni Junom, Menrva Minervou. Tieto stoto\u017enenia zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a zachyt\u00e1vali len vybran\u00e9 rysy, nie cel\u00fa postavu. V\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165desiat rokov objas\u0148uje, ktor\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 osobitosti sa pri tom zachovali, napr\u00edklad u posla bohov Turmsa vo vz\u0165ahu k Hermovi a Merk\u00farovi.<\/p><p>Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee Turms ako bo\u017esk\u00fd posol je bl\u00edzky gr\u00e9ckemu Hermovi a r\u00edmskemu Merk\u00farovi, odkazuje na rozsiahlu prepletenos\u0165: etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo vykazuje mnoh\u00e9 sty\u010dn\u00e9 body s anatolsk\u00fdmi, fenick\u00fdmi a bl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00fdmi trad\u00edciami. Fenick\u00e9 sprostredkovanie je dolo\u017een\u00e9 tabu\u013ekami z Pyrgi. T\u00e1to transmediter\u00e1nna prepojenos\u0165 patr\u00ed u\u017e nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed medzi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 oblasti v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>Z poh\u013eadu religionistick\u00e9ho porovnania patr\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania ur\u010den\u00e9ho bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> k \u0161ir\u0161ej stredomorskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej rodine a je vo vz\u0165ahu k Gr\u00e9cku, Fen\u00edcii, Egyptu, Anat\u00f3lii a Latiu. Toto zaradenie, do ktor\u00e9ho patr\u00ed aj postava posla Turmsa, tvor\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fa oblas\u0165 v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdskum Turmsa v\u00fdrazne pokro\u010dil v posledn\u00fdch 30 rokoch systematick\u00fdm vyhodnocovan\u00edm etrusk\u00fdch zrkadiel (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante spracovala zobrazenia Turmsa vo viacer\u00fdch ed\u00edci\u00e1ch zrkadiel.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum sa intenz\u00edvne venuje vz\u0165ahu medzi gr\u00e9ckou trad\u00edciou Herma a etruskou samobytnos\u0165ou Turmsa. Kde ide o priame prevzatia a kde o vlastn\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 stv\u00e1rnenia? T\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka je predmetom s\u00fa\u010dasnej diskusie.<\/p><p>Aj postavy ako Turms s\u00fa dnes s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou medzin\u00e1rodne veden\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Za d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 centr\u00e1 sa pova\u017euj\u00fa univerzity vo Florencii, R\u00edme (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingene a Princetone. Ro\u010dne sa nieko\u013eko medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch kongresov venuje jednotliv\u00fdm aspektom tejto oblasti.<\/p><p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 projekty zameran\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa digit\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy: trojrozmern\u00e9 skenovanie chr\u00e1mov a hrobiek, datab\u00e1zy n\u00e1pisov a obrazov\u00fdch prame\u0148ov, ako aj GIS anal\u00fdzy s\u00eddelnej \u0161trukt\u00fary. Tieto met\u00f3dy prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa nov\u00e9 poznatky, aj o zrkadl\u00e1ch, na ktor\u00fdch je Turms zobrazen\u00fd.<\/p><p>Poznatky, ktor\u00e9 v\u00fdskum etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva a jeho bo\u017estiev, medzi nimi aj Turmsa, prin\u00e1\u0161a, sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa k verejnosti prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdstav, napr\u00edklad vo Vatik\u00e1nskych m\u00faze\u00e1ch, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Bostonskom m\u00fazeu umenia, ako aj prostredn\u00edctvom mnoh\u00fdch publik\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramene a stav v\u00fdskumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi prame\u0148mi pre v\u00fdskum Turmsa s\u00fa etrusk\u00e9 zrkadl\u00e1 (najm\u00e4 s n\u00e1pisom), ma\u013eby v hrobk\u00e1ch, sarkof\u00e1gy a n\u00e1pisy. Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (viacero zv\u00e4zkov) je najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou zbierkou zobrazen\u00ed na zrkadl\u00e1ch.