{"id":157924,"date":"2026-09-04T22:19:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:19:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157924"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:46:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:46:00","slug":"tunkasila-dedo-nebo-lakota","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/tunkasila-dedo-nebo-lakota\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila \u2013 Dedo Nebo Lakotov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157924\" class=\"elementor elementor-157924 elementor-2587 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, Dedo, nebesk\u00e1 bytos\u0165 a oslovenie Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho v trad\u00edcii Lakotov<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (v jazyku Lakota <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, Dedo) je uctiv\u00e9 oslovenie Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho v trad\u00edcii Lakotov. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa rovnako pre <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157921\">Wakan Tanka<\/a>, pre \u0160tyroch Praotcov Neba a pre personifikovan\u00fa vz\u0165ahov\u00fa osobu v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbe<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stvorite\u013e trad\u00edcie Native American.\">Stvorite\u013e<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157902\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytol\u00f3gia trad\u00edcie Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Oslovenie Dedo.\">Oslovenie Dedo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159838\" alt=\"Tunka\u0161ila, Dedko Nebo \u2013 bohovia z trad\u00edcie p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov Ameriky, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie v lakotskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila nie je v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom syst\u00e9me Lakotov samostatnou bytos\u0165ou, ale teologicky d\u00f4le\u017eitou formou oslovenia. Slovo <em>tunkasila<\/em> jednoducho znamen\u00e1 <em>dedo<\/em> a v be\u017enej re\u010di sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre biologick\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho otca, ako aj pre star\u0161\u00edch mu\u017esk\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch. V n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej re\u010di sa toto oslovenie roz\u0161iruje na Sv\u00e4t\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm sa vytv\u00e1ra ur\u010dit\u00fd vz\u0165ah pr\u00edbuzenstva k Sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu.<\/p><p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je koncept Tunkasila centr\u00e1lnym prvkom lakotskej <em>pr\u00edbuzenskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span><\/em>. Modlitby Lakotov nech\u00e1pu Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 ako vzdialen\u00fa, od\u0165a\u017eit\u00fa najvy\u0161\u0161iu bytos\u0165, ale ako bl\u00edzku rodinn\u00fa osobu, s ktorou je \u010dlovek v pr\u00edbuzenskom vz\u0165ahu.<\/p><p>Tento prvok opakovane zd\u00f4raznili Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. a lakotsk\u00e1 teologi\u010dka Doris Leader Charge ako z\u00e1sadn\u00fd rozdiel oproti z\u00e1padnej monoteistickej trad\u00edcii.<\/p><p>Modlitebn\u00e1 prax Lakotov obsahuje dve centr\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 oslovenia: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Dedo) pre mu\u017esk\u00e9, a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pre vy\u0161\u0161ie nebesk\u00e9 bytosti, a <em>Unci<\/em> (Babka) pre \u017eensk\u00e9, a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pre pozemsk\u00e9 bytosti (pozri aj <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157926\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Toto dvojit\u00e9 oslovenie odr\u00e1\u017ea rodovo bipol\u00e1rnu \u0161trukt\u00faru Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho u Lakotov a je samostatn\u00fdm teologick\u00fdm prvkom.