{"id":157801,"date":"2026-09-04T22:17:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157801"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:42:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:42:45","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157801\" class=\"elementor elementor-157801 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, boh mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je boh mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Boh Slnka, str\u00e1\u017eca spravodlivosti, svetlo nad v\u0161etk\u00fdmi vecami.<\/strong> Shamash (sumersky Utu) je jedn\u00fdm z najhlb\u0161ie uctievan\u00fdch bohov Mezopot\u00e1mie, nie ako div\u00fd ohe\u0148, ale ako \u017eiariv\u00e1, st\u00e1la sila poriadku. Ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 prech\u00e1dza svoj\u00edm vozom po nebi, vid\u00ed v\u0161etko, \u010do \u013eudia robia v skrytosti, a v\u0161etko priv\u00e1dza pred s\u00fad. Pred Shamashom neostane \u017eiadne tajomstvo skryt\u00e9, \u017eiadna nepr\u00e1vos\u0165 nezostane nepotrestan\u00e1.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ Bohy\u0148a: Zosobnen\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami \u2013 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157575\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00edska zdokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdria (asi 3500 pred Kr. a\u017e 330 pred Kr.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-160056\" alt=\"\u0160ama\u0161 \u2013 bohovia z mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00fdchly preh\u013ead: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Mezopot\u00e1mske hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, boh slnka a Bo\u017esk\u00fd sudca<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov jedn\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo jednej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: Sumer (ako Utu), Akkad\/Babylon\/A\u0161\u0161ur (ako \u0160ama\u0161)<br>Funkcia: slnko, denn\u00e9 svetlo, pr\u00e1vo, spravodlivos\u0165, pravda<br>Hlavn\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: okr\u00eddlen\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd disk, p\u00edla (rozpol\u00ed falo\u0161n\u00e9), palica a prste\u0148<br>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: Sippar (hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesto, chr\u00e1m E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span>), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>S\u00farodenci: Sin (Mesiac) ako otec, Inanna\/I\u0161tar ako sestra<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/\u0160ama\u0161 je dolo\u017een\u00fd u\u017e od ran\u00e9ho sumersk\u00e9ho obdobia (3. tis\u00edcro\u010die pred Kr.), boh slnka bol hlavn\u00fdm bo\u017estvom Sipparu a Larsy. Hlavn\u00e9 obdobie rozkvetu trad\u00edcie \u0160ama\u0161a: staro babylonsk\u00e9 obdobie (Chammurapiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzpriamen\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 doska s n\u00e1pisom alebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span> zobrazuje \u0160ama\u0161a ako Bo\u017esk\u00e9ho sudcu, ktor\u00fd Chammurapimu odovzd\u00e1va z\u00e1konn\u00edk).<\/p><p>V novobabylonskej a as\u00fdrskej r\u00ed\u0161i zost\u00e1va na\u010falej centr\u00e1lny. S \u00fapadkom Babylonskej r\u00ed\u0161e (1. storo\u010die po Kr.) kult zanik\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (dnes Tell Ab\u00fa Habba, severne od Babylonu) s chr\u00e1mom boha slnka <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u201eBiely dom\u201c), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (na juhu, tie\u017e chr\u00e1m E-babbar), Babylon, Ninive, Mari. Popolnicov\u00e9 pr\u00edspevky v tis\u00edckach babylonsko-as\u00fdrskych hrobov sved\u010dia o rozsahu tohto kultu. V biblick\u00fdch textoch je spom\u00ednan\u00fd ako <em>\u0160eme\u0161<\/em> (Bet-\u0160eme\u0161 = \u201edom slnka\u201c).