{"id":157767,"date":"2026-09-04T22:17:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157767"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:41:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:41:49","slug":"nefritovy-cisar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/nefritovy-cisar\/","title":{"rendered":"Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157767\" class=\"elementor elementor-157767 elementor-2014 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang, boh \u010d\u00ednskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang je boh \u010d\u00ednskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r, p\u00e1n neba a zeme, kozmick\u00fd spr\u00e1vca.<\/strong><\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 sa orientuje na Dao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoizme<\/span> je Yuhuang Shangdi nefritov\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom a najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi kompetenciami, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157635\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednske bo\u017estv\u00e1, duchovia a \u013eudov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, taoistick\u00e9, budhistick\u00e9, konfuci\u00e1nske.\">\u010c\u00edna<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157699\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bohovia pante\u00f3nu, kozmick\u00e1 suverenita, tvoriv\u00fd alebo vl\u00e1dnuci aspekt.\">Vysok\u00e9 bo\u017estvo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159953\" alt=\"Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r - bohovia z \u010d\u00ednskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1tky profil: Yuhuang<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> \u010c\u00ednske hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u00e1n neba (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 sa orientuje na Dao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoizmus<\/span>, \u013eudov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo)<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 sa orientuje na Dao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoizmus<\/span>, \u010d\u00ednske \u013eudov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo<br>Funkcia: Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dca neba, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edk nebesk\u00e9ho dvora, spr\u00e1vca osudu<br>Hlavn\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: koruna mian s nefritov\u00fdmi perlov\u00fdmi \u0161n\u00farami, \u017elt\u00fd drakov\u00fd r\u00facho, nefritov\u00e9 \u017eezlo<br>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: v ka\u017edom \u010d\u00ednskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 sa orientuje na Dao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoistickom<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span>, Yuhuang Ge v Pingyao, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> neba v Pekingu<br>Synonymum: Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r (pozri samostatn\u00fa str\u00e1nku jade-kaiser)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang (\u010d\u00edn. <em>Y\u00f9 Hu\u00e1ng D\u00e0d\u00ec<\/em>, \u201eNefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r, ve\u013ek\u00fd panovn\u00edk\u201c) sa vyv\u00edja v dynastii Tang (7.\u201310. storo\u010die n. l.) a z\u00edskava kanonick\u00fd status za vl\u00e1dy cis\u00e1ra Zhenzonga z dynastie Song (za\u010diatok 11. storo\u010dia). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Yuhuanga je teologickou konsolid\u00e1ciou \u010d\u00ednskeho pante\u00f3nu: v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 mu podliehaj\u00fa ako nebesk\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edci.