<\/p><p>Hlb\u0161ie zaradenie do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn<\/a> ako celku ukazuje, ako treba Turmsa ch\u00e1pa\u0165 vo vz\u0165ahovej sieti s olympsk\u00fdmi bohmi a s podsvetn\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami Aitom, Charunom a Vanth. Toto prepojenie je z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska z\u00e1sadn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Prame\u0148ov\u00e1 z\u00e1klad\u0148a etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva je nejednotn\u00e1: epigrafick\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1, zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 zdroje a odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara. Kto chce Turmsa primerane pochopi\u0165, mus\u00ed t\u00fato rozmanitos\u0165 vyhodnoti\u0165 medziodborovo; s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum na to systematicky sp\u00e1ja filol\u00f3giu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama minul\u00e9 kult\u00fary na z\u00e1klade hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lezov.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeol\u00f3giu<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropol\u00f3giu.<\/p><p>Vecn\u00e1 kritika prame\u0148ov vy\u017eaduje pozna\u0165 jednak etrusk\u00e9 p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1, jednak gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmske sekund\u00e1rne podanie. Tento dvojit\u00fd pr\u00edstup je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, ale pre spo\u013eahliv\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fa rekon\u0161trukciu Turmsa nevyhnutn\u00fd.<\/p><p>D\u00f4kladn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 zaradenie Turmsa predpoklad\u00e1 preh\u013ead epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rnych prame\u0148ov rovnako ako poznanie pr\u00edstupov modernej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. T\u00e1to viacvrstvov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca sa vo v\u00fdskume pova\u017euje za \u0161tandard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms na bronzovej pe\u010deni z Piacenzy a v etruskej discipl\u00edne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dastredn\u00fdm dokumentom k etrusk\u00e9mu poriadku bohov je takzvan\u00e1 bronzov\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0148 z Piacenzy, bronzov\u00fd model ov\u010dej pe\u010dene n\u00e1jden\u00fd v roku 1877 v severnom Taliansku, rozdelen\u00fd na polia a pop\u00edsan\u00fd menami bohov v etruskom p\u00edsme.<\/p><p>Pravdepodobne sl\u00fa\u017eil ako u\u010debn\u00e1 alebo uk\u00e1zkov\u00e1 pom\u00f4cka pri etruskej ve\u0161tbe z vn\u00fatornost\u00ed, <em>haruspicine<\/em>. Na okraji modelu je usporiadan\u00fdch \u0161estn\u00e1s\u0165 pol\u00ed, vo vn\u00fatri \u010fal\u0161ie.<\/p><p>Na tomto predmete sa objavuje aj <em>Turms<\/em>. Jeho umiestnenie umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00e1very o tom, do akej oblasti etrusk\u00e9ho neba ho k\u0148azi zara\u010fovali a s ak\u00fdmi \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi bo\u017estvami bol pod\u013ea nich sp\u00e1jan\u00fd.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0148 je tak vz\u00e1cnym prame\u0148om, ktor\u00fd nepoch\u00e1dza z r\u00edmskeho ani gr\u00e9ckeho sekund\u00e1rneho podania, ale priamo z etruskej kultovej praxe, takzvanej <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u010c\u00edtanie a v\u00fdklad pe\u010dene s\u00fa v\u0161ak n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Etru\u0161tina je s\u00edce \u010ditate\u013en\u00e1, ale iba \u010diasto\u010dne zrozumite\u013en\u00e1, preto\u017ee neexistuje jazyk, ktor\u00fd by s \u0148ou bol \u00fazko pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd. K jej zaradeniu prispeli b\u00e1datelia ako Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig a nesk\u00f4r Nancy de Grummond, hoci nie v\u0161etky polia a ich teologick\u00e1 logika boli objasnen\u00e9. Turms tak stoj\u00ed ako pr\u00edklad z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu etruskol\u00f3gie: pozn\u00e1me jeho meno a jeho postavenie v ritu\u00e1lnom syst\u00e9me, ale u\u010denie, ktor\u00e9 ho obklopuje, zost\u00e1va len \u00fatr\u017ekovit\u00e9.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vodca du\u0161\u00ed: Turms v etruskom hrobovom maliarstve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na rozdiel od gr\u00e9ckeho Herma, ktor\u00e9ho rozsiahla liter\u00e1rna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie poznania a pr\u00edbehov cez gener\u00e1cie.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcia<\/span> ho ukazuje ako posla bohov, \u0161ibala a vyn\u00e1lezcu, je <em>Turms<\/em> pre n\u00e1s takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne obrazom.