{"id":157942,"date":"2026-09-04T22:19:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157942"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:46:34","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:46:34","slug":"uni-najvyssia-bohyna-etruskov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/uni-najvyssia-bohyna-etruskov\/","title":{"rendered":"Uni \u2013 najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a Etruskov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157942\" class=\"elementor elementor-157942 elementor-2605 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uni \u2013 etrusk\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a, protiklad Juno a H\u00e9ry<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni je v etruskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a, man\u017eelka <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157941\">Tinie<\/a> a s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 centr\u00e1lnej trojice Tinia-Uni-Menrva. Funk\u010dne zodpoved\u00e1 r\u00edmskej Iuno a gr\u00e9ckej H\u00e9re. T\u00e1to prezent\u00e1cia popisuje jej religionistick\u00e9 postavenie, kultov\u00e9 miesta a r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 funkcie v etruskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3ne<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohy\u0148a trad\u00edcie Etruskovia.\">Bohy\u0148a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie Etruskovia.\">Etruskovia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a a bohy\u0148a man\u017eelstva.\">Najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a a bohy\u0148a man\u017eelstva<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uni-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uni-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-uni-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_uni-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159817\" alt=\"Uni \u2013 bohovia z etruskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_uni-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_uni-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_uni-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_uni.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie v etruskom pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni patr\u00ed medzi najvy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estv\u00e1 etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Spolu s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157941\">Tiniou<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157943\">Menrvou<\/a> tvor\u00ed kapitolsk\u00fa tri\u00e1du, ktor\u00e1 sa stala \u0161t\u00e1totvornou skupinou bohov R\u00edma, ke\u010f Etruskovia v 6. storo\u010d\u00ed pred Kr. vybudovali r\u00edmske Kapitolium. Uni nie je len Tiniinou man\u017eelkou, ale samostatnou bohy\u0148ou s rozsiahlymi funkciami.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Larissa Bonfante (<em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em>, 2006) a Jean-Rene Jannot (<em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>, 2005) sa Uni systematicky venovali v svojich z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch dielach. V\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch 30 rokov nanovo zhodnotil jej postavenie, nad r\u00e1mec \u010disto identifik\u00e1cie s r\u00edmskou Iuno.<\/span><\/p><p>Najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a Uni patr\u00ed k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu, ktor\u00e9 je pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez vyznania viery sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> p\u00fatav\u00e9 pr\u00e1ve preto, \u017ee sprostredk\u00fava medzi gr\u00e9cko-stredomorsk\u00fdm a it\u00e1lsko-r\u00edmskym svetom trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 pr\u00edspevky k jej v\u00fdskumu poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa od Massima Pallottina, Jacquesa Heurgona, Sybille Haynesovej, Maura Cristofaniho a Giovanniho Colonnu. Ich v\u00fdskumy uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo tvor\u00ed samostatn\u00fa trad\u00edciu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd svet bohov nebol v\u00f4bec neusporiadan\u00fd: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teol\u00f3gia<\/span> poznala hierarchicky usporiadan\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3n<\/span> s pevn\u00fdmi stup\u0148ami a jasne rozdelen\u00fdmi \u00falohami, a Uni v \u0148om ako najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a zauj\u00edmala v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9 postavenie. Kde star\u0161ie pr\u00e1ce vykres\u013eovali tento syst\u00e9m ako tajomn\u00fd alebo cudz\u00ed, dnes v \u0148om rozpozn\u00e1vame samostatn\u00fa podobu stredomorsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci it\u00e1lskych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch dej\u00edn p\u00f4sobili Etruskovia ako sprostredkovatelia medzi gr\u00e9ckymi podnetmi a formuj\u00facim sa r\u00edmskym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom. Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee sa Uni nesk\u00f4r ako Iuno stala s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou r\u00edmskeho \u0161t\u00e1tneho kultu, dokazuje t\u00fato sprostredkuj\u00facu \u00falohu, ktor\u00e1 si zasl\u00fa\u017ei mimoriadny religionistick\u00fd z\u00e1ujem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno Uni je dolo\u017een\u00e9 na mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch n\u00e1pisoch. Podobne ako u mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch teonym je jeho etymol\u00f3gia sporn\u00e1. N\u00e1vrhy sa pohybuj\u00fa od &#8218;Nadraden\u00e1&#8216; a\u017e po &#8218;T\u00e1 jedin\u00e1&#8216;. Helmut Rix vo svojej <em>Editio Minor<\/em> zhroma\u017e\u010fuje doklady.<\/p><p>Uni prisl\u00facha pr\u00edvlastky Uni Aluseti, Uni Cupra (v Piceniu) a Uni Mater. Spojenie s Cuprou je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, preto\u017ee poukazuje na predr\u00edmsky it\u00e1lsky typ bohyne. Aj v L\u00e1cii a Umbrii sa uctievali bohyne pod podobn\u00fdmi menami, \u010do doklad\u00e1 roz\u0161\u00edrenie typu Uni.<\/p><p>Jazykovo zauj\u00edma etru\u0161tina osobit\u00e9 postavenie: pova\u017euje sa za izolovan\u00fd jazyk alebo sa zara\u010fuje do hypotetickej tyrs\u00e9nskej jazykovej rodiny, ku ktorej by mohli patri\u0165 aj lemnijsk\u00fd a r\u00e9tsky jazyk. Na de\u0161ifrovan\u00ed textov pracuje v\u00fdskum od 19. storo\u010dia bez toho, aby bol ukon\u010den\u00fd, preto zost\u00e1va otvoren\u00fd aj v\u00fdklad mien ako Uni.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00facou epigrafickou zbierkou etrusk\u00e9ho jazykov\u00e9ho korpusu je Editio Minor od Helmuta Rixa; v nej s\u00fa zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 aj doklady mena Uni. Postupne k tomu pribudli Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae a online datab\u00e1za ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>U\u017e v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> sa n\u00e1zory na p\u00f4vod Etruskov rozch\u00e1dzali: Herodotos ich nechal pris\u0165ahova\u0165 sa z L\u00fddie, Dion\u00fdzios z Halikarnassu ich pova\u017eoval za autocht\u00f3nnych It\u00e1likov. Religionisticky je to v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, preto\u017ee od toho z\u00e1vis\u00ed, \u010di maj\u00fa etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a s n\u00edm aj bohyne ako Uni s\u00favislosti s malo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdmi kultmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis a ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni je v etruskom umen\u00ed zobrazovan\u00e1 ako oble\u010den\u00e1, majest\u00e1tna \u017eena, \u010dasto s diad\u00e9mom, \u017eezlom a paterou (obetnou miskou). Niekedy nos\u00ed z\u00e1voj. Na etrusk\u00fdch zrkadl\u00e1ch sa objavuje \u010dasto v mytologick\u00fdch sc\u00e9nach, zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a s n\u00e1pisom &#8218;Uni&#8216;.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zobrazenie sa nach\u00e1dza na sl\u00e1vnych tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch z Pyrgi (5. storo\u010die pred Kr.), kde je Uni v dvojjazy\u010dnom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pise<\/span> (etruskom a fenickom) postaven\u00e1 na rove\u0148 fenickej bohyni Astarte. Toto zrovnanie je historicky mimoriadne zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 zistenie.<\/p><p>Z h\u013eadiska religionistickej fenomenol\u00f3gie je etrusk\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie ve\u013emi bohat\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 predstavuje najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed prame\u0148 poznania, aj \u010do sa t\u00fdka zobrazen\u00ed Uni. Zrkadl\u00e1, v\u00e1zy, hrobov\u00e9 ma\u013eby a bronzov\u00e9 predmety tvoria v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu na\u0161ich poznatkov. Larissa Bonfante vo svojich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch zd\u00f4raznila, \u017ee tento obrazov\u00fd jazyk je samostatnou trad\u00edciou a nie iba odvoden\u00edm z gr\u00e9ckych vzorov.<\/p><p>Pre n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a predstavy Etruskov o posmrtnom \u017eivote patr\u00ed hrobov\u00e1 ma\u013eba medzi prvotriedne prameny; zachovala sa najm\u00e4 v Tarquinii, Cerveteri a Vulci. Zobrazovan\u00e9 s\u00fa hostiny, mytologick\u00e9 epiz\u00f3dy, ako aj tanec a hudba, pri\u010dom posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot sa tu jav\u00ed ako pokra\u010dovanie pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obsahu obrazov a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> preferuje viacpostavov\u00e9 kompoz\u00edcie, rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky a symbolicky zhusten\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 v\u00fdpovede; aj Uni sa v tak\u00fdchto sc\u00e9nach \u010dasto objavuje. Sk\u00famanie tohto obrazov\u00e9ho jazyka je predmetom etruskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej ikonografie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uni a tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi (objaven\u00e9 v roku 1964) s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch prame\u0148ov k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu. Boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> v pr\u00edstave Pyrgi (dnes Santa Severa) a poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z po\u010diatku 5. storo\u010dia pred Kr. N\u00e1pisy v etruskom a f\u00e9nickom jazyku zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa venovanie etrusk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea Thefarieho Velianasa bohyni Uni-Astarte.