{"id":157944,"date":"2026-09-04T22:19:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157944"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:46:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:46:38","slug":"voltumna-spolkovy-boh-etruskeho-zvazu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/voltumna-spolkovy-boh-etruskeho-zvazu\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; spolkov\u00fd boh etrusk\u00e9ho zv\u00e4zu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157944\" class=\"elementor elementor-157944 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - spolkov\u00fd boh etruskej ligy a bo\u017estvo dvan\u00e1stich miest<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (latinsky aj Vertumnus alebo Veltha, etrusk\u00fd Veltha alebo Velthune) je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spolkov\u00fd boh etruskej ligy zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00facej dvan\u00e1s\u0165 miest. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae, sa nach\u00e1dzala v bl\u00edzkosti Volsini\u00ed a bola miestom ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00e9ho zhroma\u017edenia etruskej ligy. T\u00e1to str\u00e1nka opisuje jeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopolitick\u00e9 a kultov\u00e9 postavenie v etruskom \u0161t\u00e1tnom zriaden\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh trad\u00edcie etruskej.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie etruskej.\">Etrusk\u00e1<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spolkov\u00fd a \u0161t\u00e1tny boh.\">Spolkov\u00fd a \u0161t\u00e1tny boh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159815\" alt=\"Voltumna - bohovia z etruskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie v etruskom pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna zauj\u00edma v etruskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span> osobit\u00e9 postavenie: nie je prim\u00e1rne \u201ekozmick\u00fdm\u201c najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm bohom ako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157941\">Tinia<\/a>, ale politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm spolkov\u00fdm bohom. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bol spojen\u00fd s in\u0161tit\u00faciou zv\u00e4zu dvan\u00e1stich miest (dodekapolis). Mesto Volsinie bolo str\u00e1\u017ecom jeho spolkovej sv\u00e4tyne.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani a Simonetta Stopponi svojimi pr\u00e1cami v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnili v\u00fdskum Voltumny. Stopponiho vykop\u00e1vky na Campo della Fiera pri Orviete umo\u017enili pravdepodobn\u00fa lokaliz\u00e1ciu Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Spolkov\u00fd boh Voltumna patr\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu, ktor\u00e9 je pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, preto\u017ee sprostredk\u00fava medzi gr\u00e9ckym stredomorsk\u00fdm a italsko-r\u00edmskym prostred\u00edm trad\u00edcie. K jeho v\u00fdskumu podstatne prispeli Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani a Giovanni Colonna, ktor\u00fdch pr\u00e1ce zostrili obraz samostatnej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o bohu a viere ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> mala jasne \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> s odstup\u0148ovan\u00fdmi hodnos\u0165ami a rozdelen\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami, v ktorom Voltumna zast\u00e1val vlastn\u00e9, politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 postavenie. Kde star\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie tento syst\u00e9m opisovali ako z\u00e1hadn\u00fd \u010di cudz\u00ed, dnes sa v \u0148om vid\u00ed samostatn\u00e1 forma stredomorsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p><p>V n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch Talianska p\u00f4sobili Etruskovia ako prostredn\u00edci medzi gr\u00e9ckymi vplyvmi a formuj\u00facim sa r\u00edmskym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom. Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> Voltumna pokra\u010dovalo v r\u00edmskom Vertumnovi, je pr\u00edkladom tejto sprostredkovate\u013eskej \u00falohy, ktor\u00e1 vzbudzuje osobitn\u00fd religionistick\u00fd z\u00e1ujem.