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pramene: <em>Chammurapiho st\u00e9la<\/em> (asi 1750 pred Kr., \u0160ama\u0161 odovzd\u00e1va z\u00e1kon), prol\u00f3g <em>K\u00f3dexu Chammurapiho<\/em>, ve\u013ek\u00fd <em>\u0160ama\u0161ov hymnus<\/em> (starobabylonsk\u00fd), tabu\u013eka Nab\u00fb-apla-iddinu (9. storo\u010die pred Kr., ma\u013eovan\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd disk \u0160ama\u0161a), zakl\u00ednacie tabu\u013eky. Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 je zobrazovan\u00fd ako vzne\u0161en\u00fd mu\u017e so \u017eiariacim diad\u00e9mom alebo slne\u010dnou korunou, \u010dasto s diskovit\u00fdm slnkom nad hlavou. Sed\u00ed na tr\u00f3ne alebo stoj\u00ed vo svojom voze, ktor\u00fd \u0165ahaj\u00fa dva \u017eiariace kone.<\/p><p>Niekedy m\u00e1 okolo seba plamenn\u00fa auru alebo je obklopen\u00fd l\u00fa\u010dmi svetla. Osemc\u00edpy hviezdicov\u00fd disk (<em>\u0161ama\u0161ovsk\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje ist\u00fa predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span><\/em>) je jeho rozpozn\u00e1vac\u00edm znamen\u00edm. Sprev\u00e1dza\u0165 ho m\u00f4\u017ee sudcovsk\u00e1 palica alebo me\u010d spravodlivosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je boh Slnka a spravodlivosti, dvoch \u00fazko spojen\u00fdch s\u00edl. Sudcovia sa k nemu modlili pred s\u00fadom, aby vyn\u00e1\u0161ali spravodliv\u00e9 rozsudky. Chor\u00ed ho vz\u00fdvali za uzdravenie, preto\u017ee slnko lie\u010di a \u010dist\u00ed. Boh riek (Ea\/Enki) stoj\u00ed pod doh\u013eadom Shamasha, voda potrebuje slne\u010dn\u00e9 svetlo, aby bola plodn\u00e1.<\/p><p>Jeho hlavn\u00fdm chr\u00e1mom bol <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Dom \u017eiary) v Sippare, sl\u00e1vne centrum astron\u00f3mie a pr\u00e1vnej vedy. K\u0148azi denne prin\u00e1\u0161ali obete pri v\u00fdchode slnka a modlili sa za jeho n\u00e1vrat. Shamash nebol len uctievan\u00fd, ale aj milovan\u00fd, najspo\u013eahlivej\u0161\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov.<\/p><h3>Zjav a symbolika<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> je zobrazovan\u00fd ako f\u00fazat\u00fd mu\u017e v slne\u010dnom disku alebo obklopen\u00fd \u017eiariv\u00fdm svetlom. \u010casto nos\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 r\u00facho a korunu predstavuj\u00facu slne\u010dn\u00fd disk. V ruke dr\u017e\u00ed niekedy \u017eezlo spravodlivosti alebo plamene slnka.<\/p><p>Jeho telo je zlat\u00e9 a svietiace. B\u00fdk alebo k\u00f4\u0148 s\u00fa niekedy jeho posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1, preto\u017ee nasleduj\u00fa slnko. <em>Shamash<\/em> je \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd s kr\u00eddlami alebo sveteln\u00fdmi aurami. \u0160tyri l\u00fa\u010de slnka s\u00fa jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje ur\u010dit\u00fa predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Shamasha na jeden poh\u013ead. Nasleduj\u00face polia zh\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa p\u00f4vod, funkciu, zjav, uctievanie, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult\u00farny kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash je synom boha Mesiaca <em>Sina<\/em> (Nanna) a <em>Ningal<\/em>, bratom bohyne l\u00e1sky a vojny <em>Inanny\/I\u0161tar<\/em>. Man\u017eel <em>Aji<\/em> (bohyne \u00fasvitu). V teogonickom porad\u00ed patr\u00ed k druhej gener\u00e1cii babylonsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu. V novobabylonskej