{"id":157768,"date":"2026-09-04T22:17:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157768"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:41:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:41:53","slug":"yama-sudca-mrtvych","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/yama-sudca-mrtvych\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (Sudca m\u0155tvych)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157768\" class=\"elementor elementor-157768 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhizmus, boh buddhistickej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhizmus je bohom buddhistickej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Buddhistick\u00fd boh smrti a sudca du\u0161\u00ed po smrti.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama p\u00f4sob\u00ed v buddhizme ako karmick\u00fd sudca a spr\u00e1vca peklen\u00fdch svetov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami, hladov\u00fdmi duchmi a str\u00e1\u017ecami pekla.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157701\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohovia podsvetia a smrti, vl\u00e1dcovia z\u00e1hrobia, sudcovia m\u0155tvych, sprievodcovia du\u0161\u00ed.\">Bo\u017estvo smrti<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159954\" alt=\"Yama, sudca mrtvych - bohovia z buddhistickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne&quot;}\n```\n\nMoment, oprav\u00edm diakritiku a form\u00e1tovanie:\n\n```json\n{&quot;178bedfc23f8a2b0&quot;: &quot;Yama Sudca m\u0155tvych - bohovia z buddhistickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhizmus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead: Yama Buddhizmus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Hlavn\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 bo\u017estvo (mah\u00e1j\u00e1na, vad\u017eraj\u00e1na), sudca m\u0155tvych a str\u00e1\u017eca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: buddhizmus (v\u0161etky \u0161koly), prevzat\u00fd z hinduistick\u00e9ho Yamu<br>Funkcia: sudca m\u0155tvych, str\u00e1\u017eca z\u00e1konitosti karmy, v tibetskej trad\u00edcii wrathful deity (hnevliv\u00e9 bo\u017estvo)<br>Hlavn\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: kniha m\u0155tvych, zrkadlo karmy, me\u010d (khadga), lano (pa\u0161a), \u010dierny byvol<br>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: tibetsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tory Gelug (tanec \u010dham), Japonsko (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>R\u00f4zne formy: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Japonsko), Yeomra (K\u00f3rea), Yanluo (\u010c\u00edna)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama sa s buddhizmom \u0161\u00edri z Indie do v\u0161etk\u00fdch buddhistick\u00fdch kraj\u00edn (v\u00e9dsky predchodca vo <em>Rigv\u00e9de<\/em>, od roku 1200 pred Kr.). V p\u00e1lijskej trad\u00edcii (th\u00e9rav\u00e1da) je hlavn\u00fdm sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00facim na s\u00fade m\u0155tvych.<\/p><p>V mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne m\u00e1 vlastn\u00fd korpus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatier<\/span> (napr. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). V Tibete je od 8. storo\u010dia po Kr. ako <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> centr\u00e1lny v pante\u00f3noch hnevliv\u00fdch bo\u017estiev trad\u00edcie vad\u017eraj\u00e1na. Vrchol: v tibetsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161toroch Gelug a\u017e po s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165, s dramatick\u00fdmi predstaveniami tanca \u010dham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: tibetsk\u00e9 <strong>kl\u00e1\u0161tory Gelug<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Ta\u0161ilhunpo, s tancami Yama-Dharmaraja \u010dham), <strong>Japonsko<\/strong> ako Enma-O (v ka\u017edom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> m\u0155tvych), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> ako Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V krajin\u00e1ch th\u00e9rav\u00e1dy (Thajsko, Mjanmarsko, Sr\u00ed Lanka) ako kozmick\u00e1 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 v pozad\u00ed. V \u010c\u00edne ako <em>Yanluo<\/em> (samostatn\u00e1 str\u00e1nka).