<\/p><p>Religi\u00f3zno-etnologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed pova\u017euje etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo za uzavret\u00fd, fenomenologicky samostatn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Star\u0161ia tendencia ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ho iba ako odvodeninu gr\u00e9ckeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva ust\u00fapila v\u00fdrazne diferencovanej\u0161iemu poh\u013eadu, z ktor\u00e9ho \u0165a\u017e\u00ed aj ch\u00e1panie Voltumny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00e9 meno Veltha, resp. Velthune, sa v latin\u010dine pod\u00e1va ako Voltumna alebo Vertumnus. Etymol\u00f3gia je nejasn\u00e1; n\u00e1vrhy siahaj\u00fa od \u201erast\u00faci\u201c (v s\u00favislosti so slovesom vertere, \u201eobraca\u0165\u201c) a\u017e po \u201emeniaci sa\u201c. Vo v\u00fdskume sa diskutuje o s\u00favislosti so sez\u00f3nnou zmenou veget\u00e1cie.<\/p><p>Latinsk\u00fd Vertumnus je v R\u00edme dolo\u017een\u00fd ako boh premeny a veget\u00e1cie; \u010di je toto\u017en\u00fd s Voltumnou alebo ide o samostatn\u00e9 r\u00edmske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, sa st\u00e1le diskutuje. Etrusk\u00e9 pramene s\u00fa v tomto oh\u013eade bohat\u0161ie ne\u017e r\u00edmske.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd jazyk je jazykovo izolovan\u00fd; pova\u017euje sa za osamoten\u00fd, alebo sa hypoteticky zara\u010fuje do tyrs\u00e9nskej rodiny, ku ktorej mo\u017eno patr\u00ed aj lemnsk\u00fd a r\u00e9tsky jazyk. Na de\u0161ifrovan\u00ed textov sa pracuje od 19. storo\u010dia, dokon\u010den\u00e9 nie je, \u010do sa t\u00fdka aj v\u00fdkladu mien ako Veltha alebo Velthune.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00facou epigrafickou zbierkou etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu je Editio Minor od Helmuta Rixa. Dnes ju dopl\u0148uje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1za ETP, Etruscan Texts Project, v ktor\u00fdch sa d\u00e1 doh\u013eada\u0165 aj materi\u00e1l t\u00fdkaj\u00faci sa Voltumny.<\/p><p>U\u017e v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> sa viedol spor o p\u00f4vod Etruskov: Herodotos ich odvodzoval z L\u00fddie, Dion\u00fdzios z Halikarnasu ich pova\u017eoval za dom\u00e1ci italick\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Z h\u013eadiska dej\u00edn n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva je t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1, preto\u017ee od nej z\u00e1vis\u00ed, \u010di etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo vykazuje s\u00favislosti s malo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdmi kultmi.<\/p><p>Jazykoveda a epigrafika dnes \u00fazko spolupracuj\u00fa. Digit\u00e1lna ed\u00edcia etrusk\u00fdch textov, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), v\u00fdrazne u\u013eah\u010duje porovn\u00e1vacie v\u00fdskumy, napr\u00edklad k teonym\u00e1m ako Veltha. Priekopn\u00edcke pr\u00edspevky k tejto t\u00e9me predlo\u017eili Marie-Laurence Haack a Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonografick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">podanie<\/span> o Voltumnovi je pom\u011brne skromn\u00e9. Na niektor\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch minciach je zobrazen\u00e1 mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava, ktor\u00e1 sa identifikuje s Voltumnom. Niekedy nesie rastlinn\u00e9 symboly &#8211; klasy, kvety, vini\u010dn\u00e9 listy &#8211; \u010do by podporovalo jeho vegeta\u010dn\u00fa funkciu.<\/p><p>V R\u00edme je Vertumnus zdokumentovan\u00fd sl\u00e1vnou sochou vo Vicus Tuscus, ktor\u00e1 ho zobrazuje ako putuj\u00face vegeta\u010dn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo. T\u00fato sochu spom\u00ednaj\u00fa Propertius a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed r\u00edmski autori.<\/p><p>Z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva je etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie mimoriadne bohat\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlavn\u00fdm zdrojom na\u0161ich poznatkov. Zrkadl\u00e1, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e9 ma\u013eby a bronzov\u00e9 predmety poskytuj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu materi\u00e1lu, zatia\u013e \u010do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">podanie<\/span> o samotnom Voltumnovi je pomerne skromn\u00e9. Larissa Bonfante vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch zd\u00f4raznila, \u017ee t\u00e1to obrazov\u00e1 re\u010d predstavuje samostatn\u00fa trad\u00edciu a nie je len odvoden\u00e1.