<\/p><p>Trad\u00edcia Tunkasila stoj\u00ed v komplement\u00e1rnom vz\u0165ahu k \u017eenskej trad\u00edcii <em>Unci<\/em>. Oslovenie Babka plat\u00ed predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pre pozemsk\u00e9 bytosti, pre trad\u00edciu Pav\u00fa\u010dej Babky z\u00e1padn\u00fdch Lakotov a pre vy\u0161\u0161iu \u017eensk\u00fa numinozitu v\u00f4bec.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to rodovo bipol\u00e1rna dvojit\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> je centr\u00e1lnym \u0161truktur\u00e1lnym znakom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva Lakotov, ktor\u00fd ho odli\u0161uje od rodovo jednotypov\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch bo\u017estiev abrah\u00e1movsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev. Joseph Epes Brown a Severt Young Bear pop\u00edsali t\u00fato rodov\u00fa bipolaritu ako rovnocenn\u00fa komplementaritu, nie ako hierarchicky usporiadan\u00fa rodov\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3giu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a etymol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakotsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz <em>thunkasila<\/em> sa sklad\u00e1 z <em>thunka<\/em> (kme\u0148) a <em>sila<\/em> (ozna\u010denie pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho pre mu\u017esk\u00fdch predkov). To v preklade znamen\u00e1 <em>mu\u017esk\u00fd kme\u0148ov\u00fd pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd<\/em> alebo <em>mu\u017esk\u00fd predok<\/em>. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed na Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 sa t\u00fdm etabluje predstava transgenera\u010dn\u00e9ho rodinn\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu: Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 je vy\u0161\u0161ie postaven\u00fdm pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm, nie vzdialenou in\u0161tanciou.<\/p><p>Pr\u00edbuzensk\u00e1 terminol\u00f3gia Lakotov je celkovo ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e1. Na rozdiel od modernej americkej angli\u010dtiny, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 pre biologick\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho otca len jeden v\u00fdraz, pozn\u00e1 jazyk Lakota r\u00f4zne v\u00fdrazy pre r\u00f4zne kateg\u00f3rie star\u00fdch otcov (napr. <em>tunkasila<\/em> pre otcovho otca a <em>kakaala<\/em> pre matkinho otca).<\/p><p>Pou\u017eitie v\u0161eobecnej\u0161ej formy <em>tunkasila<\/em> na Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 zov\u0161eobec\u0148uje vz\u0165ah k dedovi a rob\u00ed z neho nadbiologick\u00fa vz\u0165ahov\u00fa postavu.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm teologick\u00fdm pozorovan\u00edm je, \u017ee <em>tunkasila<\/em> sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva v mno\u017enom \u010d\u00edsle <em>tunkasilas<\/em> alebo <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, \u010do ozna\u010duje <em>dedov<\/em>. V tejto mno\u017enej forme sa oslovenie vz\u0165ahuje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na <em>\u0160tyroch Dedov<\/em>, \u0160tyri svetov\u00e9 strany, ktor\u00e9 ako personifikovan\u00e9 wakan-bytosti predstavuj\u00fa kozmick\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00farovanie svet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160tyria Dedovia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V u\u017e\u0161om teologickom pou\u017eit\u00ed ozna\u010duje <em>Tunkasila<\/em>, resp. mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo <em>Tunkasilas<\/em>, <em>\u0160tyroch star\u00fdch otcov svetov\u00fdch str\u00e1n<\/em>. S\u00fa to: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (z\u00e1pad, hrom), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (sever, biz\u00f3n, sila), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (v\u00fdchod, biela labu\u0165, rozum) a <em>Itokagata<\/em> (juh, \u017eeriav, rast \u017eivota).<\/p><p>Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z t\u00fdchto \u0160tyroch sa pripisuje farba (\u010dierna, \u010derven\u00e1, \u017elt\u00e1, biela), zviera wakan a ur\u010dit\u00e1 funkcia v kozmickom poriadku.<\/p><p>\u0160tyria star\u00ed otcovia s\u00fa na za\u010diatku v\u00fdslovne vz\u00fdvan\u00ed v ka\u017edom lakotskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00e1 sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1li<\/span>.