<\/p><p>Hlavn\u00e9 rozkvety uctievania Yuhuanga: dynastie Song a\u017e Qing. Dnes je st\u00e1le centr\u00e1lny v ka\u017edom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 sa orientuje na Dao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoistickom<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span> a v \u010d\u00ednskom \u013eudovom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve; jeho narodeninov\u00e1 sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 9. de\u0148 \u010d\u00ednskeho nov\u00e9ho roka je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch taoistick\u00fdch sviatkov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: taoisticky pr\u00edtomn\u00fd v ka\u017edom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span>. \u0160peci\u00e1lne sv\u00e4tyne: <strong>Yuhuang Ge<\/strong> v Pingyao (Shanxi), <strong>Yuhuang Miao<\/strong> na hore Tai (jedna z piatich sv\u00e4t\u00fdch h\u00f4r \u010c\u00edny), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> Yuhuang v Pekingu, \u0160anghaji, Hong Kongu, Singapure.<\/p><p>V cis\u00e1rskej \u010c\u00edne bol <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1m<\/span> neba<\/strong> v Pekingu (postaven\u00fd 1420) najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultov\u00fdm<\/span> miestom, iba cis\u00e1r mohol tam obetova\u0165 najvy\u0161\u0161iemu nebu. Medzin\u00e1rodne je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd v ka\u017edej \u010d\u00ednskej diasp\u00f3rnej komunite s taoistick\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centr\u00e1lne pramene: <em>Y\u00f9 Hu\u00e1ng B\u011bny\u00ed J\u012bng<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a budhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> Nefritov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra, kanonick\u00fd text), zbierka Daozang (taoistick\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva uzn\u00e1van\u00fd ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span>), cis\u00e1rske edikty dynastie Song. Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara: Werner, <em>Myths and Legends of China<\/em>; Kohn, <em>Daoism Handbook<\/em>; Schipper, <em>The Taoist Body<\/em>; Bokenkamp, <em>Early Daoist Scriptures<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi je zobrazovan\u00fd ako d\u00f4stojn\u00fd, stredn\u00e9ho a\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ieho veku mu\u017e, oble\u010den\u00fd v cis\u00e1rskych \u010derven\u00fdch alebo zlat\u00fdch hodv\u00e1bnych r\u00fachach, s perlovou korunou a \u017eezlom. Jeho tv\u00e1r je spravodliv\u00e1, nie hnevliv\u00e1, ale autoritat\u00edvna. Sed\u00ed na tr\u00f3ne vo svojom nebeskom \u00farade, obklopen\u00fd zvitkami a administrat\u00edvnymi n\u00e1strojmi, nie zbra\u0148ami \u010di umeleck\u00fdmi dielami, ale dokumentmi podobn\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010detn\u00fdm knih\u00e1m o karme a osude.<\/p><p>Nefritov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> odkazuje na metafyzick\u00fa kvalitu: nefrit je v \u010c\u00edne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> \u017eivota, \u010distoty, nezni\u010dite\u013enosti. Symbolmi s\u00fa cis\u00e1rsky drak, perzsk\u00fd vzor a nebesk\u00e9 ins\u00edgnie. Umelecky je \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd so svoj\u00edm vl\u00e1dnym sprievodom, podriaden\u00fdmi bohmi, sekret\u00e1rkami, pis\u00e1rmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristick\u00e9 rysy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi vl\u00e1dne v\u0161etk\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u00e1m, duchom a nebesiam spr\u00e1vy. Pod n\u00edm s\u00fa \u0161pecializovan\u00ed bohovia, boh vlhkosti, boh lesa, boh ka\u017edej dediny. Pozemsk\u00fd cis\u00e1r vl\u00e1dne na z\u00e1klade svojho poverenia (<em>Tianming<\/em>). \u013dudia sa m\u00f4\u017eu modli\u0165 k Nefritov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi za zmenu osudu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pris\u013e\u00fabenie priazne a ochrany, \u010dasto v pevnej jazykovej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u017eehnanie<\/span> pre \u00farodu alebo rodinu. Na rozdiel od in\u00fdch bohov sa to deje form\u00e1lne, bez d\u00f4vernej bl\u00edzkosti.