{"id":157855,"date":"2026-09-04T22:18:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157855"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:44:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:44:10","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157855\" class=\"elementor elementor-157855 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, duch \u017eidovskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je v \u017eidovskej trad\u00edcii umelo stvoren\u00e1 humanoidn\u00e1 bytos\u0165 z hliny alebo zeme, o\u017eiven\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia osobitn\u00fdmi \u00fakonmi alebo formulami zasiahnu\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1giou<\/span> alebo bo\u017e\u00edm slovom. Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska predstavuje \u017eidovsk\u00fa mystiku stvorenia, prekra\u010dovanie hranice medzi \u010dlovekom a Bohom, ako aj neskorostredovek\u00fd praktizmus rab\u00ednskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na priamu sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom; \u00fastredn\u00fd v \u017eidovskej, kres\u0165anskej a islamskej trad\u00edcii.\">mystiky<\/span> (kabala). Golem je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za ducha \u017eidovskej trad\u00edcie a symbolizuje hranicu medzi \u010dlovekom a Bohom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Nehmotn\u00e1 alebo poloviateln\u00e1 bytos\u0165, zosnul\u00ed, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 bytosti, dom\u00e1ci duchovia alebo str\u00e1\u017ecovia prahu. P\u00f4sob\u00ed v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, \u010dasto viazan\u00fd na miesta alebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157588\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia od Tanachu po kabalu a novodob\u00fa mystiku.\">Judaizmus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystick\u00e1 a kozmologick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia.\">Kabala<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-160085\" alt=\"Golem \u2013 duchovia z trad\u00edcie judaizmu, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je hlinen\u00e1 alebo zemit\u00e1 postava, ktor\u00e1 je priveden\u00e1 k \u017eivotu Bo\u017e\u00edm menom alebo magicko-jazykov\u00fdmi praktikami. V najsl\u00e1vnej\u0161ej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzdel\u00e1vacie rozpr\u00e1vanie, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legende<\/span>, pra\u017eskom Maharale, stvoril rabbi Judah L\u00f6w golema na ochranu \u017eidovskej obce.<\/p><p>Golem je poslu\u0161n\u00fd, ne\u013eudsky siln\u00fd, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku zni\u010den\u00fd. \u00dastredn\u00e9 m\u00fdty: biblick\u00e9 stvorenie Adama ako vzor, stredovek\u00e9 golemy ako ochrann\u00e9 bytosti, neskor\u0161ie symbolicko-psychologick\u00e9 interpret\u00e1cie (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1tky profil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Narat\u00edv o golemovi vznikol v stredovekej a novovekej \u017eidovskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s hlavn\u00fdmi dielami Sefer Jecira, Zohar a lurianskou \u0161kolou.\">kabale<\/span> (asi 12. \u2013 16. storo\u010die). \u00dastredn\u00e9 pramene: Sefer Jecira (Kniha stvorenia, 3. \u2013 6. storo\u010die, no odkazy na golema nesk\u00f4r), neskorostredovek\u00e9 legendy o Maharalovi (15. \u2013 16. storo\u010die), Scholemova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s hlavn\u00fdmi dielami Sefer Jecira, Zohar a lurianskou \u0161kolou.\">kabala<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span> (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Roz\u0161\u00edrenie: stredn\u00e1 Eur\u00f3pa (\u010cechy, Po\u013esko, Nemecko), nesk\u00f4r liter\u00e1rne celosvetovo. Stav v\u00fdskumu: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982); zakladate\u013e modern\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu kabaly.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od Sefer Jecira cez kabalistick\u00e9 koment\u00e1re stredoveku a\u017e po pra\u017esk\u00fa legendu o rab\u00edm L\u00f6wovi zo 16. storo\u010dia sa zachovalo jadro golemovej l\u00e1tky: z hliny stvoren\u00e1 postava o\u017eiven\u00e1 sv\u00e4t\u00fdmi p\u00edsmenami. Aj dnes je t\u00e1to postava \u017eiv\u00e1, hoci pretransformovan\u00e1: objavuje sa v literat\u00fare, filme a divadle, a v Prahe sa spomienka na \u0148u dodnes via\u017ee k Staronovej synag\u00f3ge, na povale ktorej m\u00e1 pod\u013ea legendy golem odpo\u010d\u00edva\u0165.