<\/p><p>Deje sa to prostredn\u00edctvom prezent\u00e1cie sv\u00e4tej fajky <em>chanunpa<\/em> do v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u0160tyroch svetov\u00fdch str\u00e1n, h\u00e1dzan\u00edm mal\u00fdch omrviniek tabaku do v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u0160tyroch smerov alebo slovn\u00fdm vz\u00fdvan\u00edm pomocou \u0161tandardnej formuly <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (V\u0161etk\u00fdm mojim pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm), ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00e1 sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span> v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, vidite\u013en\u00fdch aj nevidite\u013en\u00fdch.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to \u0161trukt\u00fara \u0161tyroch smerov je organizuj\u00facim z\u00e1kladom celej lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>. Ur\u010duje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span> rovnako ako ritu\u00e1lnu topografiu potnej chatky (ktor\u00e1 je orientovan\u00e1 pod\u013ea \u0160tyroch smerov), \u010dasov\u00e9 usporiadanie ve\u013ek\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lov (\u0161tyri dni slne\u010dn\u00e9ho tanca, \u0161tyri noci h\u013eadania v\u00edzie) a symbolick\u00e9 usporiadanie lie\u010debnej praxe.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown podrobne pop\u00edsal centr\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam \u0161trukt\u00fary \u0161tyroch smerov v diele <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em>.<\/p><p>Farebn\u00e1 symbolika \u0160tyroch star\u00fdch otcov sa l\u00ed\u0161i pod\u013ea trad\u00edcie jednotliv\u00fdch rezerv\u00e1ci\u00ed. V naj\u010dastej\u0161om variante, ako je zachovan\u00fd v textoch Black Elka, je z\u00e1pad \u010dierny, sever \u010derven\u00fd, v\u00fdchod \u017elt\u00fd, juh biely. V in\u00fdch lakotsk\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch s\u00fa usporiadan\u00e9 tak, \u017ee z\u00e1pad je \u010derven\u00fd, sever biely, v\u00fdchod \u017elt\u00fd, juh \u010dierny.<\/p><p>Tieto region\u00e1lne varianty boli v etnologickom v\u00fdskume opakovane zaznamenan\u00e9 a odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa genealogick\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165 lakotskej trad\u00edcie. James Walker zdokumentoval v textoch Sworda vlastn\u00e9, v mnoh\u00fdch detailoch odli\u0161n\u00e9 usporiadanie, ktor\u00e9 treba pova\u017eova\u0165 za alternat\u00edvnu hlavn\u00fa l\u00edniu lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcia v modlitbe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funkcia oslovenia Tunkasila v lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbe<\/span> je hlboko diferencovan\u00e1. \u0160tandardn\u00e1 lakotsk\u00e1 modlitbov\u00e1 formula za\u010d\u00edna slovami <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Star\u00fd otec Sv\u00e4t\u00fd Ve\u013ek\u00fd, maj s nami z\u013eutovanie), \u010d\u00edm sa Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 oslovuje priamou pr\u00edbuzenskou formou.<\/p><p>Toto oslovenie vytv\u00e1ra emocion\u00e1lnu bl\u00edzkos\u0165 k Sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e1 v z\u00e1padnej trad\u00edcii zodpoved\u00e1 sk\u00f4r osloveniu Otca v kres\u0165anskej modlitbe (<em>Ot\u010de n\u00e1\u0161<\/em>).<\/p><p>Od modelu rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho otca sa v\u0161ak oslovenie star\u00e9ho otca l\u00ed\u0161i jedn\u00fdm \u010fal\u0161\u00edm prvkom: genera\u010dn\u00fdm odstupom. Star\u00fd otec stoj\u00ed o gener\u00e1ciu \u010falej ako bezprostredn\u00fd vychov\u00e1vate\u013e (t\u00fdm by bol otec); je hodnovern\u00fd, mudrc, u\u010dite\u013e, ale priamo nezasahuje. Tento genera\u010dn\u00fd odstup umo\u017e\u0148uje re\u0161pektuj\u00facu bl\u00edzkos\u0165 bez autorit\u00e1rskej priamosti, \u010do utv\u00e1ra \u0161pecifick\u00fa tonalitu lakotskej modlitby.