<\/p><p>Prvotriedny prame\u0148 k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu a eschatol\u00f3gii Etruskov predstavuj\u00fa hrobov\u00e9 ma\u013eby, zachovan\u00e9 najm\u00e4 v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Ich obrazy zobrazuj\u00fa hostiny, mytologick\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy, tanec a hudbu a vykres\u013euj\u00fa posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot ako pokra\u010dovanie pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obsahu obrazov a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> preferuje viacpostavov\u00e9 kompoz\u00edcie, rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky a symbolicky zhusten\u00e9 v\u00fdpovede. Odha\u013eovanie tejto obrazovej re\u010di je \u00falohou etruskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej ikonografie.<\/p><p>Pre etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie je charakteristick\u00e9 hutn\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e9 vrstvenie: u\u017e jedin\u00e9 zrkadlo alebo v\u00e1za m\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 viacero mytologick\u00fdch s\u00favislost\u00ed naraz. T\u00e1to hutnos\u0165 si od v\u00fdskumu vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4kladn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu dan\u00e9ho obrazov\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna a etrusk\u00fd zv\u00e4z \u0161t\u00e1tov<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dvan\u00e1s\u0165 etrusk\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch miest &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle &#8211; tvorilo n\u00e1bo\u017eenskopolitick\u00fd zv\u00e4z (dodekapolis), ktor\u00fd sa ka\u017edoro\u010dne stret\u00e1val vo Fanum Voltumnae. Toto zhroma\u017edenie sl\u00fa\u017eilo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm aj politick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delom: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetiny<\/span>, rozhodnutia zv\u00e4zu, spolo\u010dn\u00e9 sl\u00e1vnosti.<\/p><p>Livius (4,23; 5,17) podrobne referuje o t\u00fdchto zv\u00e4zov\u00fdch stretnutiach. Boli vzorom pre neskor\u0161ie r\u00edmske Concilium a v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnili v\u00fdvoj politick\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed v It\u00e1lii. Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je tak Voltumna pr\u00edkladom \u201epolitick\u00e9ho boha\u201c, ktor\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> nesie \u0161t\u00e1tna organiz\u00e1cia.<\/p><p>Rozvinut\u00e1 rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e1 literat\u00fara, ak\u00fa pozn\u00e1me z gr\u00e9ckeho a r\u00edmskeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">podania<\/span>, pre etrusk\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3giu<\/span> neexistuje. To, \u010do o Voltumnovi vieme, treba odvodi\u0165 z obrazov\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pisov a spr\u00e1v gr\u00e9ckych a r\u00edmskych autorov. T\u00e1to sprostredkovan\u00e1 pramenn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia si vy\u017eaduje mimoriadnu metodick\u00fa opatrnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Vz\u0165ah medzi etruskou a gr\u00e9ckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3giou<\/span> je zlo\u017eit\u00fd. Etruskovia s\u00edce prevzali mnoh\u00e9 gr\u00e9cke l\u00e1tky, napr\u00edklad o Achillovi, Odysseovi a Oidipovi, no \u010dasto ich preinterpretovali a stanovili si vlastn\u00e9 d\u00f4razy. Ako tento proces osvojovania prebiehal, je predmetom podrobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>K etruskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere v danom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span> charakteristicky patr\u00ed rada bohov, consensus deorum. Ani najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh Tinia nekon\u00e1 s\u00e1m, ale rad\u00ed sa s ostatn\u00fdmi bohmi, medzi ktor\u00fdch patr\u00ed s Voltumnom aj boh zv\u00e4zu \u0161t\u00e1tov. Z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva predstavuje toto gr\u00e9mium zvl\u00e1\u0161tnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span> nezanechala s\u00favisl\u00fa rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00fa trad\u00edciu; mus\u00ed sa rekon\u0161truova\u0165 z obrazov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n, n\u00e1pisov