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00dastredn\u00e9 pramene: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (p\u00e1li), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a budhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em> (\u010d\u00ednsky), tibetsk\u00fd <em>Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/em> (&bdquo;Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha m\u0155tvych&ldquo;, klasick\u00fd prame\u0148 Yama-Dharmaraja-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span>), tantrick\u00e9 texty k Yama-Dharmaraja-s\u00e1dhane. Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhistick\u00fd Yama je \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd s hlavou byka, mas\u00edvnymi rohmi, hrozivou tv\u00e1rou, \u010diernou alebo tmavomodrou poko\u017ekou. Niekedy m\u00e1 dve alebo \u0161tyri ruky. Nos\u00ed <em>damaru<\/em> (pali\u010dku z kost\u00ed m\u0155tvych) a laso z povrazu du\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p>Okolo neho tancuj\u00fa d\u00e9moni a jak\u0161ovia. Obklopuje ho ohe\u0148, z jeho tlamy odkvapk\u00e1va krv. V tibetskom umen\u00ed \u010dasto sed\u00ed v jaskyni alebo vo svojom pal\u00e1ci v Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristick\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama v buddhistickom u\u010den\u00ed nie je trestom, ale zrkadlom. Sudca Yama funguje automaticky: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din (<em>karma<\/em>) m\u00e1 svoj n\u00e1sledok. V tantrick\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch sa Yama nepros\u00ed o milos\u0165, ale je zobrazovan\u00fd ako u\u010dite\u013e pom\u00ed\u0148avosti.<\/p><p>Obrady smrti v tibetskom buddhizme sa obracaj\u00fa priamo na Yamu s prosbou, aby du\u0161i otvoril priazniv\u00fa cestu <em>bardo<\/em>. Praktikuj\u00faci sa u\u010dia stretn\u00fa\u0165 Yamu bez strachu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama Buddhizmus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Yamu (buddhizmus) na jeden poh\u013ead. Nasleduj\u00face polo\u017eky zh\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa p\u00f4vod, funkciu, vzh\u013ead, uctievanie, symboly a kult\u00farne paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod Yamu Buddhizmus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je v buddhizme prevzat\u00fd z hinduistick\u00e9ho Yamu (v\u00e9dskeho prv\u00e9ho m\u0155tveho), zachov\u00e1va funkciu sudcu m\u0155tvych, ale je buddhisticky reinterpretovan\u00fd: nie ako svojvo\u013en\u00fd sudca, ale ako sprostredkovate\u013e-zrkadlo karmy.<\/p><p>V tibetskom syst\u00e9me Bardo Thodol sa zjavuje zosnul\u00e9mu v stave bardo medzi smr\u0165ou a znovuzroden\u00edm, jeho zrkadlo ukazuje mrtv\u00e9mu jeho vlastn\u00fa karmu, bez toho, aby Yama s\u00e1m s\u00fadil. Trest vypl\u00fdva z vlastnej karmickej reakcie. V hnevlivej forme ako Yama-Dharmaraja: ochranca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span> proti v\u0161etk\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cie\u013eov\u00e1 skupina Yamu Buddhizmus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sudca m\u0155tvych v stave bardo. Str\u00e1\u017eca z\u00e1konitosti karmy. V tantrickej trad\u00edcii vad\u017eraj\u00e1na ochrann\u00e9 jidam (medita\u010dn\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>) proti v\u0161etk\u00fdm vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm a vonkaj\u0161\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m, najm\u00e4 proti strachu zo smrti. Patr\u00f3n praxe sk\u00fa\u0161ky (\u010destn\u00e9 videnie vlastn\u00fdch skutkov). V tibetsk\u00fdch tancoch \u010dham ritu\u00e1lna pripomienka smrte\u013enosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zjav Yamu Buddhizmus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine \u00e1zijsk\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed je zobrazovan\u00fd antropomorfne ako stroh\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edk s knihou mrtvych a p\u00edsac\u00edm perom. V tibetskej vad\u017eraj\u00e1novej trad\u00edcii ako <em>Yama-Dharmarad\u017ea<\/em>: tmavomodr\u00e1 alebo \u010dierna hnevliv\u00e1 (wrathful) postava s hlavou buvola, tromi o\u010dami, ohniv\u00fdmi vlasmi a plamennou aureolou.