<\/span><\/p><p>Z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je tento n\u00e1lez mimoriadne zauj\u00edmav\u00fd: Etruskovia identifikovali svoju najvy\u0161\u0161iu bohy\u0148u s f\u00e9nickou Astartou (A\u0161toret). T\u00e1to interpretatio etrusca dokumentuje intenz\u00edvne obchodn\u00e9 kontakty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa v\u00fdmenu v Stredomor\u00ed. Larissa Bonfante sa t\u00fdmto tabu\u013ek\u00e1m podrobne venovala vo viacer\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach.<\/p><p>Rozvinut\u00e1 mytologick\u00e1 rozpr\u00e1va\u010dsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ako ju pozn\u00e1me z gr\u00e9ckeho a r\u00edmskeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">podania<\/span>, sa u Etruskov nezachovala. M\u00fdty spojen\u00e9 s Uni musia by\u0165 rekon\u0161truovan\u00e9 z obrazov\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed, n\u00e1pisov a spr\u00e1v gr\u00e9ckych a r\u00edmskych autorov. T\u00e1to nepriama pramenn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia si vy\u017eaduje metodick\u00fa zdr\u017eanlivos\u0165.<\/p><p>Medzi etruskou a gr\u00e9ckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3giou<\/span> existuje viacvrstvov\u00fd vz\u0165ah. Etruskovia prevzali mnoh\u00e9 gr\u00e9cke pr\u00edbehy, medzi nimi pr\u00edbehy o Achillovi, Odyseovi a Oidipovi, av\u0161ak \u010dasto ich vykladali vlastn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom a kladli in\u00e9 d\u00f4razy. Toto tvoriv\u00e9 osvojenie je predmetom intenz\u00edvneho v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>K etruskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gii<\/span> charakteristicky patr\u00ed predstava rady bohov, consensus deorum. Aj najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh Tinia, s ktor\u00fdm je Uni spojen\u00e1 v kapitolskej tri\u00e1de, sa rad\u00ed s ostatn\u00fdmi bohmi, a nekon\u00e1 s\u00e1m. Z h\u013eadiska fenomenol\u00f3gie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva je toto zhroma\u017edenie etruskou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnos\u0165ou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uni ako bohy\u0148a man\u017eelstva a matka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni je man\u017eelkou Tiniu, podobne ako H\u00e9ra je man\u017eelkou Zeusa a Iuno man\u017eelkou Iuppitera. V tejto funkcii je ochranky\u0148ou man\u017eelstva, narodenia a rodiny.<\/p><p>Od gr\u00e9ckej H\u00e9ry sa l\u00ed\u0161i v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie pozit\u00edvnym vyznen\u00edm: gr\u00e9cka trad\u00edcia pozn\u00e1 H\u00e9rinu \u017eiarliv\u00fa a niekedy krut\u00fa str\u00e1nku, etrusk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia naopak zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje jej ochrann\u00fa a dobrotiv\u00fa str\u00e1nku.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tento rozdiel je z h\u013eadiska dej\u00edn n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva ve\u013emi pr\u00edzna\u010dn\u00fd. Ukazuje, \u017ee etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> bola samostatn\u00e1 a nebola len jednoduch\u00fdm odrazom gr\u00e9ckej. Nancy Thomson de Grummond (<em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em>, 2006) t\u00fato samostatnos\u0165 podrobne rozpracovala.<\/span><\/p><p>Usporiadan\u00e1 ve\u0161teck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka Etruskov, Disciplina Etrusca, sa del\u00ed na tri oblasti: pozorovanie vn\u00fatornost\u00ed (haruspicina), v\u00fdklad bleskov (fulguratio) a pozorovanie vt\u00e1kov (auspicia). Rimania tento syst\u00e9m prevzali a zostal \u017eiv\u00fd a\u017e do 4. storo\u010dia po Kr. Podrobn\u00e9 popisy zanechali Cicero a Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca sa vyu\u010dovala na osobitn\u00fdch k\u0148azsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Jej poznanie bolo zaznamenan\u00e9 v knih\u00e1ch, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini a Libri Fulgurales. Tieto texty sa nezachovali, av\u0161ak daj\u00fa sa \u010diasto\u010dne rekon\u0161truova\u0165 z cit\u00e1ci\u00ed r\u00edmskych autorov, ako s\u00fa Cicero, Festus a Macrobius.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bol silne viazan\u00fd na konkr\u00e9tne mesto. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch centier, teda Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veje, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia a Roselle, malo svoje vlastn\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 kulty a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 osobitosti, a podobne bola aj Uni na r\u00f4znych miestach uctievan\u00e1 rozdielnym sp\u00f4sobom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult a ritu\u00e1ly<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni bola uctievan\u00e1 v mnoh\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch. Medzi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta patrili Pyrgi (pr\u00edstav Caere), Veje, Tarquinia a Volsinii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Pyrgi bol v\u00fdznamnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4ty\u0148a zasv\u00e4ten\u00e1 uctievaniu ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148ou<\/span>, ktor\u00fa nav\u0161tevovali aj feni\u010dt\u00ed obchodn\u00edci &#8211; odtia\u013e poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa dvojjazy\u010dn\u00e9 tabu\u013eky.<\/p><p>Ritu\u00e1ly zah\u0155\u0148ali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> (najm\u00e4 obetovanie kr\u00e1v), modlitby a procesie. \u017deny hrali v ritoch venovan\u00fdch Uni d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu. Na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch starovek\u00fdch kult\u00far bolo postavenie \u017eeny v etruskej spolo\u010dnosti n\u00e1padne siln\u00e9.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 \u017eeny sa objavuj\u00fa na bankietoch po boku svojich mu\u017eov a v n\u00e1pisoch s\u00fa uv\u00e1dzan\u00e9 pod svojimi vlastn\u00fdmi menami &#8211; zvyk, ktor\u00fd gr\u00e9cki a r\u00edmski pozorovatelia pova\u017eovali za nezvy\u010dajn\u00fd. Dielo Larissy Bonfante <em>Etruscan Dress<\/em> (1975) dokumentuje tieto pomery na z\u00e1klade obrazov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span>, v ktor\u00fdch mala Uni svoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch prakt\u00edk venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, vykazuj\u00fa osobit\u00fa architekt\u00faru. Charakteristick\u00fd je tuscansk\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl, vlastn\u00fd typ st\u013apov\u00e9ho radu, ktor\u00fd popisuje Vitruvius v diele De Architectura. P\u00f4dorysy zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa celu a \u0161irok\u00fa predn\u00fa sie\u0148, \u010d\u00edm sa v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161uj\u00fa od gr\u00e9ckych vzorov.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> boli \u010dasto stavan\u00e9 monument\u00e1lne. Napr\u00edklad Jupiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> na r\u00edmskom Kapitole postavili etrusk\u00ed architekti a umelci, konkr\u00e9tne Vulca z Vej\u00ed. Preto\u017ee tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> hostil kapitolsk\u00fa trojicu, v ktorej m\u00e1 ved\u013ea Iuno svoje miesto aj Uni, pova\u017euje sa za architektonick\u00fd d\u00f4kaz etruskej religiozity v ranom R\u00edme.<\/p><p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok sa dvan\u00e1s\u0165 etrusk\u00fdch miest sch\u00e1dzalo pri sv\u00e4tyni Fanum Voltumnae bl\u00edzko Volsinii, aby prerokovali n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 aj politick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Bohom tohto zv\u00e4zu miest bol Voltumna, ktor\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam presahoval jednotliv\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 kulty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie a apotropajsk\u00e9 praktiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni bola v ochrann\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach vz\u00fdvan\u00e1 najm\u00e4 v spojen\u00ed s man\u017eelstvom, p\u00f4rodom, rodinou a ochranou mesta. R\u00edmska trad\u00edcia mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto funkci\u00ed prevzala v podobe Iuno &#8211; napr\u00edklad Iuno Lucina (Iuno svetla) ako bohy\u0148a p\u00f4rodu alebo Iuno Sospita ako ochranky\u0148a mesta. Tieto funkcie s\u00fa etrusk\u00fdm dedi\u010dstvom.<\/p><p>Apotropaick\u00e9 praktiky spojen\u00e9 s Uni zah\u0155\u0148ali nosenie ur\u010dit\u00fdch amuletov (bully pre deti), umiest\u0148ovanie so\u0161iek Uni v dom\u00e1cich sv\u00e4tyniach a predn\u00e1\u0161anie ur\u010dit\u00fdch form\u00fal pred sob\u00e1\u0161mi a p\u00f4rodmi. Etrusk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia bully je priamym zdrojom neskor\u0161ej r\u00edmskej praxe.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V etrusk\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch zvykoch sa nach\u00e1dza mnoho odvracaj\u00facich znakov: falick\u00e9 amulety, zobrazenia Gorgony, symboly o\u010d\u00ed, bully a ur\u010dit\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 formuly. Obrazov\u00fd jazyk t\u00fdchto apotropaick\u00fdch symbolov spracovala Larissa Bonfante vo svojom diele Etruscan Mirrors, publikovanom od roku 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Odvracaj\u00face symboly boli pevnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou etrusk\u00e9ho ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, medzi nimi oko Tinie, falick\u00e9 amulety a Gorgoneia. Zdobili <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> a hroby, rovnako ako dom\u00e1ce sv\u00e4tyne a osobn\u00fd majetok. T\u00e1to prax pretrvala v r\u00edmskej i stredomorskej \u013eudovej viere.