<\/p><h3>Mytologick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h3><p>Golem je v \u017eidovskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na priamu sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom; \u00fastredn\u00fd v \u017eidovskej, kres\u0165anskej a islamskej trad\u00edcii.\">mystike<\/span> a nesk\u00f4r v eur\u00f3pskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zaoberanie sa skryt\u00fdmi silami a praktikami mimo uzn\u00e1vanej vedy.\" tabindex=\"0\">okultizme<\/span> umelo stvoren\u00e1, o\u017eiven\u00e1 bytos\u0165 z hliny. Najsl\u00e1vnej\u0161\u00edm je golem rabbiho L\u00f6wa v Prahe. Nie je prirodzenou bytos\u0165ou, ale magick\u00fdm v\u00fdtvorom, prejavom \u013eudskej tvorivej sily a varovan\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem nebol ohrani\u010den\u00fd na konkr\u00e9tny regi\u00f3n alebo miesto, ale bol v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1my a uctievan\u00fd, \u010di s re\u0161pektom ob\u00e1van\u00fd, v celom \u017eidovskom svete. \u010ci vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch mestsk\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch, alebo na perif\u00e9rnom vidieku, \u010di medzi spolo\u010denskou elitou, alebo medzi jednoduch\u00fdm \u013eudom, duchovn\u00fd alebo kult\u00farny v\u00fdznam tejto bytosti bol d\u00f4sledne uzn\u00e1van\u00fd a univerz\u00e1lny.<\/p><p>Rozpr\u00e1vanie o golemovi sa \u0161\u00edrilo so \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi obcami po Eur\u00f3pe a pritom si zachovalo svoje z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 rysy: hlinen\u00fa postavu, o\u017eivuj\u00faci n\u00e1pis, u\u010den\u00e9ho stvorite\u013ea. Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ia verzia sa viazala pr\u00e1ve na Prahu a rabbiho L\u00f6wa, ukazuje, ako pevne bola t\u00e1to l\u00e1tka sp\u00e4t\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdm ch\u00e1pan\u00edm miestnej obce, ktor\u00e1 v golemovi videla ochrancu v \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch \u010dasoch. Prostredn\u00edctvom tla\u010den\u00fdch diel a \u00fastneho podania sa pra\u017esk\u00e1 verzia roz\u0161\u00edrila \u010faleko za hranice \u010ciech.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e1rnymi prame\u0148mi s\u00fa Sefer Jecira (starobyl\u00fd text, v\u00fdklady o golemovi 12. \u2013 16. storo\u010die), legendy o Maharalovi (\u00fastne\/p\u00edsomne v \u0160evet Jehuda, Tzemach David Davida Gansa, 16. \u2013 17. storo\u010die), spisy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s hlavn\u00fdmi dielami Sefer Jecira, Zohar a lurianskou \u0161kolou.\">kabaly<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, 13. \u2013 16. storo\u010die). \u010casov\u00fd rozsah: 3. \u2013 17. storo\u010die (vrstvenie konceptu).<\/p><p>Jazykov\u00fd priestor: hebrej\u010dina, nesk\u00f4r nem\u010dina, jidi\u0161. Geograficky: stredn\u00e1 Eur\u00f3pa (\u010cechy, Po\u013esko), nesk\u00f4r celosvetovo v literat\u00fare. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982); zakladate\u013e modern\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu kabaly.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (golemovsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na bezprostredn\u00fa sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystika<\/span> v strednej Eur\u00f3pe), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je v r\u00f4znych prame\u0148och a umeleck\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch zobrazovan\u00fd s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi opakuj\u00facimi sa ikonografick\u00fdmi prvkami, ktor\u00e9 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa relat\u00edvne kon\u0161tantn\u00e9 v priebehu desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed a v r\u00f4znych geografick\u00fdch oblastiach. Tieto prvky nie s\u00fa \u010disto dekorat\u00edvne alebo n\u00e1hodne zvolen\u00e9, s\u00fa hlboko symbolicky k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 a nes\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p><p>V pr\u00edbehu golema m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam ka\u017ed\u00fd prvok: hlina odkazuje na stvorenie Adama zo zeme, n\u00e1pis na \u010dele emet (pravda) je z\u00e1rove\u0148 