r\u00ed\u0161i takmer rovnocenn\u00fd s Mardukom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Predmet p\u00f4sobenia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boh Slnka a bo\u017esk\u00fd sudca. Jeho oko vid\u00ed v\u0161etko, preto vl\u00e1dne nad zlo\u010dinom a spravodlivos\u0165ou. Pr\u00edsahy sa skladaj\u00fa \u201epred Shamashom\u201c; s\u00fadne rozsudky s\u00fa <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (rozsudky Shamasha). Spolu s Adadom (bohom po\u010dasia) je hlavn\u00fdm hl\u00e1sate\u013eom bo\u017esk\u00fdch odkazov (omenov\u00e9 texty). Patr\u00f3n cestuj\u00facich (najm\u00e4 po\u010das d\u0148a) a ve\u0161teck\u00e9 praxe. Ochranca bezbrann\u00fdch: vdov, sir\u00f4t, otrokov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zjav<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfne zobrazenie: f\u00fazat\u00fd mu\u017esk\u00fd postavi\u010d s vysokou \u010delenkou v tvare klob\u00faka (\u010dasto so slne\u010dn\u00fdm kot\u00fa\u010dom), v dlhom viacvrstvovom r\u00fachu. Charakteristick\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: <em>slne\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010de vych\u00e1dzaj\u00face z pliec<\/em> (alebo nasaden\u00e9ho slne\u010dn\u00e9ho kot\u00fa\u010da), <em>p\u00edla<\/em> (v ruke, ktorou presek\u00e1 to, \u010do je falo\u0161n\u00e9), <em>\u017eezlo a kruh<\/em> (ins\u00edgnie s\u00fadnej moci).<\/p><p>\u010casto zobrazovan\u00fd sediaci na tr\u00f3ne so slne\u010dn\u00fdmi l\u00fa\u010dmi. Na Hammurapiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 plat\u0148a s n\u00e1pisom alebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9le<\/span> je oto\u010den\u00fd ku kr\u00e1\u013eovi a odovzd\u00e1va mu z\u00e1konn\u00edk. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje ist\u00fa predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span>: okr\u00eddlen\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie \u0160ama\u0161a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong> \u0160ama\u0161a vz\u00fdvali sudcovia, cestovatelia, ve\u0161tci a v\u0161etci, ktor\u00ed h\u013eadali spravodlivos\u0165. Pred s\u00fadnymi pojedn\u00e1vaniami sa mu prin\u00e1\u0161ali obete. V r\u00e1mci ve\u0161tenia bol k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd: ve\u0161tenie z pe\u010dene (haruspicium) a ve\u0161tenie z oleja na vode (lekanomantia) boli praktikami spojen\u00fdmi so \u0160ama\u0161om. Osobn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednacie oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span>: pred d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi rozhodnutiami, na cest\u00e1ch, pri s\u00fadnych sporoch. Sippar bol p\u00fatnick\u00fdm cie\u013eom ve\u0161tcov a s\u00fadnych prosebn\u00edkov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slne\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010de z pliec, okr\u00eddlen\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d, p\u00edla (presek\u00e1 to, \u010do je falo\u0161n\u00e9), \u017eezlo a kruh (s\u00fadne ins\u00edgnie), vysok\u00e1 \u010delenka v tvare klob\u00faka, dlh\u00e9 r\u00facho, b\u00fdk (druhotn\u00e9 zviera). Rastliny: tamari\u0161ka. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 20. Sv\u00e4t\u00fd smer: v\u00fdchod (v\u00fdchod slnka).