<\/p><p>Kosten\u00e9 ozdoby, suk\u0148a z tigrej ko\u017ee. V ruk\u00e1ch dr\u017e\u00ed lebkov\u00fa misku (kapala), khatvangu (lebkov\u00e9 \u017eezlo), slu\u010dku (pasha) a me\u010d. Jazd\u00ed na \u010diernom buvolovi, ktor\u00fd zo\u0161liapava \u010dloveka. Sprev\u00e1dza ho jeho sestra Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie Yamu v buddhizme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong> V tibetskej Bardo Th\u00f6dol je Yama o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fd ako zjavenie v stave bardo, umieraj\u00faci s\u00fa na toto stretnutie pripravovan\u00ed. V tibetsk\u00fdch \u010dham tancoch predstavuje ritu\u00e1lnu konfront\u00e1ciu so soudcom mrtvych (s dramatick\u00fdmi maskami). V tantrickej praxi je meditovan\u00fd ako ochrann\u00fd jidam. V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dov\u00fdch a mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fdch posmrtn\u00fdch obradoch p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako skryt\u00fd prostredn\u00edk karmy. V Japonsku je ako Enma-\u00d3 centr\u00e1lnou postavou na ka\u017edom buddhistickom cintor\u00edne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrana proti Yamovi v buddhizme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kniha mrtvych, zrkadlo karmy (karma-darpana), me\u010d (khadga), slu\u010dka (pasha), \u010dierny buvol (jazdeck\u00e9 zviera), khatvanga (lebkov\u00e9 \u017eezlo), kapala (lebkov\u00e1 miska), hlava buvola (v tibetskej hnevlivej forme), tretie oko, ohniv\u00e9 vlasy. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 rastliny: \u017eiadne konkr\u00e9tne. Sv\u00e4t\u00fd smer: juh (v indickej trad\u00edcii).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely Yamu v buddhizme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hinduizmus, p\u00f4vod), <em>Yamarad\u017ea<\/em> (hinduizmus\/buddhizmus), <em>Yama-Dharmarad\u017ea<\/em> (Tibet, hnevliv\u00e1 vad\u017eraj\u00e1nov\u00e1 forma), <em>Enma-\u00d3<\/em> (Japonsko), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (K\u00f3rea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (\u010c\u00edna, prv\u00fd z Desiatich pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov), <em>H\u00e1des<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cko), <em>Anubis\/Usir<\/em> (Egypt, sprievodca + soudce), <em>Hel<\/em> (germ\u00e1nska trad\u00edcia), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (azt\u00e9cka trad\u00edcia). Yama je jednou z najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00edch koncepci\u00ed bo\u017estva na svete (od Indie po celej \u00c1zii a\u017e po Japonsko).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktick\u00e1 obrana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly na obranu<\/strong><\/p><p>Buddhistick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Regulovan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> obrany proti Yamovi: recit\u00e1cia dh\u00e1ran\u00ed textov a vz\u00fdvanie b\u00f3dhisattvov v ohrozen\u00fdch okamihoch (proces umierania, z\u00e1\u017eitky bl\u00edzkosti smrti). Oh\u0148ov\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly goma (tibetsk\u00e9 oh\u0148ov\u00e9 obete) s\u00fa namieren\u00e9 proti Yamovmu trestu. Spevov\u00e9 trad\u00edcie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mantry bohov milosrdenstva na zmiernenie Yamov\u00fdch rozsudkov. \u010c\u00ednsko-buddhistick\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 prax: papierov\u00e9 l\u00edstky pri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra na uzmierenie Yamovho soudu.<\/p><p><strong>Zakl\u00ednania a vz\u00fdvania<\/strong><\/p><p>Mantry D\u017eiz\u00f3a (b\u00f3dhisattva pekiel) a vz\u00fdvanie Avalokit\u00e9\u0161varu sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za obranu proti Yamovmu trestu. Recituje sa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> Ve\u013ek\u00e9ho s\u00facitu (karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>). V Tibete: vizualiz\u00e1cia Yamantaky v Guhyasam\u00e1d\u017ea tantre, agres\u00edvne premo\u017eenie Yamu \u201ePremo\u017eite\u013eom d\u00e9monov Yamantakom&#8220;. P\u00f4vodn\u00fd sanskrtsk\u00fd text: \u201eOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8220;.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>Sochy D\u017eiz\u00f3a ako ochrann\u00e9 symboly v \u010d\u00ednsko-japonsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch. Buddhistick\u00fd n\u00e1ramok (mala) so 108 kor\u00e1likmi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Patriaci k stanoven\u00e9mu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu postupu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lne<\/span> sp\u00e1jan\u00fd s uzmieren\u00edm str\u00e1\u017ecov pekiel. Archeologick\u00e9 doklady: buddhistick\u00e9 st\u00e9ly zo 7. storo\u010dia z \u010c\u00edny a K\u00f3rey, ktor\u00e9 stavaj\u00fa Yamovho soudcu proti b\u00f3dhisattvom-z\u00e1chrancom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama v buddhizme, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Buddhistick\u00fd Yama sa podob\u00e1 hinduistick\u00e9mu Yamovi, je v\u0161ak menej \u201esoudce&#8220; a viac \u201estelesnenie z\u00e1kona&#8220;. S kres\u0165anskou smr\u0165ou (<em>Thanatos<\/em> alebo <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) zdie\u013ea neodvratnos\u0165.