a sekund\u00e1rnych prame\u0148ov, \u010do vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4kladn\u00fd v\u00fdklad. Pr\u00e1ve pri postave tak skromne dokumentovanej ako Voltumna je sp\u00e1janie etrusk\u00e9ho popisu, gr\u00e9ckeho obrazov\u00e9ho vzoru a kontextov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edtania d\u00f4le\u017eitou met\u00f3dou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae je najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ia etrusk\u00e1 spolkov\u00e1 sv\u00e4ty\u0148a. Jej presn\u00e1 lokaliz\u00e1cia bola dlho sporn\u00e1. Simonetta Stopponi od roku 2000 sk\u00fama n\u00e1lezisk\u00e1 pri Campo della Fiera bl\u00edzko Orvieta, kde odkryla rozsiahly chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex, ktor\u00fd sa dnes s vysokou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou identifikuje ako Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Komplex zah\u0155\u0148a viacero <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mov<\/span>, olt\u00e1rov, studn\u00ed a zhroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00edch priestorov. N\u00e1lezy sa datuj\u00fa od 7. storo\u010dia pred Kr. a\u017e do r\u00edmskej doby. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span> sl\u00fa\u017eila nepretr\u017eite pribli\u017ene 1000 rokov ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 centrum.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, systematizovan\u00e1 etrusk\u00e1 ve\u0161teck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka, sa del\u00ed na sk\u00famanie vn\u00fatornost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad bleskov (fulguratio) a v\u00fdklad letu vt\u00e1kov (auspicia). Od Etruskov ju prevzali Rimania a zostala \u017eivou praxou a\u017e do 4. storo\u010dia po Kr. Podrobn\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1 o nej pod\u00e1vaj\u00fa Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca sa odovzd\u00e1vala v osobitn\u00fdch k\u0148azsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. K jej d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm textom patrili Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tieto texty sa nezachovali, ale mo\u017eno ich \u010diasto\u010dne rekon\u0161truova\u0165 z cit\u00e1ci\u00ed r\u00edmskych autorov, ako s\u00fa Cicero, Festus a Macrobius.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch prakt\u00edk venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bol silne viazan\u00fd na jednotliv\u00e9 mest\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch centier, teda Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, si udr\u017eiavalo vlastn\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 osobitosti. Volsinii pritom zohr\u00e1valo mimoriadnu \u00falohu, preto\u017ee str\u00e1\u017eilo spolkov\u00fa sv\u00e4ty\u0148u Voltumny.<\/p><p>Ako uzavret\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-divina\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m patr\u00ed Disciplina Etrusca k najvyspelej\u0161\u00edm ve\u0161teck\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m antick\u00e9ho svet. Rimania ju prevzali systematicky a udr\u017eiavala sa a\u017e do neskorej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>. T\u00e1to kontinuita je z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska pozoruhodn\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kultov\u00e1 prax vo Fanum Voltumnae zah\u0155\u0148ala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> (b\u00fdky, ovce, o\u0161\u00edpan\u00e9), modlitby, procesie a sl\u00e1vnostn\u00e9 hry. V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00e9 zhroma\u017edenia predstavovali d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 udalosti pre cel\u00fd etrusk\u00fd svet.<\/p><p>Po r\u00edmskom dobyt\u00ed Volsini\u00ed (264 pred Kr.) nebola sv\u00e4ty\u0148a Voltumny opusten\u00e1; existovala \u010falej v pozmenenej podobe a bola \u010diasto\u010dne za\u010dlenen\u00e1 do r\u00edmskeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov \u00facty vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>. T\u00e1to kontinuita doklad\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam Voltumny aj po politickom z\u00e1niku Etr\u00farie.