sp\u00edna\u010dom jeho existencie, preto\u017ee vymazan\u00edm prv\u00e9ho p\u00edsmena vznikne met (mrtvy), \u010do ukon\u010d\u00ed o\u017eivenie. Kto poznal hebrejsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 a ich kabalistick\u00fd v\u00fdklad, \u010d\u00edtal v pr\u00edbehu golema n\u00e1uku o moci re\u010di a hraniciach \u013eudsk\u00e9ho tvorenia. Nemota, sila a poddanos\u0165 postavy s\u00fa tie\u017e pevn\u00e9, tradovan\u00e9 znaky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristick\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem bol centr\u00e1lnou postavou v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej praxi, ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch ritu\u00e1loch a be\u017enom ch\u00e1pan\u00ed judaizmu. \u013dudia sa k tejto bytosti obracali v kritick\u00fdch alebo konkr\u00e9tnych \u017eivotn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch \u010di v ur\u010dit\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lnych ro\u010dn\u00fdch obdobiach, so \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fdmi, \u010dasto n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1lmi, modlitbami alebo obetn\u00fdmi darmi.<\/p><p>Stvorenie golema sa v \u017eidovskej trad\u00edcii nikdy nepova\u017eovalo za vo\u013en\u00fa tvorivos\u0165, ale za u\u010den\u00fa prax: predpokladalo \u0161t\u00fadium Sefer Jecira a znalos\u0165 kabalistick\u00fdch kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed p\u00edsmen. V pra\u017eskej legende to preto nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00fd remeseln\u00edk, ale rabbi L\u00f6w, uzn\u00e1van\u00fd talmudsk\u00fd u\u010denec 16. storo\u010dia, ktor\u00fd o\u017eiv\u00ed hlinen\u00fa postavu pod\u013ea tradovan\u00fdch pravidiel.<\/p><p>Predstavu golema mo\u017eno sledova\u0165 od Sefer Jecira cez stredovek\u00e9 koment\u00e1re a\u017e po pra\u017esk\u00fa legendu 16. storo\u010dia, \u010do ukazuje, \u017ee my\u0161lienka postavy o\u017eivenej umen\u00edm p\u00edsmen sa v \u017eidovskej literat\u00fare trvalo udr\u017eiavala. Funkcie postavy sa pritom menili: v kabalistick\u00fdch textoch sl\u00fa\u017eilo stvorenie golema ako d\u00f4kaz mystick\u00e9ho majstrovstva, v pra\u017eskom pr\u00edbehu golem chr\u00e1ni \u017eidovsk\u00fa komunitu pred klebetami a \u00fatokmi, ako dom\u00e1ci sluha z\u00e1rove\u0148 vykon\u00e1va jednoduch\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p><h3>Vzh\u013ead a symbolika<\/h3><p>Golem je zobrazovan\u00fd ako mas\u00edvny a nepropor\u010dn\u00fd, formovan\u00fd z hliny alebo \u00edlu, humanoidn\u00fd, ale nedokonal\u00fd. Niekedy je na\u0148 nap\u00edsan\u00e9 Bo\u017eie meno. Jeho tv\u00e1r je bez v\u00fdrazu. Vymazan\u00edm jedn\u00e9ho p\u00edsmena sa Emet st\u00e1va Met (smr\u0165). Sila a nehybnos\u0165 s\u00fa jeho znakmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Profil golema sa venuje jeho kozmick\u00e9mu p\u00f4vodu (stvorite\u013esk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na priamu sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystika<\/span>), jeho funkcii magickej ochrannej bytosti, jeho morfol\u00f3gii (hlinen\u00e1 postava, \u010dasto nem\u00e1), praktik\u00e1m jeho o\u017eivenia (p\u00edsmenov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 chc\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal zasahova\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span>, Sefer Jecira), soci\u00e1lnym skupin\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 golemov tvorili, a kult\u00farnym paralel\u00e1m k homunkulovi, umel\u00e9mu \u017eivotu v in\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trad\u00edcia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem vznikol \u010dasovo v kabalistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na priamu sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom; centr\u00e1lny v \u017eidovskej, kres\u0165anskej a islamskej trad\u00edcii.\">mystike<\/span> 12. \u2013 13. storo\u010dia, s neskor\u0161\u00edm rozkvetom v 15. \u2013 16. storo\u010d\u00ed (Maharalova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzletn\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>). Geografick\u00fd p\u00f4vod: stredn\u00e1 Eur\u00f3pa, najm\u00e4 \u010cechy (Praha), Po\u013esko, nemeck\u00e9 oblasti pri R\u00fdne.