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumersk\u00fd, predchodca), <em>\u0160eme\u0161<\/em> (hebrejsk\u00fd), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egypt, hlavn\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd boh), <em>H\u00e9lios<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cko), <em>Sol<\/em> (R\u00edm), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (neskoro r\u00edmsky), <em>S\u00farja<\/em> (hinduizmus), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japonsko, \u017eensk\u00e1 slne\u010dn\u00e1 bohy\u0148a), <em>Mithra<\/em> (perzsk\u00fd boh slnka a spravodlivosti). Funk\u010dne: v\u0161etci bo\u017esk\u00ed s\u00fadcovia (Jama, Anubis, aspekty H\u00e1da) zdie\u013eaj\u00fa funkcie \u0160ama\u0161a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktick\u00e1 obrana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Kultov\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly<\/h3><p>\u0160ama\u0161, boh slnka a spravodlivosti, mal svoje hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 centrum v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> E-babbar v Sippare (a v Larse). Denn\u00e9 obety pri v\u00fdchode slnka (\u201enu\u1e2batim\u201c, pe\u010den\u00e9 chleby, datle, pivo) boli povinnos\u0165ou k\u0148azskej triedy <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Letn\u00fd sviatok <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiou<\/span> sochy boha k brehu Eufratu je dolo\u017een\u00fd od \u010dias Hammurapiho (18. stor. pred Kr.); aj samotn\u00fd Hammurapiho z\u00e1konn\u00edk za\u010d\u00edna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednaj\u00face oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo mocnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvan\u00edm<\/span> \u0160ama\u0161a ako ru\u010dite\u013ea spravodlivosti (porov. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Vz\u00fdvania a hymny<\/h3><p>\u201eVe\u013ek\u00fd hymnus na \u0160ama\u0161a\u201c (BWL 121-138, Lambert), dlh\u00fd viac ako 200 riadkov, je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch hymnick\u00fdch textov akkadsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Denn\u00e9 rann\u00e9 vz\u00fdvania sa za\u010d\u00ednali slovami \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u201c (\u0160ama\u0161, vl\u00e1dca \u0161tyroch svetov\u00fdch str\u00e1n). Pred s\u00fadnymi konaniami bol \u0160ama\u0161 vz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako svedok.<\/p><h3>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/h3><p>Sol\u00e1rne symboly (okr\u00eddlen\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d, \u0161tvorc\u00edpa hviezda v kruhu) sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na babylonsk\u00fdch valcov\u00fdch pe\u010datiach (porov. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Sol\u00e1rne plakety z karneolu alebo horsk\u00e9ho kri\u0161t\u00e1\u013eu sa nosili ako ochrana proti chorobe a bezpr\u00e1viu. Slne\u010dn\u00fd kruh s dvan\u00e1stimi l\u00fa\u010dmi (Babylon, 7. stor. pred Kr.) symbolizuje v\u0161adepr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u0160ama\u0161a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 sa podob\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e9mu Rovi alebo Atonovi, obaja s\u00fa slne\u010dn\u00fdmi bohmi so v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00fdm poh\u013eadom. S gr\u00e9ckym Apol\u00f3nom zdie\u013ea aspekty poriadku a lie\u010denia. Hebrejsk\u00fd Boh je niekedy popisovan\u00fd s funkciami podobn\u00fdmi \u0160ama\u0161ovi, ako v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00fd a s\u00fadiaci.<\/p><p>V indick\u00fdch kult\u00farach sa podob\u00e1 S\u00farjovi, bohu slnka, alebo Mitrovi, bohu zml\u00fav a spravodlivosti. \u0160ama\u0161 zost\u00e1va vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch kult\u00farach centr\u00e1lnou postavou poriadku a svetla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00f3dex Hammurapi a slnko ako s\u00fadca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie spojenie medzi \u0160ama\u0161om a kr\u00e1\u013eovskou s\u00fadnou mocou zobrazuje reli\u00e9f v hornej \u010dasti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 plat\u0148a s n\u00e1pisom alebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9ly<\/span> <em>K\u00f3dexu Hammurapi<\/em>, dnes ulo\u017eenej v Louvri. Zobrazuje babylonsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea Hammurapiho, stojaceho pred tr\u00f3nuj\u00facim bohom.