{"id":157884,"date":"2026-09-04T22:18:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157884"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:44:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:44:53","slug":"spiritizmus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/spiritizmus\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritizmus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Spiritizmus, komunik\u00e1cia s duchmi a seansov\u00e1 prax<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritizmus je hnutie komunik\u00e1cie s duchmi<\/strong> zosnul\u00fdch, kodifikovan\u00e9 Allanom Kardecom a praktizovan\u00e9 v seansovej praxi<\/strong> s m\u00e9diami.<\/p>\n

Spiritizmus<\/span><\/strong> je u\u010denie a prax, pod\u013ea ktorej du\u0161e zosnul\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eu prostredn\u00edctvom m\u00e9di\u00ed komunikova\u0165 so \u017eiv\u00fdmi. Vznikol v roku 1848 v USA, r\u00fdchlo sa roz\u0161\u00edril po Eur\u00f3pe a Latinskej Amerike a ovplyvnil 19. aj 20. storo\u010die ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 hnutie i ako oblas\u0165 sk\u00famania ranej parapsychol\u00f3gie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hydesville 1848 a sestry Foxov\u00e9<\/h2>\n

V marci 1848 hl\u00e1sili sestry Margaret a Kate Foxov\u00e9 z Hydesville v \u0161t\u00e1te New York klopanie vo svojom dome, ktor\u00e9 odpovedalo na ot\u00e1zky jedn\u00fdm alebo viacer\u00fdmi \u00fadermi.<\/span><\/p>

Z tejto epiz\u00f3dy sa r\u00fdchlo vyvinula samostatn\u00e1 prax: klopov\u00e1 komunik\u00e1cia, nesk\u00f4r pos\u00favanie stola a nakoniec javy spojen\u00e9 s tranzom<\/span> a materializ\u00e1ciou. V priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokov vzniklo v Severnej Amerike tis\u00edce kr\u00fa\u017ekov a sie\u0165 putuj\u00facich m\u00e9di\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Allan Kardec a franc\u00fazska kodifik\u00e1cia<\/h2>\n

Vo Franc\u00fazsku systematizoval pedag\u00f3g Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail od roku 1857 pod pseudonymom Allan Kardec toto u\u010denie.<\/p>

Jeho diela Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (Kniha duchov, 1857) a Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) pov\u00fd\u0161ili spiritizmus na koherentn\u00fa doktr\u00ednu: reinkarn\u00e1ciu du\u0161e smeruj\u00facu k postupn\u00e9mu zdokona\u013eovaniu, hierarchick\u00e9 usporiadanie duchovn\u00fdch r\u00ed\u0161 a etick\u00e9 zameranie \u017eivota na l\u00e1sku k bl\u00ed\u017enemu a duchovn\u00fd pokrok. Kardecov syst\u00e9m sa od anglosask\u00e9ho spiritualizmu odli\u0161uje explicitnou n\u00e1ukou o reinkarn\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n

V Braz\u00edlii na\u0161iel kardecovsk\u00fd spiritizmus druh\u00fa domovinu. Dnes tam \u017eij\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie organizovan\u00e9 spiritistick\u00e9 spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 vo svete, s v\u00fdbe\u017ekami v umbande a candombl\u00e9. Kardec je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd aj v katol\u00edcko-\u013eudovom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom spektre Latinskej Ameriky.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 formy<\/h2>\n

Spiritistick\u00e1 prax pozn\u00e1 viacero hlavn\u00fdch foriem. Klasick\u00e1 je seansa v polkruhu okolo stola, ktor\u00fa vedie m\u00e9dium v \u013eahkom alebo hlbokom tranze sprostredk\u00favaj\u00face kontakty. Komunik\u00e1cia prebieha klopan\u00edm, pohybom stola, automatick\u00fdm p\u00edsan\u00edm alebo re\u010dou z \u00fasta m\u00e9dia.<\/p>

V druhej polovici 19. storo\u010dia sa pridali fyzik\u00e1lne javy: levit\u00e1cie, materializ\u00e1cie, ektoplazmatick\u00e9 substancie. Tieto v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie spektakul\u00e1rne formy vyvolali vlnu vedeck\u00e9ho sk\u00famania, ale aj odhalenie mnoh\u00fdch podvodov.<\/p>\n