<\/p><p>Kult\u00farny p\u00f4vod: \u017eidovsk\u00e1 kabala, plat\u00f3nske predstavy o stvoren\u00ed (demiurg), Sefer Jecira ako zdroj praktickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na priamu sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s Bohom.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystiky<\/span>, rab\u00ednska praktick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 chc\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal zasahova\u0165 do chodu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span>. Prv\u00e9 datovate\u013en\u00e9 doklady: Sefer Chasidim (Kniha zbo\u017en\u00fdch, okolo 1200), potom pr\u00edbehy o Maharalovi (16. \u2013 17. storo\u010die, liter\u00e1rne dokumentovan\u00e9 od 19. storo\u010dia). Historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj: od abstrakcie (ran\u00e1 kabala: kozmick\u00fd golem) k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzletn\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legende<\/span> (pra\u017esk\u00fd golem ako konkr\u00e9tna postava).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahuje sa na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stvorenie golema bolo praxou rab\u00ednov, kabalistov a magick\u00fdch u\u010dencov, elitn\u00fdch m\u00e1gov, nie laikov. Pr\u00edle\u017eitosti: obrana obce (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzletn\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vanie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>: antisemitsk\u00e9 pogromy), demon\u0161tr\u00e1cia z\u00e1zraku, mystick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lne prijatie do n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho alebo ezoterick\u00e9ho r\u00e1du; \u010dasto spojen\u00e9 so symbolickou smr\u0165ou a znovuzroden\u00edm.\">inici\u00e1cia<\/span> (\u0161t\u00fadium Sefer Jecira = schopnos\u0165 o\u017eivenia), znak duchovnej zrelosti. Soci\u00e1lny kontext: prenasledovanie a h\u013eadanie ochrany, rab\u00ednska kult\u00fara legitimity, \u017eidovsk\u00e9 utrpenie ako mystick\u00e1 h\u00e1danka (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m s\u00faladu Bo\u017eej v\u0161emoh\u00facnosti a dobroty s existenciou zla.\">teod\u00edcea<\/span>). Golem bol psychologicky: fant\u00e1zia o nad\u013eudskej ochrane v nespravodlivom svete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem je popisovan\u00fd ako humanoidn\u00e1 postava z hliny alebo \u00edlu, \u010dasto nem\u00e1 alebo bez v\u00fdrazu, s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi strnul\u00fdmi o\u010dami alebo pop\u00edsan\u00fdm \u010delom. Atrib\u00faty: niekedy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pis<\/span> \u201eEmet\u201c (pravda) na \u010dele alebo pe\u010da\u0165 s Bo\u017e\u00edm menom.<\/p><p>Legend\u00e1rny pra\u017esk\u00fd golem je tmavohned\u00fd, obrovsk\u00fd (nad\u013eudsk\u00fd), nehybn\u00fd a\u017e do o\u017eivenia, potom automaticky poslu\u0161n\u00fd. V modernom umen\u00ed (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann) sk\u00f4r tragick\u00fd: izolovan\u00e1 bytos\u0165, nie mon\u0161trum. Farba: hned\u00e1, siv\u00e1, farba zeme. \u017diadna nadprirodzen\u00e1 aura, sk\u00f4r tup\u00e1 materi\u00e1lnos\u0165.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong><p>Golem p\u00f4sob\u00ed predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ako ochrann\u00e1 postava a magick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Historicky s\u00fa golemovia dolo\u017een\u00ed ako telesn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia v Prahe 16. storo\u010dia pod rabim Jehudom L\u00f6wom ben Becalelom, najm\u00e4 na odvr\u00e1tenie pogromov.<\/p><p>Trad\u00edcia Sefer Jecira popisuje stvorenie prostredn\u00edctvom p\u00edsmen a Bo\u017e\u00edch mien ako kosmogonick\u00fd princ\u00edp, golem steles\u0148uje formovanie hmoty re\u010dou. V neskor\u0161\u00edch kabalistick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch golem symbolizuje hranicu medzi Stvorite\u013eom a stvoren\u00edm: vedom\u00fa vec bez slobodnej v\u00f4le, automat z hliny a p\u00edsma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golema nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u017eehna\u0165 ako d\u00e9monov, preto\u017ee nejde o zl\u00fa bytos\u0165, ale o n\u00e1stroj. Ochrana proti zneu\u017eitiu golema: rab\u00ednska kontrola a rozli\u0161ovanie (spr\u00e1vny \u00famysel, spr\u00e1vna slovn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa sna\u017eia zvl\u00e1\u0161tnymi \u00fakonmi alebo formulami zasiahnu\u0165 do priebehu udalost\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span>), etick\u00e9 obmedzenie (zni\u010denie golema na \u0161abat alebo po splnen\u00ed \u00falohy), vedomie rizika (golem sa st\u00e1va n\u00e1strojom chaosu, ak nad n\u00edm kontrola zlyh\u00e1).