<\/p><p>Star\u0161ia b\u00e1date\u013esk\u00e1 literat\u00fara t\u00fato postavu dlho stoto\u017e\u0148ovala so \u0160ama\u0161om, preto\u017ee bohu z pliec vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa l\u00fa\u010de a odovzd\u00e1va kr\u00e1\u013eovi kruh a \u017eezlo, ins\u00edgnie, ktor\u00e9 v mezopot\u00e1mskej obrazovej symbolike s\u00favisia s odovzdan\u00edm pr\u00e1vnej moci. Niektor\u00ed b\u00e1datelia navrhli alternat\u00edvne Marduka, av\u0161ak atrib\u00faty l\u00fa\u010dov hovoria v prospech \u0160ama\u0161a.<\/p><p>Obsahovo sc\u00e9na zodpoved\u00e1 vlastn\u00e9mu ch\u00e1paniu textu. V prol\u00f3gu a epil\u00f3gu k\u00f3dexu sa Hammurapi opakovane odvol\u00e1va na to, \u017ee v krajine nastolil pr\u00e1vo, a \u0160ama\u0161 sa tam objavuje ako boh, ktor\u00fd zaru\u010duje pr\u00e1vo a spravodlivos\u0165.<\/p><p>Slne\u010dn\u00fd boh videl v\u0161etko, \u010do sa dialo za d\u0148a, a t\u00e1to v\u0161adepr\u00edtomnos\u0165 z neho v mezopot\u00e1mskej predstave robila prirodzen\u00e9ho ru\u010dite\u013ea pr\u00edsahy, zmluvy a rozsudku.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to \u00faloha je star\u0161ia ne\u017e Hammurapi. U\u017e v sumersk\u00fdch hymnoch na Utua, predchodcu \u0160ama\u0161a, je boh vz\u00fdvan\u00fd, aby odhalil bezpr\u00e1vie a pom\u00e1hal utl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdm. V s\u00fadnych listin\u00e1ch a pr\u00edsa\u017en\u00fdch formul\u00e1ch druh\u00e9ho a prv\u00e9ho tis\u00edcro\u010dia sa jeho meno objavuje pravidelne. Kto zlo\u017eil pr\u00edsahu pri \u0160ama\u0161ovi a poru\u0161il ju, vystavoval sa jeho trestu.<\/p><p>Spojenie svetelnej metaforiky a my\u0161lienky pr\u00e1va, svetla, ktor\u00e9 vyn\u00e1\u0161a skryt\u00e9 na denn\u00e9 svetlo, je v prame\u0148och uplatnen\u00e9 tak d\u00f4sledne, \u017ee ho mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za z\u00e1kladn\u00fd rys mezopot\u00e1mskej predstavy o bohu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje, ako tesne boli v tejto kult\u00fare prepojen\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o usporiadan\u00ed a poriadku svetu v r\u00e1mci istej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> a spolo\u010densk\u00fd poriadok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar a Larsa: ve\u013ek\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 centr\u00e1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 mal dva hlavn\u00e9 chr\u00e1my, oba naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 <em>E-babbar<\/em>, \u010di\u017ee \u017eiariv\u00fd alebo biely dom. Jeden st\u00e1l v Sippare na severe Babylonie, druh\u00fd v Larse na juhu. Obe mest\u00e1 boli po tis\u00edcro\u010dia pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za centr\u00e1lne miesta slne\u010dn\u00e9ho kultu a ich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> obnovovali a vybavovali mnoh\u00ed vl\u00e1dcovia.