<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e9 praktiky boli u Etruskov pevne spojen\u00e9 s Disciplina Etrusca. Pred ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm podnikom, \u010di i\u0161lo o zalo\u017eenie mesta, vojensk\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie alebo stavbu domu, sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vykladanie znamen\u00ed s cie\u013eom rozpozna\u0165 skryt\u00e9 alebo bud\u00face veci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161ten\u00edm<\/span> zis\u0165ovala v\u00f4\u013ea bohov, na ktorej mala podiel aj najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a Uni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni funk\u010dne zodpoved\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckej H\u00e9re a r\u00edmskej Iuno. Toto spojenie je typologick\u00e9, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj historick\u00e9 &#8211; r\u00edmska trad\u00edcia Iuno bola priamo prevzat\u00e1 z etruskej Uni. Tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi navy\u0161e dokumentuj\u00fa jej zrovnopr\u00e1vnenie s fen\u00edckou Astartou.<\/p><p>V religionistickom porovnan\u00ed mo\u017eno Uni spoji\u0165 s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi bohy\u0148ami indoeur\u00f3pskych a stredomorsk\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed: s Inannou\/I\u0161tar (Mezopot\u00e1mia), s Isis (Egypt), s Frigg (germ\u00e1nska trad\u00edcia). Predstava najvy\u0161\u0161ej \u017eenskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bohyne<\/span> ako man\u017eelskej bohyne a ochrankyne mesta je v starovekom Stredomor\u00ed ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1.<\/p><p>Prostredn\u00edctvom interpretatio Romana boli etrusk\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 stoto\u017enen\u00e9 s r\u00edmskymi menami: Tinia sa objavuje ako Iupiter, Uni ako Iuno, Menrva ako Minerva. Tak\u00e9to stoto\u017enenia zvy\u010dajne zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovali len \u010diastkov\u00e9 aspekty a len zriedka boli \u00fapln\u00e9. V\u00fdskum posledn\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165desiat rokov ukazuje, ktor\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 osobitosti Uni si pri tom zachovali svoju povahu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo formovali rozmanit\u00e9 kontakty s anatolsk\u00fdmi, fen\u00edckymi a predo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdmi trad\u00edciami. Pr\u00e1ve tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi, ktor\u00e9 stoto\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa Uni s fen\u00edckou Astartou, dokazuj\u00fa fenick\u00fd vplyv. Toto stredomorsk\u00e9 prepojenie je u\u017e nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eitou oblas\u0165ou v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>V religionistickom porovnan\u00ed patr\u00ed etrusk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch prakt\u00edk venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> do \u0161ir\u0161ej stredomorskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej rodiny a je spojen\u00fd s Gr\u00e9ckom, Fen\u00edciou, Egyptom, Anat\u00f3liou a Laciom. To, \u017ee je Uni na tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch z Pyrgi sp\u00e1jan\u00e1 s Astartou, zapad\u00e1 do tohto prepojenia, ktor\u00e9 tvor\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fa oblas\u0165 v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdskum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>V\u00fdskum bohyne Uni sa v posledn\u00fdch 50 rokoch v\u00fdrazne preh\u013abil objaven\u00edm nov\u00fdch n\u00e1pisov (Pyrgi 1964, \u010fal\u0161ie n\u00e1lezy v Tarquinii a Volsinii). Medzi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 b\u00e1date\u013eky patria Larissa Bonfante, Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Marie-Laurence Haack a Anna Marina Moretti Sgubini.<\/span><\/p><p>V\u00fdskum intenz\u00edvne diskutuje ot\u00e1zku \u201esamostatnej podstaty\u201c Uni nad r\u00e1mec interpretatio Romana. Kde s\u00fa rozdiely oproti r\u00edmskej Iuno? Ako hlboko siahaj\u00fa fenick\u00e9 a gr\u00e9cke vplyvy? Tieto ot\u00e1zky s\u00fa predmetom aktu\u00e1lneho v\u00fdskumu.<\/p><p>Etrusk\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd syst\u00e9m a s n\u00edm postavy ako Uni sa dnes sk\u00famaj\u00fa medzin\u00e1rodne. Medzi rozhoduj\u00face pracovisk\u00e1 patria univerzity vo Florencii, R\u00edme (Sapienza), Pise, T\u00fcbingene a Princetone. Ro\u010dne sa ot\u00e1zkam tejto oblasti venuje viacero medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch konferenci\u00ed.<\/p><p>Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 projekty zameran\u00e9 na etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa digit\u00e1lne postupy: trojrozmern\u00e9 skeny chr\u00e1mov a hrobov, datab\u00e1zy n\u00e1pisov a obrazov\u00fdch prame\u0148ov, ako aj anal\u00fdzy s\u00eddelnej \u0161trukt\u00fary podporen\u00e9 GIS. Tieto met\u00f3dy prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa nov\u00e9 poznatky, aj o uctievan\u00ed Uni.