<\/p><p>Sviatok narodenia Nefritov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra \u00f4smeho d\u0148a prv\u00e9ho lun\u00e1rneho mesiaca je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch \u013eudov\u00fdch sviatkov \u010c\u00edny: oh\u0148ostroj, procesie, olt\u00e1re s \u010derven\u00fdmi papierov\u00fdmi peniazmi. K Nefritov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi sa pristupuje s re\u0161pektom, podobne ako sa \u010dlovek pokorne spr\u00e1va pred pozemsk\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom. Jeho rozhodnutia s\u00fa najz\u00e1sadnej\u0161ie pre \u013eudsk\u00fd \u017eivot: kedy sa \u010dlovek znovu narod\u00ed, s akou karmou, pod ak\u00fdm s\u00fahvezd\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yuhuang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Yuhuanga na jeden poh\u013ead. Nasleduj\u00face polia zh\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa p\u00f4vod, funkciu, zobrazenie, uctievanie, symboly a kult\u00farne paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang vznik\u00e1 v dynastii Tang ako teologick\u00e9 zjednotenie \u010d\u00ednskeho pante\u00f3nu. Pod\u013ea mytologickej trad\u00edcie je synom r\u00ed\u0161skeho str\u00e1\u017eneho ducha a Bao Yue Guang Wang Mu (Matky stvorenia); v jednej z rann\u00fdch dynasti\u00ed sa vtelil ako princ Y\u00f9, vzdal sa svojho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, aby sa stal ask\u00e9tom, a po mili\u00f3noch rokov medit\u00e1cie dosiahol najvy\u0161\u0161ie nebesk\u00e9 postavenie.<\/p><p>Man\u017eelka: Wang Mu Niang Niang (Kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 matka Z\u00e1padu). Otec Yang Jiana a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch polobohov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahuje sa na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nebesk\u00fd vl\u00e1dca a najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spr\u00e1vca kozmick\u00e9ho \u00faradn\u00edckeho apar\u00e1tu. V\u0161etci bohovia a d\u00e9moni s\u00fa mu podriaden\u00ed. Ude\u013euje a odn\u00edma bo\u017esk\u00e9 \u00farady, zvol\u00e1va zhroma\u017edenia, sleduje \u013eudsk\u00fd svet prostredn\u00edctvom svojich \u00faradn\u00edkov. V \u013eudovom kulte je adres\u00e1tom prosebn\u00fdch pet\u00edci\u00ed ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek druhu, obvykle v\u0161ak prostredn\u00edctvom miestnych ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch bohov (napr. boha mesta, boha zeme) ako sprostredkovate\u013eov. Osobne je vz\u00fdvan\u00fd len v najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch n\u00fadzov\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang je zobrazovan\u00fd ako cis\u00e1rsky dvorn\u00fd vl\u00e1dca v staro\u010d\u00ednskom odeve: <em>korun\u0430 mian<\/em> (vysok\u00e1 hranat\u00e1 koruna so zvisaj\u00facimi \u0161n\u00farami nefritov\u00fdch per\u00e1l), \u017elt\u00e9 alebo zlato\u017elt\u00e9 <em>drakov\u00e9 r\u00facho<\/em> (imperi\u00e1lny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>), <em>nefritov\u00e9 \u017eezlo<\/em> (gui), f\u00fazy, mierne a\u017e stroh\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy tv\u00e1re. Tr\u00f3nuje na n\u00e1dhernom dra\u010dom tr\u00f3ne v s\u00e1le najvy\u0161\u0161ieho nebies, obklopen\u00fd bohmi-\u00faradn\u00edkmi. V obrazov\u00fdch zobrazeniach v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1moch<\/span> je \u010dasto monument\u00e1lne zobrazen\u00fd v centr\u00e1lnej cele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong> Yuhuang je uctievan\u00fd v ka\u017edom \u010d\u00ednskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u010c\u00ednska n\u00e1bo\u017eensko-filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia zameran\u00e1 na Tao, cestu.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoistickom<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1me<\/span>. Jeho narodeniny 9. de\u0148 \u010d\u00ednskeho nov\u00e9ho roka (od polovice do konca janu\u00e1ra\/febru\u00e1ra) s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch taoistick\u00fdch sviatkov, s dramatick\u00fdmi prosebn\u00fdmi procesiami a obetn\u00fdmi darmi.