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> maj\u00fa svojr\u00e1zne architektonick\u00e9 \u010drty. Charakteristick\u00fd je tuscansk\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl, samostatn\u00fd st\u013apov\u00fd poriadok, ktor\u00fd opisuje Vitruvius v diele De Architectura. P\u00f4dorysy zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa cellu a \u0161irok\u00fa predsie\u0148 a v\u00fdrazne sa l\u00ed\u0161ia od gr\u00e9ckych vzorov.<\/p><p>Mnoh\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> boli monument\u00e1lne stavan\u00e9. Iuppiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na r\u00edmskom Kapitole postavili napr\u00edklad etrusk\u00ed architekti a umelci, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm Vulca z Vej\u00ed, a pova\u017euje sa za architektonick\u00e9 svedectvo etruskej religiozity v ranom R\u00edme.<\/p><p>Ka\u017edoro\u010dne sa zv\u00e4z dvan\u00e1stich etrusk\u00fdch miest zhroma\u017e\u010foval vo Fanum Voltumnae pri Volsini\u00e1ch, kde sa spolo\u010dne prejedn\u00e1vali n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 aj politick\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Voltumna bola zv\u00e4zov\u00fdm bo\u017estvom tohto \u0161t\u00e1tneho spolku a jej v\u00fdznam presahoval jednotliv\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie a politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna bol ochrann\u00fdm bohom celej etruskej ligy. Kto sa obr\u00e1til na spolok, obr\u00e1til sa na Voltumnu. Toto politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010denie je vedecky zauj\u00edmav\u00e9: ukazuje n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 neorganizuje len individu\u00e1lnu n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165, ale aj medzi\u0161t\u00e1tne vz\u0165ahy.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracaj\u00faci zlo: o znakoch a predmetoch, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa br\u00e1ni\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fdm vplyvom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicky<\/span> sa Voltumna vz\u00fdvala pri zalo\u017een\u00ed miest, uzatv\u00e1ran\u00ed spojenectiev a v politick\u00fdch zmluv\u00e1ch. T\u00e1to prax sa \u010diasto\u010dne udr\u017eala aj v r\u00edmskych ritu\u00e1loch pri zalo\u017een\u00ed miest.<\/p><p>K etrusk\u00e9mu ochrann\u00e9mu zvykov\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu patr\u00ed cel\u00fd rad odvracaj\u00facich znakov: falick\u00e9 amulety, gorgoneion, symboly o\u010d\u00ed, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 formuly. Symboliku t\u00fdchto apotropaick\u00fdch znakov objasnila Larissa Bonfante v diele Etruscan Mirrors, vyd\u00e1vanom od roku 1980.<\/p><p>Odvracaj\u00face symboly boli v etruskej kult\u00fare ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9, medzi nimi oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a gorgoneiony. Zdobili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> a hroby, ako aj dom\u00e1ce sv\u00e4tyne a osobn\u00fd majetok. T\u00e1to prax pretrvala aj v r\u00edmskej a \u0161ir\u0161ej stredomorskej \u013eudovej viere.<\/p><p>V etruskom kontexte bolo ochrann\u00e9 konanie \u00fazko spojen\u00e9 s Disciplina Etrusca. Pred ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm podujat\u00edm, \u010di i\u0161lo o zalo\u017eenie mesta, vojensk\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie alebo stavbu domu, sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdklad znakov na rozpoznanie skryt\u00e9ho alebo bud\u00faceho.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161ten\u00edm<\/span> zis\u0165ovala v\u00f4\u013ea bohov, \u010do platilo aj pre politick\u00e9 rozhodnutia spolku okolo Voltumny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumnu mo\u017eno porovna\u0165 s in\u00fdmi spojeneck\u00fdmi (feder\u00e1lnymi) bohmi: Zeus Hellanios (panhel\u00e9nsky Zeus), Diespiter Latiaris (latinsk\u00fd Iupiter) alebo Jahve v jeho funkcii izraelsk\u00e9ho zmluvn\u00e9ho boha. Spojenie politickej konfeder\u00e1cie a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov k bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> je be\u017en\u00fdm javom v dejin\u00e1ch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev staroveku.<\/p><p>Osobitne pou\u010dn\u00e1 je paralela s neskor\u0161\u00edm Iuppiterom Latiarisom latinsk\u00e9ho spolku. Oba spojeneck\u00fa kulty sa stret\u00e1vali ka\u017edoro\u010dne na centr\u00e1lnom mieste, oba mali politick\u00e9 funkcie, oba pre\u017eili politick\u00e9 zmeny.