<\/p><p>Jednou z jeho najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edch \u00faloh je \u00faloha vodcu du\u0161\u00ed, <em>psychopompa<\/em>, ktor\u00fd sprev\u00e1dza zomrel\u00fdch do podsvetia. T\u00e1to funkcia vystupuje najm\u00e4 v etruskom hrobovom maliarstve a na urn\u00e1ch z neskor\u0161ej etruskej doby.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1stenn\u00fdch ma\u013eb\u00e1ch etrusk\u00fdch komorov\u00fdch hrobiek, napr\u00edklad v okol\u00ed Tarquinie a vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch nekropol\u00e1ch, sa objavuje postava s cestovn\u00fdm klob\u00fakom a palicou, ktor\u00e1 berie m\u0155tveho za ruku alebo ho predch\u00e1dza.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to postava sa \u010dasto identifikuje s Turmsom, niekedy s n\u00e1pisom, inokedy len na z\u00e1klade ikonografie. Niekedy nesie pr\u00edmeno, ktor\u00e9 ho v\u00fdslovne ozna\u010duje ako podsvetn\u00e9ho sprievodcu, vo v\u00fdskume \u010dasto \u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 ako <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, teda Turms v okruhu podsvetn\u00e9ho boha Aitu.<\/p><p>Tento siln\u00fd d\u00f4raz na funkciu sprievodcu du\u0161\u00ed je dobr\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom toho, \u017ee <em>interpretatio<\/em> m\u00f4\u017ee zvies\u0165 na nespr\u00e1vnu cestu. Ak by sme Turmsa jednoducho odbili ako \u201eetrusk\u00e9ho Herma\u201c, prehliadli by sme, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 umenie zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje pr\u00e1ve aspekt spojen\u00fd s posmrtn\u00fdm \u017eivotom, zatia\u013e \u010do z\u00e1ludn\u00e1, pref\u00edkan\u00e1 str\u00e1nka gr\u00e9ckeho Herma je len \u0165a\u017eko postihnute\u013en\u00e1. \u010ci je to d\u00f4sledok stavu prame\u0148ov, ktor\u00fd je v Etr\u00farii silne ur\u010dovan\u00fd hrobkami, alebo skuto\u010dne odli\u0161n\u00e9ho d\u00f4razu na t\u00fato <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva ako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017esk\u00fa postavu<\/span>, zost\u00e1va otvorenou v\u00fdskumnou ot\u00e1zkou. K metodike etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva pozri aj heslo o <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etruskej mytol\u00f3gii<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (r\u00f4zne diely)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (viacer\u00e9 diely)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/literatura\/\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms je etrusk\u00fd posol bohov, ktor\u00e9ho antick\u00e9 pramene aj b\u00e1danie pravidelne ozna\u010duj\u00fa za postavu typu <em>interpretatio<\/em>: vystupuje ako priamy <strong>protip\u00f3l<\/strong> gr\u00e9ckeho Herma a r\u00edmskeho Merkura.<\/p><p>Na bronzov\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch zo \u0161tvrt\u00e9ho a tretieho storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom m\u00e1 okr\u00eddlen\u00e9 sand\u00e1le a heroldsk\u00fa palicu a preber\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 funkcie, napr\u00edklad sprievod du\u0161\u00ed zosnul\u00fdch. Toto zaradenie ako protip\u00f3lu ukazuje, ako tesne bol etrusk\u00fd svet bohov previazan\u00fd s gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmskymi predstavami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> ozna\u010duje Turmsa za posla bohov a sprievodcu du\u0161\u00ed, ktor\u00e9ho funkcia sa \u00fazko zhoduje s gr\u00e9ckym Hermom; obrazovo je zachyten\u00fd na bronzov\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch z piateho a \u0161tvrt\u00e9ho storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Turms Etruskovia posol bohov Caduceus Hermes Merk\u00far sprievodca du\u0161\u00ed Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruskov<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, r\u00fddze zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 lehota na vr\u00e1tenie tovaru.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb 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2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. Religionistick\u00fd obsah predstavuje kult\u00farno-historick\u00e9 zaradenie, nie odpor\u00fa\u010danie duchovnej praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms Etruskovia","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etrusk\u00fd posol bohov, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms je etrusk\u00fd posol bohov a sprievodca mrtvych, obdoba gr\u00e9ckeho Herma. 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