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm prvkom lakotskej modlitby je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00face oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch wakan bytost\u00ed ich \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi pr\u00eddomkami Tunkasila: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Star\u00fd otec Hrom, pozri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157930\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Star\u00fd otec Biz\u00f3n), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Star\u00fd otec Kame\u0148). Tieto rozmanit\u00e9 oslovenia Tunkasila ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee oslovenie star\u00fd otec sa m\u00f4\u017ee flexibilne uplatni\u0165 na v\u0161etky vy\u0161\u0161ie postaven\u00e9 wakan bytosti.<\/p><p>Formula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, ktorou sa uzatv\u00e1ra ka\u017ed\u00fd lakotsk\u00fd modlitbov\u00fd \u00fakon, je centr\u00e1lnym teologick\u00fdm vyjadren\u00edm. Znamen\u00e1 doslovne <em>V\u0161etk\u00fdm mojim pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm<\/em> a zah\u0155\u0148a do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitby<\/span> okrem \u013eudsk\u00fdch rodinn\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch aj wakan pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, zvierac\u00edch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, rastlinn\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch a kamenn\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch.<\/p><p>Toto radik\u00e1lne roz\u0161\u00edrenie pojmu pr\u00edbuzenstva na cel\u00fd kozmick\u00fd invent\u00e1r je autenticky lakotsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologick\u00e1<\/span> kon\u0161trukcia a patr\u00ed k v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm znakom lakotsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva v porovnan\u00ed s monoteistick\u00fdmi trad\u00edciami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uplatnenie v obradoch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oslovenie Tunkasila je pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v celom ritu\u00e1lnom procese lakotskej trad\u00edcie. V <em>Inipi<\/em> (potn\u00e1 chy\u017eka) sa vz\u00fdva viackr\u00e1t na za\u010diatku ka\u017edej zo \u0161tyroch f\u00e1z v\u00fddr\u017ee. V <em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (h\u013eadanie v\u00edzie) je st\u00e1le opakovan\u00fdm modlitbov\u00fdm prvkom osamelej bdenia. Vo <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (Tanec slnka) sa vz\u00fdva ka\u017ed\u00fd zo \u0161tyroch dn\u00ed s odli\u0161n\u00fdm d\u00f4razom.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm ritu\u00e1lnym uplatnen\u00edm je <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovn\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitba<\/span>, modlitba Sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho vt\u00e1ka, v ktorej je Sv\u00e4t\u00fd vt\u00e1k (\u010dasto orol) vz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako posol medzi \u010dlovekom a Tunkasilom.<\/p><p>Orol vraj nesie \u013eudsk\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slovn\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbu<\/span> k Ve\u013ek\u00e9mu otcovi na nebesiach a prin\u00e1\u0161a odpove\u010f sp\u00e4\u0165. T\u00e1to predstava vt\u00e1\u010dieho posla je spolo\u010dn\u00fdm prvkom mnoh\u00fdch p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch americk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev a tvor\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 sprostredkuj\u00facej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere dan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span> medzi \u010dlovekom a posv\u00e4tn\u00fdm.<\/p><p>V modern\u00fdch p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch hnutiach, najm\u00e4 na panindi\u00e1nskych zhroma\u017edeniach (ako je hnutie American Indian Movement od 70. rokov 20. storo\u010dia), sa oslovenie Tunkasila stalo jednou z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch modlitbov\u00fdch foriem severoamerick\u00fdch indi\u00e1nskych n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev. \u0160iroko sa pou\u017e\u00edva na verejn\u00fdch obradoch Slne\u010dn\u00e9ho tanca, na aktivistick\u00fdch zhroma\u017edeniach AIM a v s\u00fa\u010dasnej indi\u00e1nskej spiritualite.<\/p><p>Trad\u00edcia orlieho pera <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> je podrobne predp\u00edsan\u00e1. Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 per\u00e1 poskytuj\u00fa len ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy orlov, orol skaln\u00fd (<em>wanblee<\/em>), nie be\u017en\u00fd my\u0161iak. Tieto per\u00e1 sa vymie\u0148aj\u00fa iba ritu\u00e1lnou formou; nesm\u00fa sa kupova\u0165 ani pred\u00e1va\u0165. Musia by\u0165 odovzdan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Patriaci k pevne stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu \u00fakonu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lnym<\/span> sp\u00f4sobom alebo z\u00edskan\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00edzie.<\/p><p>Feder\u00e1lny z\u00e1kon <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, viackr\u00e1t novelizovan\u00fd) povo\u013euje vlastni\u0165 orlie per\u00e1 na ritu\u00e1lne \u00fa\u010dely v\u00fdlu\u010dne uznan\u00fdm pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkom p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch kme\u0148ov; v\u0161etky usmrtenia orlov s\u00fa pr\u00edsne regulovan\u00e9. Tento pr\u00e1vny r\u00e1mec ochrany je jedine\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom \u0161t\u00e1tneho uznania p\u00f4vodnej religiozity v americkom pr\u00e1ve.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 prax a apotropajn\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ochrann\u00e1 prax spojen\u00e1 s Tunka\u0161ilom je v\u0161eobecnou praxou lakotskej modlitbovej trad\u00edcie. Kto sa dostane do n\u00fadze, choroby, ohrozenia alebo pod \u00fatokom \u0161kodliv\u00fdch duchov, vz\u00fdva Star\u00e9ho otca, \u010dasto \u0161tandardnou formulou <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. Deje sa to faj\u010den\u00edm sv\u00e4tej fajky, vykurovan\u00edm biz\u00f3novou \u0161alviou alebo sladkou tr\u00e1vou, alebo jednoducho slovn\u00fdm vz\u00fdvan\u00edm.<\/p><p>Konkr\u00e9tnou ochrannou praxou je <em>Naming Ceremony<\/em> \u2013 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span>, pri ktorom die\u0165a alebo dospel\u00fd dost\u00e1va sv\u00e4t\u00e9 lakotsk\u00e9 meno. Toto meno sa ur\u010duje vo v\u00edzii alebo prostredn\u00edctvom sk\u00fasen\u00e9ho lie\u010dite\u013ea a ude\u013euje sa s podrobn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zvol\u00e1vacie oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvan\u00edm<\/span> \u0160tyroch Tunka\u0161ilov a Tunka\u0161ila-Wakan Tanky.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 meno nesie die\u0165a alebo dospel\u00e9ho cel\u00fd \u017eivot a pova\u017euje sa za najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161iu ochranu pred \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi duchmi a ne\u0161\u0165astiami.<\/p><p>\u010eal\u0161ou d\u00f4le\u017eitou ochrannou praxou je nosenie mal\u00fdch orl\u00edch pier (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) ako ozdoby z orlieho pera, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu nosi\u0165 iba osoby, ktor\u00e9 si to zasl\u00fa\u017eili a boli n\u00e1le\u017eite zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9.<\/p><p>Orlie pero symbolizuje spojenie so Star\u00fdm otcom na nebesiach a pova\u017euje sa za \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fa apotropajick\u00fa ochranu. V tradi\u010dnej lakotskej praxi bolo udelenie orlieho pera spojen\u00e9 so zlo\u017eit\u00fdm ritu\u00e1lnym podujat\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 sa v niektor\u00fdch rezerva\u010dn\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch praktizuje dodnes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oslovenie sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho ako pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00fdm javom. \u0160truktur\u00e1lne porovnate\u013en\u00e9 s\u00fa kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 oslovenie <em>Ot\u010de n\u00e1\u0161<\/em> (hoci s Otcom, nie so Star\u00fdm otcom), \u017eidovsk\u00e9 oslovenie <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (N\u00e1\u0161 Otec, N\u00e1\u0161 Kr\u00e1\u013e) a islamsk\u00e9 oslovenie <em>Rabbana<\/em> (N\u00e1\u0161 P\u00e1n).