<\/p><p>V tibetskom kontexte je Yama dharmapala, \u201eochranca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>&#8222;, podobne ako K\u00e1l\u00ed alebo Bhairava v hinduizme. \u010cierna farba a div\u00e1 podoba s\u00fa univerz\u00e1lne pre bohov smrti.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama medzi v\u00e9dskym dedi\u010dstvom a buddhistickou reinterpret\u00e1ciou<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhistick\u00e1 postava Yamu nevznikla samostatne, ale vych\u00e1dza zo star\u0161ej indickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estva<\/span>. Vo v\u00e9dskej Indii, v hymnoch <em>Rigv\u00e9dy<\/em>, je Yama prv\u00fdm \u010dlovekom, ktor\u00fd zomrel, a t\u00fdm sa stal kr\u00e1\u013eom mrtvych, ktor\u00fd na\u0161iel cestu na druh\u00fd svet.<\/p><p>Vl\u00e1dne nad svetlou oblas\u0165ou, kde sa zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa zosnul\u00ed predkovia, a je sk\u00f4r priate\u013esk\u00fdm prij\u00edmate\u013eom mrtvych ne\u017e trestaj\u00facim soudcom.<\/p><p>Buddhizmus prevzal Yamu, ale v\u00fdrazne zmenil jeho funkciu. V buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o usporiadan\u00ed a poriadku svetu v r\u00e1mci kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gii<\/span> sa Yama st\u00e1va p\u00e1nom podsvetia a soudcom, ktor\u00fd rozhoduje o znovuzroden\u00ed zosnul\u00fdch, najm\u00e4 o tom, kto sa dostane do pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p><p>Tento posun od prij\u00edmate\u013ea bla\u017een\u00fdch k soudcovi vinn\u00edkov s\u00favis\u00ed s \u00fastrednou buddhistickou naukou o <em>karme<\/em>: osud po smrti vypl\u00fdva z \u010dinov a Yama sa st\u00e1va in\u0161tanciou, ktor\u00e1 t\u00fato s\u00favislos\u0165 zastupuje.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je religionistick\u00fd poznatok, \u017ee Yama v striktnom buddhistickom ch\u00e1pan\u00ed nes\u00fadi svojvo\u013ene. Texty opakovane zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa, \u017ee samotn\u00e1 <em>karma<\/em> ur\u010duje znovuzrodenie a Yama zosnul\u00e9mu sk\u00f4r predklad\u00e1 jeho vlastn\u00e9 skutky.<\/p><p>Zn\u00e1me podobenstvo z <em>Devaduta Sutty<\/em> P\u00e1li k\u00e1nonu ukazuje, ako Yama zosnul\u00e9mu predstavuje bo\u017esk\u00fdch poslov, starobu, chorobu a smr\u0165, a p\u00fdta sa, \u010di si tieto varovania nev\u0161imol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama v tibetskom buddhizme a koleso \u017eivota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V tibetskom buddhizme dosiahol Yama osobitne v\u00fdrazn\u00fa ikonografick\u00fa a ritu\u00e1lnu d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165. Tu sa objavuje naj\u010dastej\u0161ie ako <em>Shinje<\/em>, v hr\u00f4zostra\u0161nej podobe, s hlavou byka, plamenn\u00fdm vencom a atrib\u00fatmi soudcu nad mrtvymi, \u010dasto stojaci na b\u00fdkovi.<\/p><p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zn\u00e1me je jeho zobrazenie na tzv. Kolese \u017eivota, <em>Bhavachakre<\/em>. Na tejto ve\u013emi roz\u0161\u00edrenej obrazovej kompoz\u00edcii, ktor\u00e1 zdob\u00ed vstupn\u00e9 priestory mnoh\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torov, dr\u017e\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00e1, zubami vyplazen\u00e1 bytos\u0165 koleso \u0161iestich oblast\u00ed bytia v paz\u00faroch a zuboch.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to zvieraj\u00faca bytos\u0165 sa obvykle interpretuje ako Yama, ako zosobnenie pominute\u013enosti a smrti, ktor\u00fdm podliehaj\u00fa v\u0161etky podmienen\u00e9 formy existencie. Obraz vyjadruje u\u010denie, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 oblas\u0165 znovuzrodenia, vr\u00e1tane nebies, podlieha smrti a teda Yamovmu zovretiu.<\/p><p>Okrem toho pozn\u00e1 tibetsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia meditat\u00edvnu podobu Yamantaku, ktor\u00e9ho meno znamen\u00e1 premo\u017eite\u013e Yamy alebo ten, \u010do ukon\u010duje smr\u0165. Yamantaka je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za hnevliv\u00fa prejavov\u00fa formu b\u00f3dhisattvu Manju\u0161r\u00edho a symbolizuje m\u00fadros\u0165, ktor\u00e1 prem\u00e1ha samu smr\u0165.