<\/p><p>Prakticky: odstr\u00e1nenie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1pisu<\/span> alebo zru\u0161enie viazania mien. Teologicky: re\u0161pekt vo\u010di hraniciam stvorenia (skuto\u010dne tvor\u00ed len Boh, \u010dlovek iba imituje).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pendants<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Porovnate\u013en\u00e9 postavy s\u00fa homunkulus v eur\u00f3pskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Predmodern\u00e9 spojenie pr\u00edrodnej filozofie a symbolickej vedy; pracuje s premenou l\u00e1tky ako vn\u00fatornou transform\u00e1ciou.\">alch\u00fdmii<\/span> (Paracelsus, faustovsk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, zvy\u010dajne o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span>), golemovia v hinduistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gii<\/span> (\u0160aktine v\u00fdtvory), \u010d\u00ednski hlinen\u00ed bojovn\u00edci (terakotov\u00e1 arm\u00e1da dynastie Qin), biblick\u00fd Adam (hlina a bo\u017esk\u00e9 slovo) a modern\u00ed golemovia zo sci-fi (Frankenstein ako liter\u00e1rny n\u00e1stupca golema). V\u0161etky maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00e9: umel\u00e9 o\u017eivenie, magick\u00fd alebo vedeck\u00fd p\u00f4vod, mor\u00e1lnu ambivalentnos\u0165 a nad\u013eudsk\u00fa silu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Ritu\u00e1ly evok\u00e1cie a viazania<\/h3><p>Met\u00f3da Sefer Jecira si vy\u017eaduje kombin\u00e1cie 22 hebrejsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmen a permuta\u010dn\u00e9 medit\u00e1cie nad Bo\u017e\u00edmi menami. Maharalov postup vyu\u017e\u00edval kombin\u00e1cie p\u00edsmen a \u0160em ha-Mefora\u0161 (72-menn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 chc\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal zasiahnu\u0165 do behu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span>). Vymazanie z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00e9ho alefu zo slova \u201eEmet\u201c (pravda) \u2192 \u201eMet\u201c (smr\u0165) sa pova\u017eovalo za mechanizmus deaktiv\u00e1cie. Pra\u017esk\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span> zaznamen\u00e1va \u00fastne tradovan\u00e9 formuly; historick\u00e9 p\u00edsomn\u00e9 doklady s\u00fa \u00fatr\u017ekovit\u00e9.<\/p><h3>P\u00edsmov\u00e1 a menn\u00e1 m\u00e1gia<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Text vyryt\u00fd alebo vytesan\u00fd do pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">N\u00e1pis<\/span> na \u010dele golema, zvy\u010dajne \u201eEmet\u201c (pravda), vych\u00e1dza z kabalistickej mystiky p\u00edsmen. Rab\u00ednske pramene nazna\u010duj\u00fa permuta\u010dn\u00e9 techniky, ktor\u00e9 sa objavuj\u00fa aj v Bahire a Zohare. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritu\u00e1l<\/span> patr\u00ed k praktickej kabale, ktor\u00fa v 16. storo\u010d\u00ed zdokumentoval Gedaliah ibn Jachja.<\/p><h3>Ochrann\u00e9 symboly a amulety<\/h3><p>Golem s\u00e1m je kr\u00e1\u010daj\u00faci <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nosen\u00fd predmet, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje ochrann\u00fd, zlo odvracaj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, jeho telo nesie \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 znamenie. Ako predmet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiky, ktor\u00e9 chc\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch \u00fakonov alebo form\u00fal zasiahnu\u0165 do behu vec\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gie<\/span> sa golem objavuje v kabalistick\u00fdch zbierkach pozn\u00e1mok ako model materi\u00e1lnej manifest\u00e1cie. Paraleln\u00fdmi ochrann\u00fdmi praktikami s\u00fa serafy (viazacie formuly) a pou\u017e\u00edvanie jichudim (kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed mien) na pergamenoch.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia:<\/strong> Golem je \u00faplne \u017eidovsk\u00fd; neexistuje in\u00e1 \u017eidovsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia bez neho. Biblick\u00fd Adam je v\u0161ak priamym predchodcom: \u201eBoh stvoril Adama z prachu a vd\u00fdchol mu \u017eivot\u201c (Genezis 2:7).