<\/p><p>Prostredn\u00edctvom interpretatio Romana z\u00edskali etrusk\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 r\u00edmske men\u00e1: Tinia sa stal Iupiterom, Uni Iunou, Menrva Minervou, a Voltumna \u017eil \u010falej v podobe r\u00edmskeho Vertumna. Tak\u00e9to prira\u010fovania v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou neboli \u00fapln\u00e9, ale zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovali len \u010diastkov\u00e9 aspekty. V\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165desiatich rokov objas\u0148uje, ktor\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 osobitosti sa pri tom zachovali.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo vykazuje mnoh\u00e9 sty\u010dn\u00e9 body s anatolsk\u00fdmi, fen\u00edckymi a predo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdmi trad\u00edciami. Fen\u00edck\u00fa v\u00fdmenu dokladaj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi. T\u00e1to stredomorsk\u00e1 previazanos\u0165 je u\u017e nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eitou oblas\u0165ou v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>Z poh\u013eadu religionistickej komparatistiky patr\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov k bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do \u0161ir\u0161ej stredomorskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej rodiny a je vo vz\u0165ahu k Gr\u00e9cku, Fen\u00edcii, Egyptu, Anat\u00f3lii a Laciu. Toto zaradenie tvor\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fa oblas\u0165 v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdskum Voltumny za\u017eil od 2000. rokov obrovsk\u00fd rozmach v s\u00favislosti s vykop\u00e1vkami na Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Univerzita v Perugii). Ro\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy a viacero monografi\u00ed dokumentuj\u00fa n\u00e1lezy.<\/p><p>Aj interdisciplin\u00e1rne \u0161t\u00fadie o etruskej \u0161t\u00e1tnosti (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) systematicky zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa Voltumnu. Jej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov k bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k pochopeniu etrusk\u00e9ho federalizmu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom sa dnes zaober\u00e1 medzin\u00e1rodne prepojen\u00fd v\u00fdskum. K v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pracovisk\u00e1m patria univerzity vo Florencii, v R\u00edme (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingene a Princetone. Ro\u010dne sa t\u00e9me venuje viacero medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch konferenci\u00ed zameran\u00fdch na jednotliv\u00e9 aspekty.<\/p><p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 projekty zameran\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa digit\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy: trojrozmern\u00e9 skenovanie chr\u00e1mov a hrobov, datab\u00e1zy n\u00e1pisov a obrazov\u00fdch prame\u0148ov, ako aj GIS anal\u00fdzy s\u00eddliskovej \u0161trukt\u00fary. Tieto met\u00f3dy prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa nov\u00e9 poznatky, napr\u00edklad pri lokaliz\u00e1cii kultov\u00fdch miest ako Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>\u0160ir\u0161ej verejnosti sa s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdskum sprostredk\u00fava prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdstav, okrem in\u00e9ho vo Vatik\u00e1nskych m\u00faze\u00e1ch, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ako aj prostredn\u00edctvom mnoh\u00fdch publik\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramene a stav v\u00fdskumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi prame\u0148mi pre v\u00fdskum Voltumny s\u00fa archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z Campo della Fiera, etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, zmienky u L\u00edviusa, r\u00edmske prame\u0148e o Vertumnovi a epigrafick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z etrusk\u00fdch miest.<\/p><p>Hlb\u0161ie zaradenie do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn<\/a> ako celku ukazuje, ako treba Voltumnu ch\u00e1pa\u0165 vo vz\u0165ahovej sieti s Tiniou, Uni, Menrvou a ostatn\u00fdmi Atua &#8211; so \u0161pecifikom, \u017ee je definovan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm politicko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensky.<\/p><p>Pramene k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu s\u00fa nejednotn\u00e9: epigrafick\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1, zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 pramene a sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara. T\u00e1to rozmanitos\u0165 vy\u017eaduje medziodborov\u00fd pr\u00edstup a nov\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum systematicky sp\u00e1ja filol\u00f3giu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama minul\u00e9 kult\u00fary na z\u00e1klade hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lezov.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeol\u00f3giu<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropol\u00f3giu.<\/p><p>Vecn\u00e1 pramenn\u00e1 kritika predpoklad\u00e1 poznanie etrusk\u00fdch origin\u00e1lnych svedectiev aj gr\u00e9ckor\u00edmskej sekund\u00e1rnej trad\u00edcie. Pr\u00e1ve pri Voltumne, ktor\u00e9ho r\u00edmsky protip\u00f3l Vertumnus zanechal bohat\u0161ie stopy ne\u017e niektor\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 pramene, je tento dvojit\u00fd poh\u013ead nevyhnutn\u00fd.<\/p><p>Kto chce Voltumnu d\u00f4kladne religionisticky zaradi\u0165, mus\u00ed pozna\u0165 epigrafick\u00e9, archeologick\u00e9 a liter\u00e1rne pramene rovnako ako postupy modernej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. T\u00e1to viacvrstvov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza sa vo v\u00fdskume pova\u017euje za \u0161tandard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: spojeneck\u00e1 sv\u00e4ty\u0148a etrusk\u00fdch miest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumnu, ktor\u00fa r\u00edmski autori naz\u00fdvali aj <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, \u00fazko sp\u00e1ja s konkr\u00e9tnym kultov\u00fdm miestom, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. R\u00edmsky historik Titus Livius viackr\u00e1t uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee sa na tejto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 \u00facte k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> stret\u00e1vali z\u00e1stupcovia etrusk\u00fdch miest, aby prerokovali spolo\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, rozhodovali o vojne a mieri a usporad\u00favali n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sl\u00e1vnosti spolu s hrami.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> bolo teda z\u00e1rove\u0148 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm centrom aj politick\u00fdm zhroma\u017e\u010fovac\u00edm miestom etrusk\u00e9ho mestsk\u00e9ho zv\u00e4zu.<\/p><p>Presn\u00e1 poloha sv\u00e4tyne bola dlho nezn\u00e1ma a stala sa predmetom r\u00f4znych hypot\u00e9z. Od za\u010diatku dvetis\u00edcich rokov sa v\u00fdskum s\u00fastre\u010fuje na lokalitu Campo della Fiera pri Orviete, na mieste antick\u00e9ho <em>Velzna<\/em> alebo Volsini\u00ed.<\/p><p>Vykop\u00e1vky veden\u00e9 Simonettou Stopponiovou tam odkryli rozsiahly sv\u00e4ty\u0148ov\u00fd are\u00e1l so z\u00e1kladmi chr\u00e1mov, olt\u00e1rmi, vot\u00edvnymi darmi a dlhou hist\u00f3riou vyu\u017e\u00edvania. Stoto\u017enenie s <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> pova\u017euje mnoho b\u00e1date\u013eov za pravdepodobn\u00e9, no rovnako ako pri mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1lezoch nie je potvrden\u00e9 jednozna\u010dn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisom<\/span>.<\/p><p>N\u00e1lez z Campo della Fiera ukazuje, \u017ee miesto zostalo v pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed aj po etruskom obdob\u00ed, v r\u00edmskej a dokonca e\u0161te v neskoroantickej dobe.<\/p><p>To zodpoved\u00e1 pozorovaniu, \u017ee <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov \u00facty vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> Voltumny pretrval aj po r\u00edmskom dobyt\u00ed Volsini\u00ed a boh bol na\u010falej uctievan\u00fd v r\u00edmskej podobe ako <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. Zv\u00e4zov\u00e1 sv\u00e4ty\u0148a doklad\u00e1, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo nebolo len z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou jednotliv\u00fdch miest, ale plnilo aj nadregion\u00e1lnu, identitotvorn\u00fa funkciu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus a ot\u00e1zka podstaty boha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O povahe Voltumny medzi b\u00e1date\u013emi nepanuje zhoda, a s\u00favis\u00ed to so svojr\u00e1znos\u0165ou prame\u0148ov.