<\/p><p>\u0160ir\u0161ej verejnosti sa aktu\u00e1lny etrusk\u00fd v\u00fdskum sprostredk\u00fava prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdstav, napr\u00edklad vo Vatik\u00e1nskych m\u00faze\u00e1ch, v Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia a v Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ako aj prostredn\u00edctvom mnoh\u00fdch publik\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pramene a stav v\u00fdskumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi prame\u0148mi pre v\u00fdskum Uni s\u00fa tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi, etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy (Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa), etrusk\u00e9 zrkadl\u00e1 s n\u00e1pisn\u00fdmi popiskami, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy z ve\u013ek\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov (Pyrgi, Veje, Tarquinia, Volsinii) a gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmske sekund\u00e1rne prame\u0148y.<\/p><p>Hlb\u0161ie zaradenie do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">dej\u00edn etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva<\/a> ako celku ukazuje, \u017ee Uni treba ch\u00e1pa\u0165 vo vz\u0165ahovom syst\u00e9me s Tiniou, Menrvou a ostatn\u00fdmi Atua, nie izolovane. Toto prepojenie je z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska z\u00e1sadn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Pramene k etrusk\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu s\u00fa nejednotn\u00e9: epigrafick\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1 zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 v Editio Minor Helmuta Rixa, archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy, obrazov\u00e9 prame\u0148y a sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara. Kto chce Uni primerane pochopi\u0165, mus\u00ed t\u00fato pestros\u0165 vyhodnoti\u0165 interdisciplin\u00e1rne, a nov\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum systematicky sp\u00e1ja filol\u00f3giu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama minul\u00e9 kult\u00fary na z\u00e1klade hmotn\u00fdch n\u00e1lezov.\" tabindex=\"0\">archeol\u00f3giu<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> a antropol\u00f3giu.<\/p><p>Vecn\u00e1 kritika prame\u0148ov si vy\u017eaduje rovnak\u00fa znalos\u0165 p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch svedectiev aj gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmskej sekund\u00e1rnej trad\u00edcie. Tento dvojit\u00fd pr\u00edstup je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, ale pre udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fa historick\u00fa rekon\u0161trukciu Uni nevyhnutn\u00fd.<\/p><p>Kto chce Uni d\u00f4kladne zaradi\u0165 z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, mus\u00ed ma\u0165 preh\u013ead o epigrafick\u00fdch, archeologick\u00fdch a liter\u00e1rnych prame\u0148och, ako aj o met\u00f3dach modernej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiky<\/span>. Toto komplexn\u00e9 sk\u00famanie sa vo v\u00fdskume pova\u017euje za \u0161tandard.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29e08390 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29e08390\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d2faa66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d2faa66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uni na bronzovej pe\u010deni z Piacenzy a v discipl\u00edne ve\u0161tenia z pe\u010dene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp201b89ae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp201b89ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cad41c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cad41c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch prame\u0148ov k etrusk\u00e9mu svetu bohov je takzvan\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0148 z Piacenzy, bronzov\u00fd model ov\u010dej pe\u010dene, ktor\u00fd bol objaven\u00fd v roku 1877 pri Piacenze a datovan\u00fd do 2. alebo 1. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p><p>Povrch je rozdelen\u00fd do mnoh\u00fdch pol\u00ed, do ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa vyryt\u00e9 etrusk\u00e9 men\u00e1 bohov. Predmet sl\u00fa\u017eil pravdepodobne ako u\u010debn\u00e1 alebo referen\u010dn\u00e1 pom\u00f4cka pre <em>haruspices<\/em>, etrusk\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov na ve\u0161tenie z vn\u00fatornost\u00ed.<\/p><p>Uni sa na tomto modeli objavuje pod svoj\u00edm etrusk\u00fdm menom a zauj\u00edma tak pevn\u00e9 miesto v syst\u00e9me ve\u0161tenia z pe\u010dene. Usporiadanie mien bohov na pe\u010deni sa vyklad\u00e1 tak, \u017ee vonkaj\u0161\u00ed okraj je rozdelen\u00fd do \u0161estn\u00e1stich pol\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zodpovedaj\u00fa deleniu neba na \u0161estn\u00e1s\u0165 oblast\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ka\u017edej oblasti neba bola prip\u00edsan\u00e1 jedna alebo viac bo\u017estiev. Z umiestnenia nezvy\u010dajn\u00fdch \u00fatvarov na sk\u00famanej zvieracej pe\u010deni, napr\u00edklad v\u00fdrastkov alebo sfarben\u00ed, haruspex vyvodzoval v\u00f4\u013eu pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>.<\/p><p>Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee Uni je zaznamenan\u00e1 na pe\u010deni, ukazuje, \u017ee bola zapojen\u00e1 nielen do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a usporiadan\u00ed svet.