<\/p><p>Pre Sippar je situ\u00e1cia pramenn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 dobr\u00e1. Vykop\u00e1vky odhalili rozsiahle chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 arch\u00edvy z doby starobabylonskej a novobabylonskej, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa poh\u013ead na hospod\u00e1rstvo, spr\u00e1vu a person\u00e1l sv\u00e4tyne. \u010casto citovan\u00fdm objektom je takzvan\u00e1 Slne\u010dn\u00e1 tabu\u013ea Nabu-apla-iddina, kamenn\u00e1 tabu\u013ea z deviateho storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p><p>Zobrazuje v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plastick\u00e9, z plochy vystupuj\u00face zobrazenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">reli\u00e9fe<\/span> \u0160ama\u0161a sediaceho na tr\u00f3ne a v texte popisuje, ako kr\u00e1\u013e po dlhom obdob\u00ed zanedb\u00e1vania nechal zhotovi\u0165 nov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazenie bo\u017estva, ktor\u00e9 je uctievan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1me alebo sv\u00e4tyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultov\u00fd obraz<\/span> boha po tom, \u010do bol n\u00e1jden\u00fd star\u00fd hlinen\u00fd model. Text tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 dokumentuje starostlivos\u0165 o spr\u00e1vne obnovenie straten\u00e9ho kultov\u00e9ho obrazu.<\/p><p>V Larse za\u017eil \u0160ama\u0161ov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> rozkvet pod kr\u00e1\u013emi ako Rim-Sin. Aj tu vl\u00e1dcovia obnovovali E-babbar a stavebn\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa ich dary. Kontinuita je n\u00e1padn\u00e1: e\u0161te novobabylonsk\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e Nabonid, ktor\u00fd je inak zn\u00e1my najm\u00e4 podporou mesa\u010dn\u00e9ho boha Sina, sa staral o slne\u010dn\u00e9 chr\u00e1my oboch miest.<\/p><p>Zdvojenie kultov\u00fdch centier na severe a juhu odr\u00e1\u017ea geografick\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru Babylonie a zabezpe\u010dovalo slne\u010dn\u00e9mu bohu celo\u0161t\u00e1tnu pr\u00edtomnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 ho povy\u0161ovala nad lok\u00e1lne v\u00e4zby.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160ama\u0161 vo ve\u0161ten\u00ed a v Epose o Gilgame\u0161ovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Okrem svojej \u00falohy sudcu bol \u0160ama\u0161 bohom ve\u0161teckej prax a ve\u0161tenia z vn\u00fatornost\u00ed. Mezopot\u00e1mske ve\u0161tenie z pe\u010dene, pri ktorom k\u0148azi \u010d\u00edtali znamenia z pe\u010dene obetn\u00fdch zvierat, adresovalo svoje ot\u00e1zky \u010dasto \u0160ama\u0161ovi spolu s bohom b\u00farky Adadom.<\/p><p>Takzvan\u00e9 ve\u0161teck\u00e9 modlitby, v odbornej literat\u00fare \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako texty <em>tamitu<\/em> alebo ot\u00e1zky adresovan\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo in\u0161tit\u00facia, kde sa vy\u017eaduje bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1kulu<\/span>, formulovali konkr\u00e9tne ot\u00e1zky, napr\u00edklad \u010di bude vojensk\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9, a prosili boha, aby svoju odpove\u010f zap\u00edsal do vn\u00fatornost\u00ed. \u0160ama\u0161 tak nebol iba t\u00fdm, kto odha\u013eoval existuj\u00facu nespravodlivos\u0165, ale aj t\u00fdm, kto sprostredkoval skryt\u00e9 poznanie o bud\u00facnosti.<\/p><p>V <em>Epose o Gilgame\u0161ovi<\/em> vystupuje \u0160ama\u0161 ako ochrann\u00fd boh hrdinov. Pred v\u00fdpravou proti Chumbabovi, str\u00e1\u017ecovi c\u00e9drov\u00e9ho lesa, sa Gilgame\u0161 obracia na slne\u010dn\u00e9ho boha a pros\u00ed o pomoc. \u0160ama\u0161 n\u00e1sledne posiela vetry, ktor\u00e9 Chumbabu su\u017euj\u00fa a poskytuj\u00fa hrdinovi rozhoduj\u00facu v\u00fdhodu.<\/p><p>Ke\u010f nesk\u00f4r Enkidu le\u017e\u00ed na smrte\u013enej posteli a vyslovuje svoju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e1 formula, ktorou sa m\u00e1 osobe alebo veci privodi\u0165 ne\u0161\u0165astie.\" tabindex=\"0\">kliatbu<\/span> vo\u010di neviestke, ktor\u00e1 ho privedla do civiliz\u00e1cie, je to \u0160ama\u0161, ktor\u00fd ho karh\u00e1 a pripom\u00edna mu dobro, ktor\u00e9 sa mu prihodilo. Enkidu potom svoju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jazykov\u00e1 formula, ktorou sa m\u00e1 osobe alebo veci privodi\u0165 ne\u0161\u0165astie.