<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je v\u0161ak kult\u00farnohistorick\u00e1 \u0161pecifickos\u0165 lakotskej trad\u00edcie: oslovenie sa vz\u0165ahuje na Star\u00e9ho otca, a nie na Otca; re\u0161pektuje genera\u010dn\u00fd odstup, ktor\u00fd z\u00e1padn\u00e9 oslovenie Otca nem\u00e1. Tento rozdiel Vine Deloria Jr. opakovane vyzdvihol ako centr\u00e1lny prvok lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>, ktor\u00fd br\u00e1ni pred\u010dasn\u00e9mu stoto\u017eneniu s kres\u0165ansk\u00fdm Bohom Otcom.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci americk\u00fdch indi\u00e1nskych trad\u00edci\u00ed je oslovenie Star\u00e9ho otca ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9. Kmene hovoriace algonkinsk\u00fdmi jazykmi pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v\u00fdraz <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Ve\u013ek\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>) s podobnou genera\u010dne odstupuj\u00facou konot\u00e1ciou.<\/p><p>Cherokeeovia, Choctawovia, Cheyennovia a Crowovia maj\u00fa ka\u017ed\u00fd svoje vlastn\u00e9 oslovenia Star\u00e9ho otca, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u0161truktur\u00e1lne porovnate\u013en\u00e9. Pan-indi\u00e1nske \u0161\u00edrenie v\u00fdrazu <em>Tunkasila<\/em> v modernom pan-indi\u00e1nskom hnut\u00ed v\u0161ak zov\u0161eobecnilo a \u010diasto\u010dne zahmlilo jeho p\u00f4vodne \u0161pecificky lakotsk\u00e9 pou\u017eitie.<\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci \u0161ir\u0161ej trad\u00edcie indi\u00e1nov Pl\u00e1n\u00ed je osloveniu Star\u00e9ho otca u Lakotov obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 podobn\u00e9 oslovenie u Cheyennov. Cheyennovia oslovuj\u00fa najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha <em>Maheo<\/em> ako <em>Old Man<\/em> a niekedy aj ako <em>Star\u00fd otec<\/em>. U Crowov znie zodpovedaj\u00face oslovenie <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, Sv\u00e4t\u00fd Pred\u00e1vaj\u00faci, ktor\u00fd taktie\u017e stoj\u00ed v konot\u00e1cii Star\u00e9ho otca.<\/p><p>\u0160truktur\u00e1lna zhoda t\u00fdchto teol\u00f3gi\u00ed Star\u00e9ho otca u kme\u0148ov Pl\u00e1n\u00ed nazna\u010duje kult\u00farnohistorick\u00fa pr\u00edbuznos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 sa pravdepodobne vyvinula v r\u00e1mci \u00fazkych medzikme\u0148ov\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov v oblasti Pl\u00e1n\u00ed v 17. a 18. storo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 recepcia a v\u00fdskum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oslovenie Tunkasila je v dne\u0161nej praxi Lakotov na\u010falej \u017eiv\u00e9 a be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v rezerva\u010dn\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch, ako aj v rast\u00facej mestskej lakotskej diasp\u00f3re. Je jedn\u00fdm z m\u00e1la prvkov lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 sa v americko-anglickom prostred\u00ed prekladaj\u00fa priamo, ako <em>Grandfather<\/em>, a s\u00fa tak pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 aj t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed lakotsk\u00fd jazyk neovl\u00e1daj\u00fa.<\/p><p>V akademickom v\u00fdskume systematicky pop\u00edsali trad\u00edciu Tunkasila Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie a lakotsk\u00e1 teologi\u010dka Doris Leader Charge. \u00dastredn\u00fd teologick\u00fd bod, pr\u00edbuzensk\u00fd vz\u0165ah k sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu, bol uznan\u00fd ako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pr\u00ednos p\u00f4vodnej americkej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span> ku glob\u00e1lnym dejin\u00e1m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.