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span> a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho kultu, ale aj do vysoko formalizovanej etruskej ve\u0161tebnej s\u00fastavy. T\u00e1to <em>disciplina etrusca<\/em> bola Rimanmi vysoko cenen\u00e1 a \u010diasto\u010dne prevzat\u00e1; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00ed<\/span> autori uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee etrusk\u00ed haruspices boli privol\u00e1van\u00ed e\u0161te aj v obdob\u00ed r\u00edmskeho cis\u00e1rstva.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0148 je tak \u00fastredn\u00fdm svedectvom toho, ako \u00fazko boli u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruskov<\/a> prepojen\u00e9 svet bohov, ritu\u00e1lna technika a p\u00edsomn\u00e1 kult\u00fara. Napriek tomu zost\u00e1va ve\u013ea nejasnost\u00ed v presnom fungovan\u00ed ve\u0161tenia z pe\u010dene, preto\u017ee sa nezachoval \u017eiadny \u00fapln\u00fd etrusk\u00fd u\u010debn\u00fd text.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24acd12c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24acd12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28834b61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28834b61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zlat\u00e9 tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi: Uni, Astart\u00e9 a kontakt s fenick\u00fdm svetom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp238b6d61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp238b6d61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b1ceb50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b1ceb50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>K najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1lezom n\u00e1pisov etrusk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva patria zlat\u00e9 tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi, objaven\u00e9 v roku 1964 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> pr\u00edstavn\u00e9ho mesta Pyrgi, ktor\u00e9 patrilo k \u00fazemiu etrusk\u00e9ho mesta Caere. Ide o tri tenk\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 plie\u0161kov\u00e9, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z konca 6. alebo za\u010diatku 5. storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, dva z nich s\u00fa v etruskom jazyku, jeden vo fen\u00edckom.<\/span><\/p><p>Pre v\u00fdskum Uni maj\u00fa tieto tabu\u013eky mimoriadny v\u00fdznam, preto\u017ee etrusk\u00e9 a f\u00e9nicky text s\u00fa si obsahovo bl\u00edzke a tvoria tak dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fd most\u00edk.<\/p><p>Vo fen\u00edckom texte sa hovor\u00ed o bohyni Astarte, v etruskom o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4tyni<\/span> Uni. Z toho sa vyvodzuje, \u017ee Etruskovia v tomto kontexte stoto\u017e\u0148ovali Uni s f\u00e9nicko-z\u00e1padosemitskou Astarte, alebo ich aspo\u0148 vz\u00e1jomne vz\u0165ahovali.<\/p><p>Darca, vl\u00e1dca Caere menom Thefarie Velianas, tak dal zaznamena\u0165 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 uctievaniu bo\u017estva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148u<\/span>, ktor\u00e1 bola zjavne zasv\u00e4ten\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factiv\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> bohyne, ktor\u00fa bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 v oboch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch svetoch.<\/p><p>Tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi s\u00fa tak nielen jazykovedn\u00fdm \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm n\u00e1lezom, ktor\u00fd prispieva k rozl\u00fa\u0161teniu etru\u0161tiny, ale aj svedectvom intenz\u00edvneho previazania Etr\u00farie so stredomorsk\u00fdm priestorom. Ukazuj\u00fa Uni ako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 hralo \u00falohu v obchodn\u00fdch a kult\u00farnych kontaktoch s Feni\u010danmi a Kart\u00e1gin\u010danmi.<\/p><p>S\u00fa\u010dasne tento n\u00e1lez nab\u00e1da k opatrnosti: stoto\u017enenie Uni s Astarte v pr\u00edstavnej sv\u00e4tyni neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee Uni bola v\u0161ade a v\u017edy ch\u00e1pan\u00e1 ako Astarte. N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 stoto\u017enenia z\u00e1visely od kontextu a vypovedaj\u00fa viac o danej situ\u00e1cii ne\u017e o pevnej podstate bohyne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e8b531d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e8b531d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6973fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a6973fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uni, Tinia a Menrva: etrusk\u00e1 skupina bohov a jej r\u00edmsky v\u00fdklad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28816f2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp28816f2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf64218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2bf64218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni sa v prame\u0148och \u010dasto objavuje v spojen\u00ed s Tiniou, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm etrusk\u00fdm nebesk\u00fdm bohom, a s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157943\">Menrvou<\/a>. V\u00fdskum tieto tri bo\u017estva opakovane sp\u00e1jal s r\u00edmskou kapitolskou trojicou Jupiter, Juno a Minerva. Uni skuto\u010dne v mnoh\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch zodpoved\u00e1 r\u00edmskej Juno a neskor\u0161ia <em>interpretatio<\/em> ich stoto\u017enila.