\" tabindex=\"0\">kliatbu<\/span> odvol\u00e1va.<\/p><p>Tieto epiz\u00f3dy ukazuj\u00fa \u0160ama\u0161a ako usporad\u00favaj\u00facu, umier\u0148uj\u00facu in\u0161tanciu v r\u00e1mci rozpr\u00e1vania. Nezasahuje svojvo\u013ene, ale podporuje t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa na neho obracaj\u00fa, a vyz\u00fdva k rozvahe tam, kde hroz\u00ed prehnan\u00e1 un\u00e1hlenos\u0165. Jeho \u00faloha v epose tak zapad\u00e1 do celkov\u00e9ho obrazu, ktor\u00fd vykres\u013euj\u00fa hymny a pr\u00e1vne texty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od Utua k \u0160ama\u0161ovi: etymol\u00f3gia a sumersk\u00e9 korene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno \u0160ama\u0161 je akkadsk\u00e9 slovo pre slnko a patr\u00ed k spolo\u010dn\u00e9mu semitsk\u00e9mu slovn\u00e9mu kore\u0148u, ktor\u00fd sa v pr\u00edbuznej forme vyskytuje aj v hebrej\u010dine ako <em>\u0161eme\u0161<\/em>, v arab\u010dine ako <em>\u0161ams<\/em> a v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch semitsk\u00fdch jazykoch. Boh a nebesk\u00e9 teleso teda nes\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 meno, \u010do zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje \u00fazku s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm javom a bo\u017eskou osobou.<\/p><p>Sumersk\u00fd predchodca sa volal Utu. So zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edm sumersk\u00e9ho a akkadsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva v priebehu tretieho a druh\u00e9ho tis\u00edcro\u010dia boli Utu a \u0160ama\u0161 do ve\u013ekej miery stoto\u017enen\u00ed, bez toho, aby star\u0161ia postava \u00faplne zanikla. V dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fdch textoch stoja obe men\u00e1 ved\u013ea seba.<\/p><p>Utu bol u\u017e v sumerskej dobe pova\u017eovan\u00fd za syna mesa\u010dn\u00e9ho boha Nannu a Ningal a za brata Inanny, neskor\u0161ej I\u0161tar. Tieto rodinn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy prevzali aj akkadsk\u00e9 texty: \u0160ama\u0161 je synom Sina a bratom I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je postavenie slnka ako die\u0165a\u0165a mesiaca. V mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch mytol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch plat\u00ed opa\u010dne, \u017ee slnko je vy\u0161\u0161ie postaven\u00e9 alebo star\u0161ie teleso. Mezopot\u00e1mske usporiadanie sa \u010dasto vysvet\u013euje t\u00fdm, \u017ee mesa\u010dn\u00fd boh mal v Ure obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 starobyl\u00fd a prest\u00ed\u017eny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Geneal\u00f3gia tak sk\u00f4r odr\u00e1\u017ea hist\u00f3riu kultov\u00fdch centier ne\u017e systematick\u00fa astron\u00f3miu. Pou\u010dn\u00fd je aj z\u00e1pis mena: znak slnka sa mohol \u010d\u00edta\u0165 sumersky ako Utu, ale aj akkadsky ako \u0160ama\u0161, tak\u017ee texty \u010dasto nech\u00e1vaj\u00fa otvoren\u00e9, ktor\u00fa jazykov\u00fa formu mal pis\u00e1r na mysli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcia: slne\u010dn\u00fd boh v b\u00e1dan\u00ed o starom Oriente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160ama\u0161 patr\u00ed medzi bo\u017estva, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u010faka rozl\u00fa\u0161teniu klinov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma v dev\u00e4tn\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed dostali op\u00e4\u0165 do povedomia u\u017e ve\u013emi skoro.