Rann\u00e1 parapsychol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\n

Society for Psychical Research (SPR) bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roku 1882 v Lond\u00fdne Fredericom Myersom, Henrym Sidgwickom, Edmundom Gurneym a Eleanor Sidgwickovou s cie\u013eom metodicky sk\u00fama\u0165 spiritistick\u00e9 javy. Jej \u0161t\u00fadie, napr\u00edklad Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) a viaczv\u00e4zkov\u00e9 Proceedings<\/em>, s\u00fa dodnes hlavn\u00fdm zdrojom.<\/span><\/p>

V\u00fdskum SPR polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad pre neskor\u0161iu experiment\u00e1lnu parapsychol\u00f3giu. William James v posledn\u00fdch rokoch svojho \u017eivota intenz\u00edvne spolupracoval s m\u00e9diom Leonorou Piperovou a ozna\u010dil ju za \u201ewhite crow\u201c (bielu vranu), pr\u00edpad, ktor\u00fd pod\u013ea neho otriasol t\u00e9zou o \u010disto subjekt\u00edvnom charaktere v\u0161etk\u00fdch medi\u00e1lnych spr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n

Charles Richet, franc\u00fazsky fyziol\u00f3g a nosite\u013e Nobelovej ceny, zaviedol pojem ektoplazma<\/em> a viedol pr\u00edsne kontrolovan\u00e9 seansy. Jeho Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) zost\u00e1va pozoruhodn\u00fdm dokumentom seri\u00f3zneho vedeck\u00e9ho sk\u00famania. Mediumizmus Eusapie Palladinovej bol preverovan\u00fd v stovk\u00e1ch kontrolovan\u00fdch se\u00e1ns, pri\u010dom kritici a z\u00e1stancovia sa v hodnoten\u00ed rokmi nezhodli.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skepticizmus a odhalenia<\/h2>\n

U\u017e v druhej polovici 19. storo\u010dia bolo odhalen\u00fdch mnoho m\u00e9di\u00ed ako podvodn\u00edkov.<\/p>

Sestry Foxov\u00e9 samy v roku 1888 verejne priznali, \u017ee svoje klopanie vytv\u00e1rali l\u00e1man\u00edm k\u013abov na noh\u00e1ch (Margaret svoje priznanie nesk\u00f4r odvolala, priznanie v\u0161ak zostalo v platnosti). Javiskov\u00fd k\u00fazeln\u00edk Harry Houdini si v 20. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia vzal za \u00falohu odha\u013eova\u0165 podvodn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1; jeho kniha A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) dokumentuje desiatky tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadov.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aj ke\u010f nie ka\u017ed\u00fd jav bol podvodom, fyziologick\u00e9 samo-oklamanie ako ideomotorick\u00fd efekt pri pos\u00favan\u00ed stola vysvet\u013euje ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 stolov\u00fdch a p\u00edsac\u00edch javov aj bez vedomej manipul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Spiritizmus dnes<\/h2>\n

Organizovan\u00fd spiritizmus existuje aj na\u010falej, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v Braz\u00edlii (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira s mili\u00f3nmi st\u00fapencov), vo Franc\u00fazsku a v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve (Spiritualists‘ National Union). V nemecky hovoriacich krajin\u00e1ch je hnutie men\u0161ie, ale pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom seansov\u00fdch kr\u00fa\u017ekov, tranzov\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed a spektra praktikov kontaktu s posmrtn\u00fdm \u017eivotom<\/a>.<\/p>

Pre fenomenologick\u00e9 sk\u00famanie duchov zost\u00e1va spiritizmus k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou trad\u00edciou: u\u017e viac ako 170 rokov poskytuje najrozsiahlej\u0161\u00ed korpus dokumentovan\u00fdch spr\u00e1v o kontakte s duchmi<\/span> a z\u00e1rove\u0148 priestor pre pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facu diskusiu o ich pravosti.<\/p>\n

Zdroje<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Allan Kardec: Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, nem. vydanie Brusel 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Janet Oppenheim: The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ann Braude: Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Renaud Evrard: Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Leonardo Vincentini: Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Spiritizmus a komunik\u00e1cia s duchmi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Spiritizmus \u2013 komunik\u00e1cia s duchmi Kardec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Spiritizmus ako hnutie 19. storo\u010dia zameran\u00e9 na komunik\u00e1ciu s duchmi. 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