<\/p><p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je oslovenie Tunkasila d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom svojr\u00e1znosti p\u00f4vodnej americkej religiozity oproti vopred stanoven\u00fdm eur\u00f3pskym n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Na rozdiel od zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9ho konceptu <em>Great Spirit<\/em> z popul\u00e1rnej literat\u00fary o indi\u00e1noch, ktor\u00fd je zjednodu\u0161en\u00fdm, kristianizuj\u00facim v\u00fdkladom lakotskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>, sprostredk\u00fava oslovenie Tunkasila \u0161pecificky lakotsk\u00fa pr\u00edbuzensk\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3giu<\/span>, ktor\u00e1 si v komparat\u00edvnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistike<\/span> zasluhuje samostatn\u00fa pozornos\u0165. Odkaz iWell Guard na lakotsk\u00fa trad\u00edciu popisuje tieto zistenia z n\u00e1bo\u017eenskohistorick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, bez s\u013eubov o \u00fa\u010dinku alebo duchovn\u00fdch odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00e1 l\u00ednia poslednej doby sa venuje ot\u00e1zke lakotskej jazykovej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>. Oslovenie Tunkasila je zasaden\u00e9 do rozsiahleho lakotsk\u00e9ho jazyka, ktor\u00e9ho gramatick\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary (slovesn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, pr\u00edbuzensk\u00e1 terminol\u00f3gia, koncepcie wakan) nes\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd obsah.<\/p><p>Ak sa lakotsk\u00fd jazyk strat\u00ed, a v d\u00f4sledku \u00fabytku znalosti jazyka u mlad\u0161\u00edch gener\u00e1ci\u00ed mu skuto\u010dne hroz\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010denstvo, strat\u00ed sa aj skuto\u010dn\u00e1 teologick\u00e1 h\u013abka trad\u00edcie Tunkasila. Programy obnovy lakotsk\u00e9ho jazyka na \u0161kol\u00e1ch v rezerv\u00e1ci\u00e1ch od 90. rokov 20. storo\u010dia s\u00fa preto aj n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou a teologickou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara a zdroje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nasleduj\u00faci v\u00fdber uv\u00e1dza k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 diela o lakotskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve a komparat\u00edvnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistike<\/span> t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa trad\u00edcie Tunkasila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila ako oslovenie v lakotskej modlitbe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ozna\u010denie <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, doslova Star\u00fd otec, nie je v ch\u00e1pan\u00ed Lakotov ani tak vlastn\u00fdm menom vyhranenej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>, ako sk\u00f4r ctiv\u00fdm osloven\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e9 obr\u00e1tenie sa \u010dloveka k bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitbe<\/span>.<\/p><p>M\u00f4\u017ee sa vz\u0165ahova\u0165 na <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, ve\u013ek\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9 tajomstvo, ale aj na jednotliv\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9 mocnosti a na duchov predkov. T\u00e1to pohyblivos\u0165 pojmu je rozhoduj\u00faca pre jeho spr\u00e1vne pochopenie a z\u00e1sadne odli\u0161uje lakotsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nov\u00fdch<\/span> syst\u00e9mov s presne vymedzen\u00fdmi jednotliv\u00fdmi bohmi.<\/p><p>V zachovan\u00fdch modlitb\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad v textoch sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch so sv\u00e4t\u00fdm mu\u017eom Black Elkom, sa oslovenie T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila opakovane objavuje, \u010dasto v spojen\u00ed s obr\u00e1ten\u00edm sa k \u0161tyrom svetov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m, nahor k nebu a nadol k zemi.<\/p><p>Modliaci sa obracia na Star\u00e9ho otca v ka\u017edom smere a stavia sa t\u00fdm do stredu usporiadan\u00e9ho sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho sveta.<\/p><p>Nemeck\u00fd preklad Star\u00fd otec Nebo tento poznatok zjednodu\u0161uje, preto\u017ee nazna\u010duje pevne stanoven\u00e9 nebesk\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>. V lakotskej trad\u00edcii je rozli\u0161ovanie medzi Star\u00fdm otcom Nebom a Starou matkou Zemou, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, s\u00edce zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, obaja v\u0161ak patria do vz\u0165ahov\u00e9ho celku, v ktorom sa sv\u00e4t\u00e9 nerozklad\u00e1 na jednotliv\u00e9 postavy, ale ch\u00e1pe ako pr\u00edbuzensky spojen\u00fd celok. Vedecky je preto d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ilu predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ako modlitebn\u00e9 oslovenie a v\u00fdraz pr\u00edbuzenskej kozmol\u00f3gie, a nie ako izolovan\u00e9ho nebesk\u00e9ho boha pod\u013ea eur\u00f3pskeho vzoru.