<\/p><p>R\u00edmsky u\u010denec Varro ozna\u010duje Voltumnu za najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha Etr\u00farie, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. In\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1 nazna\u010duj\u00fa boha veget\u00e1cie alebo premeny, \u010do podporuje najm\u00e4 r\u00edmska postava <em>Vertumna<\/em>, sp\u00e1jan\u00e1 so striedan\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00fdch obdob\u00ed a dozrievan\u00edm plodov.<\/p><p>B\u00e1snik Propertius nech\u00e1va <em>Vertumna<\/em> v jednej zn\u00e1mej el\u00e9gii sam\u00e9ho hovori\u0165 a vychva\u013eova\u0165 svoju schopnos\u0165 premeny.<\/p><p>Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee tieto v\u00fdpovede poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z r\u00edmskej perspekt\u00edvy a boli sformulovan\u00e9 cel\u00e9 st\u00e1ro\u010dia po rozkvete etrusk\u00e9ho kultu. \u010ci bola Voltumna p\u00f4vodne bohom veget\u00e1cie, politick\u00fdm zv\u00e4zov\u00fdm bo\u017estvom alebo komplexn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span> s viacer\u00fdmi aspektmi, sa z m\u00e1la vlastn\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch svedectiev ned\u00e1 rozhodn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p><p>Samotn\u00e9 meno sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa niektor\u00ed b\u00e1datelia s kore\u0148om znamenaj\u00facim ot\u00e1\u010da\u0165 sa alebo meni\u0165 sa, \u010do by zodpovedalo t\u00e9me premeny, no ani t\u00e1to etymol\u00f3gia nie je potvrden\u00e1.<\/p><p>Voltumna je tak pr\u00edkladom z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu etruskol\u00f3gie: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span> m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 dobre dolo\u017een\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobie gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00fdmi<\/span> autormi, a napriek tomu zost\u00e1va jeho p\u00f4vodn\u00e1 podstata nejasn\u00e1, preto\u017ee svedectv\u00e1 s\u00fa neskor\u00e9, cudzie a poznamenan\u00e9 vlastn\u00fdmi z\u00e1ujmami.<\/p><p>Seri\u00f3zne v\u00fdklady preto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa viacero v\u00fdkladov popri sebe, namiesto toho, aby sa priklonili len k jedn\u00e9mu. Ist\u00e9 je jedine v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9 postavenie boha ako referen\u010dn\u00e9ho bodu etrusk\u00e9ho mestsk\u00e9ho zv\u00e4zu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (viacero zv\u00e4zkov)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: pr\u00edspevky k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu<\/li><li>Livius: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd aj Veltha alebo Vertumnus, bol <strong>bo\u017esk\u00fdm<\/strong> ochrancom dvan\u00e1stich miest etrusk\u00e9ho spolku. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148a<\/span>, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> pri Volsini\u00e1ch, sl\u00fa\u017eila pod\u013ea Livia ako ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00e9 miesto stret\u00e1vania sa z\u00e1stupcov spolku, kde sa spolo\u010dne prerok\u00favali n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, politick\u00e9 a pr\u00e1vne ot\u00e1zky.<\/p><p>Ako bo\u017esk\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00fd bod ligy st\u00e1l Voltumna menej v centre dom\u00e1ceho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> a viac v \u0161t\u00e1tnej reprezent\u00e1cii, \u010d\u00edm zabezpe\u010doval ritu\u00e1lne puto medzi inak samostatn\u00fdmi mestsk\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etrusk\u00fd <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/em> ozna\u010duje Voltumnu za najvy\u0161\u0161ieho spolkov\u00e9ho boha dvan\u00e1stich miest; v jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span>, Fanum Voltumnae pri Volsini\u00e1ch, sa z\u00e1stupcovia etruskej ligy ka\u017edoro\u010dne sch\u00e1dzali na porady a sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd kult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Voltumna Etruskovia Fanum Voltumnae Liga Dodekapolis Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruskov<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, r\u00fddze zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 lehota na vr\u00e1tenie tovaru.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. 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