<\/p><p>Pri tomto stoto\u017enen\u00ed je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e1 metodologick\u00e1 opatrnos\u0165. Predstava pevne ustanovenej trojice hlavn\u00fdch bo\u017estiev je v r\u00edmskom kontexte dobre dolo\u017een\u00e1, napr\u00edklad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span> na Kapitole. Pre etrusk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo je ot\u00e1zka, \u010di Tinia, Uni a Menrva skuto\u010dne tvorili porovnate\u013en\u00fa, jasne in\u0161titucionalizovan\u00fa trojicu, menej jednozna\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Bronzov\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0148 z Piacenzy zaznamen\u00e1va mnoho bo\u017estiev, bez toho, aby bola nejak\u00e1 trojica osobitne zd\u00f4raznen\u00e1. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee predstava etruskej trojice je \u010diasto\u010dne odvoden\u00e1 z r\u00edmskeho modelu.<\/p><p>Ist\u00e9 je naopak to, \u017ee Uni bola <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span> najvy\u0161\u0161ieho postavenia, ktor\u00e9 mala sv\u00e4tyne vo viacer\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch etrusk\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch a bola spojen\u00e1 s vl\u00e1dou, ochranou spolo\u010denstva a mo\u017eno aj s kr\u00e1\u013eovskou mocou.<\/p><p>Zobrazenia na zrkadl\u00e1ch, najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed obrazov\u00fd prame\u0148 k etruskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gii<\/span>, zobrazuj\u00fa Uni v r\u00f4znych sc\u00e9nach, napr\u00edklad v jednom sl\u00e1vnom zobrazen\u00ed, kde doj\u010d\u00ed dospel\u00e9ho Hercla, etrusk\u00fd protiklad Herakla, \u010d\u00edm ho takpovediac adoptuje alebo povy\u0161uje na nesmrte\u013enos\u0165.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9to obrazy dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee Uni bola nad r\u00e1mec uctievania ako abstraktn\u00e1 mestsk\u00e1 bohy\u0148a zaraden\u00e1 do \u017eiv\u00e9ho, gr\u00e9ckou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3giou<\/span> ovplyvnen\u00e9ho, ale svojbytn\u00e9ho etrusk\u00e9ho narat\u00edvneho kontextu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Dress<\/em> (1975)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/literatura\/\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-uni e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-uni\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-uni-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-uni-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uni je etrusk\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a a v historickom v\u00fdskume je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za priamy <strong>protiklad<\/strong> r\u00edmskej Juno a gr\u00e9ckej H\u00e9ry.<\/p><p>Sl\u00e1vne dvojjazy\u010dn\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 tabu\u013eky z Pyrgi z konca \u0161iesteho storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom stoto\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa Uni s fen\u00edckou Astarte a dokazuj\u00fa tak z\u00e1rove\u0148, ako samozrejme etrusk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> ch\u00e1pala svoje postavy ako protiklady susedn\u00fdch pante\u00f3nov. V troji\u010dnom kulte na hradnom vrchu Veji tvor\u00ed Uni spolu s Tiniou a Menrvou vysok\u00fd stred mesta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Uni Etruskovia najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a Pyrgi Astarte Iuno H\u00e9ra Tinia.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-uni\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/etruske-nabozenstvo-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etruskov<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, r\u00fddze zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 lehota na vr\u00e1tenie tovaru.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uni-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-uni-ccb .jet-button__state-normal 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data-id=\"iwgw-uni-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-uni-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-uni-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. Religionistick\u00fd obsah predstavuje kult\u00farno-historick\u00e9 zaradenie, nie odpor\u00fa\u010danie duchovnej praxe.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2822,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Uni Etruskovia","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Uni \u2013 etrusk\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a, m\u00fdtus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Uni je etrusk\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia bohy\u0148a a protiklad r\u00edmskej Juno. 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