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje: od Jamesa Walkera po kritiku ran\u00fdch zberate\u013eov<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00edsomne zachovan\u00e9 poznanie o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch predstav\u00e1ch Lakotov, ku ktor\u00e9mu patr\u00ed aj re\u010d o Starom otcovi, poch\u00e1dza vo v\u00fdznamnej miere od zop\u00e1r zberate\u013eov z konca 19. a za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia.<\/p><p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm z nich je James R. Walker, lek\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd od roku 1896 p\u00f4sobil v rezerv\u00e1cii Pine Ridge a dlh\u00e9 roky spolupracoval so sv\u00e4t\u00fdmi mu\u017emi ako George Sword, Thomas Tyon a Little Wound.<\/p><p>Jeho z\u00e1pisky boli a\u017e nesk\u00f4r, od 80. rokov 20. storo\u010dia, kriticky editovan\u00e9 Raymondom DeMallieom a Elaine Jahnerovou a vydan\u00e9 pod n\u00e1zvami ako <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>Walkerov materi\u00e1l je bohat\u00fd, ale nie bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00fd. V\u00fdpovede svojich inform\u00e1torov \u010diasto\u010dne usporiadal do systematick\u00e9ho u\u010denia, ktor\u00e9 hierarchiu sv\u00e4t\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed formulovalo v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie, ne\u017e akoby zodpovedalo \u017eit\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu.<\/p><p>Neskor\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy upozornili, \u017ee Walker do toho vn\u00e1\u0161al aj vlastn\u00e9 predstavy o usporiadan\u00ed a \u017ee mu jednotliv\u00ed inform\u00e1tori pravdepodobne nezd\u00f4verili v\u0161etko, alebo nie v\u0161etko v nepozmenenej podobe.<\/p><p>Druh\u00fdm d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojom je materi\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd sa sp\u00e1ja s Black Elkom, sprostredkovan\u00fd Johnom Neihardtom v diele <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) a Josephom Epesom Brownom v diele <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). Aj tu treba bra\u0165 do \u00favahy sprostredkovate\u013esk\u00fa \u00falohu nep\u00f4vodn\u00fdch autorov. Vedecky teda plat\u00ed: v\u00fdpovede o T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ile s\u00fa filtrovan\u00e9 \u00fazkou pramennou z\u00e1klad\u0148ou, ktor\u00fa formovalo sprostredkovanie a systematiz\u00e1cia. Nov\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum, napr\u00edklad u DeMallieho, silnej\u0161ie zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje vn\u00fatorn\u00fa lakotsk\u00fa perspekt\u00edvu a vyz\u00fdva na zdr\u017eanlivos\u0165 vo\u010di uzavret\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom ran\u00fdch zberate\u013eov.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>S\u00favisiace k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy: Tunkasila Thunkasila Star\u00fd otec Lakota \u0160tyri smery Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a ochrann\u00e9 trad\u00edcie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa trad\u00edciu prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov, v trad\u00edcii <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157902\">Native American<\/a> a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kult\u00far po celom svete. 41 vrstiev, r\u00fddze zlato, platina, striebro, vyroben\u00e9 v Nemecku. 30-d\u0148ov\u00e1 lehota na vr\u00e1tenie.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Viac o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Nie je to zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka. \u017diadny pr\u00eds\u013eub lie\u010denia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nie je zdravotn\u00edcka pom\u00f4cka<\/strong> a nenahr\u00e1dza lek\u00e1rske ani psychoterapeutick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenie. 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