<\/p><p>Mystici to interpretovali ako model stvorenia golemov. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika s hlavn\u00fdmi dielami Sefer Jecira, Zohar a luri\u00e1nska \u0161kola.\">Kabala<\/span> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje silu p\u00edsmen, najm\u00e4 troch p\u00edsmen Bo\u017eieho mena, ako o\u017eivuj\u00faci princ\u00edp. Rab\u00ednska etika: golem je n\u00e1stroj, nie osoba, no s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi implik\u00e1ciami zodpovednosti.<\/p><p><strong>Gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmsky svet:<\/strong> Plat\u00f3nov demiurg (remeseln\u00edk-boh) tvor\u00ed hmotn\u00fd svet, analogicky k stvoreniu golema. Prometeus formuje \u013eud\u00ed z hliny (mimochodom gr\u00e9cka ozvena m\u00fdtu o stvoren\u00ed z hliny). H\u00e9faistos tvor\u00ed mechanick\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed (zlat\u00e9 automaty). Priama kontinuita neexistuje, no je tu \u0161truktur\u00e1lna podobnos\u0165: \u010dlovekom stvoren\u00e9 entity, bo\u017esk\u00e1 imit\u00e1cia.<\/p><p><strong>Mezopot\u00e1mia:<\/strong> En\u00fama eli\u0161: Marduk stvor\u00ed \u013eud\u00ed z krvi porazen\u00e9ho d\u00e9mona, magick\u00e9 stvorenie z p\u00f4vodnej l\u00e1tky. Hlinen\u00ed golemovia tu ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa, no ide o magick\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ranie umel\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Podobn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere danej religiozity.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span>: \u013eudsk\u00fd \u017eivot ako magick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj bohov.<\/p><p><strong>India\/\u00c1zia:<\/strong> Hinduistick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span>: Durga alebo \u0160iva vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa manifest\u00e1cie \u0160akti v\u00f4\u013eou \u010di energiou, podobne ako o\u017eivenie golema. Postavy K\u00e1l\u00ed sa o\u017eivuj\u00fa samy, bez vonkaj\u0161ieho stvorite\u013ea. Budhistick\u00ed jidamovia s\u00fa vizualizovan\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1, nie fyzicky zhmotnen\u00e9 ako golemovia. Tibetsk\u00e1 m\u00e1gia: tulpy (ment\u00e1lne my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 formy o\u017eiven\u00e9 koncentr\u00e1ciou) s\u00fa mo\u017eno najbli\u017e\u0161ou paralelou, no s\u00fa nehmotn\u00e9 namiesto hlinen\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Slovo golem: od Biblie k hlinenej postave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hebrejsk\u00e9 slovo <em>golem<\/em> sa v hebrejskej Biblii vyskytuje iba jedenkr\u00e1t, v Knihe \u017ealmov, kde ozna\u010duje neutv\u00e1ren\u00fa hmotu alebo nehotov\u00fd stav, tu vztiahnut\u00fd na e\u0161te nevytvoren\u00e9 telo. Z tohto z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu nehotov\u00e9ho, hrub\u00e9ho, e\u0161te neutvarovan\u00e9ho sa vyvinulo neskor\u0161ie pou\u017eitie slova.<\/p><p>V rab\u00ednskej literat\u00fare sa <em>golem<\/em> pou\u017e\u00edva r\u00f4zne, napr\u00edklad pre nevzdelan\u00e9ho alebo du\u0161evne nehotov\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, alebo pre predmet, ktor\u00fd e\u0161te nem\u00e1 svoju kone\u010dn\u00fa podobu.<\/p><p>Na jednom ve\u013emi diskutovanom mieste v babylonskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hlavn\u00e9 dielo rab\u00ednskeho judaizmu s v\u00fdkladom n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmude<\/span> sa rozpr\u00e1va, \u017ee jeden u\u010denec stvoril \u010dloveka a poslal ho k in\u00e9mu u\u010dencovi, ktor\u00fd s tvorom hovoril, ale nedostal odpove\u010f, a tak ho nechal rozpadn\u00fa\u0165 sa na prach.<\/p><p>Na tom istom mieste sa hovor\u00ed, \u017ee dvaja u\u010denci sa pravidelne venovali stvoreniu te\u013ea\u0165a. Tieto kr\u00e1tke z\u00e1pisky s\u00fa najstar\u0161\u00edmi dokladmi predstavy, \u017ee m\u00fadri mu\u017ei m\u00f4\u017eu svoj\u00edm poznan\u00edm privodi\u0165 k \u017eivotu nie\u010do \u017eiv\u00e9.<\/p><p>Skok od tejto stru\u010dnej talmudickej zmienky k rozpracovanej predstave z hliny stvorenej bytosti, o\u017eivenej p\u00edsmenami alebo Bo\u017e\u00edm menom, sa uskuto\u010dnil a\u017e v stredoveku.