<\/p><p>V tejto kon\u0161tel\u00e1cii sa prejavuje ambivalentn\u00e9 postavenie Yamy: je p\u00e1nom smrti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 mocou, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 prekonan\u00e1 v procese osvietenia. V\u00fdskum vid\u00ed v bohatej tibetskej Yamovej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazovom obsahu a jeho v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> spojenie indick\u00fdch predl\u00f4h s miestnymi tibetsk\u00fdmi predstavami o horsk\u00fdch a posmrtn\u00fdch bo\u017estv\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama v \u00c1zii: Od indick\u00e9ho boha k pekeln\u00e9mu soudcovi Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm buddhizmu do \u010c\u00edny, K\u00f3rey a Japonska sa Yama presunul aj tam a bol hlboko zapracovan\u00fd do miestnych predst\u00e1v o z\u00e1hrob\u00ed. V \u010c\u00edne sa indick\u00e1 postava spojila s predstavami o byrokraticky organizovanom podsvet\u00ed a stal sa z neho Yanluo Wang, kr\u00e1\u013e Yanluo, jeden z desiatich pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd vedie jeden podsvetn\u00fd s\u00fad.<\/p><p>T\u00fdchto Desa\u0165 kr\u00e1\u013eov podsvetia sk\u00fa\u0161a zosnul\u00fdch v postupn\u00fdch instanci\u00e1ch a mrtvy ich prech\u00e1dza jedn\u00e9ho po druhom, ne\u017e sa rozhodne o jeho \u010fal\u0161ej existencii. Yanluo Wang v tomto syst\u00e9me zvy\u010dajne zast\u00e1va postavenie piateho kr\u00e1\u013ea. Cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m odzrkad\u013euje sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s pozemskou \u00faradn\u00edckou hierarchiou, s registrami, rozsudkami a trestami.<\/p><p>V Japonsku bola t\u00e1to postava prevzat\u00e1 ako Enma alebo Enma-\u00f3, v K\u00f3rei ako Yeomra. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157766\">Enma<\/a> je v japonskom \u013eudovom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve dobre zn\u00e1ma postava, \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00e1 so za\u010dervenanou tv\u00e1rou, s\u00fadnou pokr\u00fdvkou hlavy a p\u00edsacou tabu\u013ekou alebo zrkadlom, v ktorom sa zjavuj\u00fa skutky zosnul\u00e9ho.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej viazanosti sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionistika<\/span> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00e9 podoby id\u00fa v\u00fdrazne nad r\u00e1mec indickej predlohy a Yama sa tam stal pevnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou popul\u00e1rnych predst\u00e1v o z\u00e1hrob\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa buddhistick\u00e9, taoistick\u00e9 a \u013eudovo-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 elementy. Premena od v\u00e9dskej svetelnej postavy cez indicko-buddhistick\u00e9ho soudcu a\u017e po v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00e9ho pekeln\u00e9ho byrokrata je u\u010debnicov\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho kult\u00farneho transferu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157760\">Yama (hinduizmus), kore\u0148<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157711\">Yamaraja, pr\u00edbuzn\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157766\">Enma-\u00f3, japonsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157769\">Yeomra, k\u00f3rejsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157764\">Yanluo, \u010d\u00ednska forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\">Buddhizmus, preh\u013ead pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157701\">Bo\u017estva mrtvych, podkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (mnoh\u00e9 preklady, napr. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Buddhizmus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Buddhistick\u00fd boh smrti a karmick\u00fd sudca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama v buddhizme: hlava b\u00fdka, sudca bardo a presadzovanie karmy. Jeho \u00faloha v Tibetskej knihe m\u0155tvych, Bardo Thodol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157768","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama \u2013 Buddhistick\u00fd boh smrti a karmick\u00fd sudca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama v buddhizme: hlava b\u00fdka, sudca bardo a presadzovanie karmy. 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