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Die <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzpriamene stojaca, pop\u00edsan\u00e1 alebo obr\u00e1zkami zdoben\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 \u010di dreven\u00e1 plat\u0148a.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span> <em>Codexu Hammurapi<\/em>, ktor\u00fa v rokoch 1901 a 1902 objavila franc\u00fazska exped\u00edcia v Sus\u00e1ch, urobila z obrazu tr\u00f3nuj\u00faceho boha s l\u00fa\u010dmi vych\u00e1dzaj\u00facimi z pliec jedno z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch zobrazen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho Orientu. Je vyobrazen\u00e1 v nespo\u010detn\u00fdch u\u010debniciach a dodnes formuje popul\u00e1rnu predstavu o mezopot\u00e1mskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve.<\/span><\/p><p>Vo vedeckej diskusii dlho st\u00e1la v popred\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, ako tesne bol mezopot\u00e1msky kult slnka spojen\u00fd s pr\u00e1vnymi predstavami a \u010di sa toto spojenie \u0161\u00edrilo aj do susedn\u00fdch kult\u00far.<\/p><p>Religionisti diskutovali o paralel\u00e1ch k pr\u00e1vnym metafor\u00e1m svetla v z\u00e1padosemitsk\u00fdch a biblick\u00fdch textoch, napr\u00edklad tam, kde sa spravodlivos\u0165 a sp\u00e1sa prirovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa k v\u00fdchodu slnka. Tak\u00e9to porovnania treba vies\u0165 opatrne, preto\u017ee podobn\u00e9 metafory m\u00f4\u017eu vznika\u0165 nez\u00e1visle od seba, mezopot\u00e1mske svedectvo je v\u0161ak mimoriadne dobre zdokumentovan\u00e9 v\u010faka mno\u017estvu prame\u0148ov.<\/p><p>Pre modern\u00e9 b\u00e1danie s\u00fa z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 ed\u00edcie hymnov a modlitieb, medzi nimi aj ve\u013ek\u00e1 hymna na \u0160ama\u0161a, ktor\u00e1 sa zachovala v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch textov\u00fdch svedectv\u00e1ch a podrobne opisuje boha ako v\u0161adevidiaceho str\u00e1\u017ecu spravodlivosti.<\/p><p>Bola opakovane prelo\u017een\u00e1 a komentovan\u00e1 a pova\u017euje sa za jeden z najp\u00f4sobivej\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov Mezopot\u00e1mie. Kto sa zaober\u00e1 mezopot\u00e1mskym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nom<\/span>, m\u00f4\u017ee od \u0160ama\u0161a postupova\u0165 k pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm postav\u00e1m, napr\u00edklad k jeho otcovi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158027\">Sinovi<\/a> alebo k jeho sestre <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157791\">I\u0161tar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157791\">I\u0161tar, sestra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157705\">Marduk, nadraden\u00fd v novobabylonskom pante\u00f3ne<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157575\">Mezopot\u00e1mia, preh\u013ead pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157699\">Vy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estva, podkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157671\">Bohovia, preh\u013ead tried<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo \u201eShamash\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 boh Slnka a str\u00e1\u017eca spravodlivosti","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mezopot\u00e1msky boh Slnka a str\u00e1\u017eca spravodlivosti. Jeho \u00faloha v Chammurapiho z\u00e1konn\u00edku, chr\u00e1my v Sippare a Larse, ka\u017edodenn\u00e1 jazda po nebi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157801","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash \u2013 boh Slnka a str\u00e1\u017eca spravodlivosti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, mezopot\u00e1msky boh Slnka a str\u00e1\u017eca spravodlivosti. 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