<\/p><p>Predstava golema teda nebola od za\u010diatku uzavret\u00fdm pr\u00edbehom, ale postupne sa formovala po st\u00e1ro\u010dia z rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch kame\u0148ov. Pri ch\u00e1pan\u00ed golema je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ma\u0165 t\u00fato v\u00fdvojov\u00fa l\u00edniu na zreteli, a nepredpoklada\u0165 jednotn\u00fa, d\u00e1vnu trad\u00edciu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sefer Jecira a stredovek\u00e1 prax tvorenia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v dejin\u00e1ch my\u0161lienky golema hr\u00e1 <em>Sefer Jecira<\/em>, Kniha stvorenia, stru\u010dn\u00fd a \u0165a\u017eko datovate\u013en\u00fd spis, ktor\u00fd sp\u00e1ja vznik sveta s p\u00edsmenami hebrejskej abecedy a s \u010d\u00edslami.<\/p><p>Stredovek\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00ed u\u010denci, najm\u00e4 v a\u0161ken\u00e1zskom prostred\u00ed, ch\u00e1pali toto dielo aj ako n\u00e1vod. Pod\u013ea tejto predstavy sa ten, kto spr\u00e1vne ovl\u00e1dal kombin\u00e1cie p\u00edsmen, mohol podie\u013ea\u0165 na tvorivej sile obsiahnutej v jazyku.<\/p><p>Z tohto prostredia poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa prv\u00e9 podrobnej\u0161ie popisy, ako sa mal golem vyrobi\u0165. Hovor\u00ed sa o formovan\u00ed \u013eudskej postavy z hliny, o obch\u00e1dzan\u00ed, o vyslovovan\u00ed alebo zapisovan\u00ed kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed p\u00edsmen a mien.<\/p><p>Tieto opisy s\u00fa \u010dasto v nap\u00e4tom vz\u0165ahu: popisuj\u00fa mo\u017en\u00fa praxu, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa jej nebezpe\u010dnos\u0165 alebo pokornos\u0165, ktor\u00fa tak\u00e9to po\u010d\u00ednanie vy\u017eaduje. \u010clovek, ktor\u00fd stvor\u00ed golema, napodob\u0148uje samotn\u00fd akt stvorenia a dost\u00e1va sa tak na hranicu svojich mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p><p>B\u00e1danie, tu treba spomen\u00fa\u0165 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00fa \u0161t\u00fadiu Gershoma Scholema o my\u0161lienke golema, uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee golem v t\u00fdchto textoch je spo\u010diatku menej u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdm sluhom a viac predmetom poznania a duchovn\u00e9ho rozj\u00edmania.<\/p><p>Stvorenie sl\u00fa\u017eilo mystick\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00fadiu, opakovan\u00e9mu pre\u017e\u00edvaniu stvorenia, nie praktick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delom. Golem ako pracuj\u00faci pomocn\u00edk a ochranca obce je neskor\u0161ou podobou tejto l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pra\u017esk\u00fd golem a rabbi L\u00f6w: vznik legendy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm golemovsk\u00fdm pr\u00edbehom dnes je pr\u00edbeh o pra\u017eskom golemovi, ktor\u00e9ho mal v \u0161estn\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed stvori\u0165 u\u010denec Jehuda L\u00f6w ben Becalel, takzvan\u00fd Maharal z Prahy, aby ochr\u00e1nil \u017eidovsk\u00fa obec.<\/p><p>Je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee spojenie golemovskej l\u00e1tky s historickou osobou Maharala nie je v prame\u0148och zo \u0161estn\u00e1steho a sedemn\u00e1steho storo\u010dia dok\u00e1zate\u013en\u00e9. Maharal bol v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm u\u010dencom, ale s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 dobov\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1 ho s golemom nesp\u00e1jaj\u00fa.<\/p><p>B\u00e1danie datuje vznik pra\u017eskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendy<\/span> a\u017e na koniec osemn\u00e1steho a najm\u00e4 do dev\u00e4tn\u00e1steho storo\u010dia.<\/p><p>V tomto obdob\u00ed vznikali zbierky a spracovania, ktor\u00e9 golema pevne spojili s Prahou a s rabbi L\u00f6wom a doplnili pr\u00edbeh o mot\u00edvy, ako o\u017eivuj\u00faci l\u00edstok v \u00fastach golema, jeho t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00e9 vyradenie z \u010dinnosti po\u010das sabatu a napokon o mot\u00edv tvora, ktor\u00fd sa vymkne kontrole.<\/p><p>Osobitne vplyvn\u00e1 zbierka vy\u0161la za\u010diatkom dvadsiateho storo\u010dia a dala tejto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pou\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legende<\/span> jej dnes be\u017ene zn\u00e1mu podobu.<\/p><p>Pra\u017esk\u00fd golem je tak pr\u00edkladom trad\u00edcie, ktor\u00e1 je mlad\u0161ia, ne\u017e sa navonok tv\u00e1ri.<\/p><p>Sp\u00e1ja stredovek\u00fa mystick\u00fa l\u00e1tku s historickou osobou ran\u00e9ho novoveku, av\u0161ak samotn\u00e9 toto spojenie je novodob\u00e9. To v\u0161ak nezni\u017euje jej kult\u00farny vplyv, naopak: pr\u00e1ve v tejto neskorej, liter\u00e1rne dotvorenej podobe sa golem stal pevnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou eur\u00f3pskej rozpr\u00e1va\u010dskej kult\u00fary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcia: od hororov\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu k symbolu techniky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>V dvadsiatom storo\u010d\u00ed sa golem stal \u010dasto sprac\u00favanou l\u00e1tkou v literat\u00fare, filme a umen\u00ed. Rom\u00e1n <em>Der Golem<\/em> od Gustava Meyrinka, vydan\u00fd v roku 1915, vyu\u017e\u00edva t\u00fato postavu menej ako konaj\u00facu bytos\u0165 a viac ako atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd a psychologick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> v pra\u017eskej \u017eidovskej \u0161tvrti.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O nieko\u013eko rokov nesk\u00f4r vzniklo viacero nem\u00fdch filmov, z ktor\u00fdch najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ia je filmov\u00e1 adapt\u00e1cia Paula Wegenera z roku 1920, ktor\u00e1 trvalo formovala vizu\u00e1lnu predstavu golema ako \u0165a\u017ekej, hlinenej postavy.<\/span><\/p><p>Nad r\u00e1mec t\u00fdchto diel sa golem stal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed za abstraktnou my\u0161lienkou.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span>, ktor\u00fd presahuje svoj n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd p\u00f4vod. \u010casto je ch\u00e1pan\u00fd ako predchodca modern\u00fdch predst\u00e1v o umelom \u010dloveku, od mechanickej fig\u00fary cez mon\u0161trum v rom\u00e1ne Mary Shelleyovej <em>Frankenstein<\/em> a\u017e po robota a umel\u00fa inteligenciu.<\/p><p>V tomto v\u00fdklade golem symbolizuje ot\u00e1zku, \u010do sa stane, ke\u010f \u010dlovek stvor\u00ed nie\u010do \u017eiv\u00e9 alebo konaj\u00face, \u010do sa vymkne jeho kontrole. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd je pritom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> stvorenia, ktor\u00e9 sa st\u00e1va nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm, preto\u017ee berie svoju \u00falohu pr\u00edli\u0161 doslovne alebo ho u\u017e nemo\u017eno zastavi\u0165.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez v\u00e4zby na vieru.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionistika<\/span> tu vyz\u00fdva na rozli\u0161ovanie. Popul\u00e1rny golem ako varovn\u00e1 postava pred technikou je modern\u00fd v\u00fdklad, ktor\u00fd sa do ve\u013ekej miery vzdialil od star\u0161ieho mystick\u00e9ho zmyslu, ktor\u00fdm bolo napodobnenie stvorenia ako akt \u0161t\u00fadia a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kr\u00e1tke, osobn\u00e9 alebo spolo\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rozj\u00edmanie.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enej \u00favahy<\/span>.<\/p><p>Obe vrstvy patria k dejin\u00e1m tejto l\u00e1tky, no nemali by sa zamie\u0148a\u0165. Pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 predstavy o stvoren\u00ed pomocou poznania sa vyskytuj\u00fa aj v in\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157588\">judaizmu<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izraelsk\u00fd religionista (1897\u20131982); zakladate\u013e modernej kabalistickej vedy.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - umelo stvoren\u00e1 bytos\u0165 z hliny alebo zeme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, v \u017eidovskej mystike stvorenia po st\u00e1ro\u010dia tradovan\u00e1 postava: fig\u00fara z hliny o\u017eiven\u00e1 Bo\u017e\u00edm menom, pra\u017esk\u00e1 legenda o rab\u00edm Judovi L\u00f6wovi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157855","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Golem - umelo stvoren\u00e1 bytos\u0165 z hliny alebo zeme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Golem, v \u017eidovskej mystike stvorenia po st\u00e1ro\u010dia tradovan\u00e1 postava: fig\u00fara z hliny o\u017eiven\u00e1 Bo\u017e\u00edm menom, pra\u017esk\u00e1 legenda o rab\u00edm Judovi L\u00f6wovi.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/golem\/\" \/>\n<meta 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