<\/p><p>V osobnom dom\u00e1com kulte je typick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo vz\u00fdvaj\u00face oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> na Nov\u00fd rok a v de\u0148 jeho naroden\u00edn. Kr\u00e1li tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednskeho svet\u0430 (aj v K\u00f3rei a Vietname) sa pova\u017eovali za jeho z\u00e1stupcov na zemi, \u010do bola <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span>, ktor\u00e1 sa politicky vyjadrovala v Mand\u00e1te neba (<em>Tianming<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Koruna mian so \u0161n\u00farami nefritov\u00fdch per\u00e1l, \u017elt\u00e9 drakov\u00e9 r\u00facho, nefritov\u00e9 \u017eezlo (gui), dra\u010d\u00ed tr\u00f3n, f\u00fazy, cis\u00e1rske ins\u00edgnie. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1: drak (najm\u00e4 \u017elt\u00fd drak), f\u00e9nix. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 rastliny: brosky\u0148a (brosky\u0148a nesmrte\u013enosti jeho man\u017eelky), pivonka. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 9 (cis\u00e1rske \u010d\u00edslo).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r<\/em> (samostatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednska str\u00e1nka), <em>Tian \/ Shangdi<\/em> (predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca \u010d\u00ednska koncepcia najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha), <em>Brahman<\/em> (hinduizmus, najvy\u0161\u0161ie bytie), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mezopot\u00e1mia, boh neba), <em>Uranos<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cko, prvotn\u00e9 nebo), <em>Tian-Hou<\/em> (Mazu, \u201enebesk\u00e1 kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1\u201c), <em>Mahabrahma<\/em> (buddhizmus, najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed svetov\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edk). Funk\u010dne: ka\u017ed\u00fd najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed boh, ktor\u00fd vedie kozmick\u00fa \u00faradn\u00edcku hierarchiu, zdie\u013ea aspekty Yuhuanga. Cis\u00e1rska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> rob\u00ed z Yuhuanga jedine\u010dn\u00fa postavu, je nebesk\u00fdm zrkadlom \u010d\u00ednskeho cis\u00e1rskeho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana v be\u017enom \u017eivote<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly na odvr\u00e1tenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r je v \u010d\u00ednskom \u013eudovom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm garantom nebesk\u00e9ho poriadku, nie postavou, pred ktorou by sa bolo treba chr\u00e1ni\u0165. Zaobch\u00e1dzanie s n\u00edm sa preto riadi logikou uctievania: 9. de\u0148 prv\u00e9ho lun\u00e1rneho mesiaca oslavuj\u00fa chr\u00e1my a dom\u00e1cnosti jeho narodeniny kadidlom, obetn\u00fdmi darmi a modlitbami. Kto re\u0161pektuje jeho autoritu, h\u013ead\u00e1 t\u00fdm s\u00fa\u010dasne ochranu pred ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi duchmi, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa podriaden\u00ed jeho nebeskej spr\u00e1ve.<\/p><p><strong>Zakl\u00ednania<\/strong><\/p><p>V be\u017enom \u017eivote sa s Nefritov\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom stret\u00e1vame najm\u00e4 prostredn\u00edctvom dom\u00e1cich olt\u00e1rov a n\u00e1v\u0161tev chr\u00e1mov, kde sa zapa\u013euj\u00fa vonn\u00e9 ty\u010dinky a obetuj\u00fa plody alebo \u010daj. V \u010dasti ju\u017enej \u010c\u00edny a v hokkienskej trad\u00edcii Taiwanu a juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie sa jeho narodeninov\u00fd sviatok Bai Tian Gong pova\u017euje za jeden z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch term\u00ednov obradn\u00e9ho roka. Tak\u00e9to obrady sl\u00fa\u017eia menej odvr\u00e1teniu boha samotn\u00e9ho a viac udr\u017eiavaniu usporiadan\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu k nebesiam.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>V taoistickej predstave vedie Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r nebesk\u00fa byrokraciu, ktor\u00e1 zaznamen\u00e1va osud \u013eud\u00ed a udr\u017eiava duchovn\u00e9 bytosti v hraniciach. \u013dudov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 prax sa preto zameriava na to, aby bola v\u010faka spr\u00e1vnemu chovaniu a obet\u00e1m dobre zap\u00edsan\u00e1 v tejto spr\u00e1ve. Zn\u00e1my je zvyk okolo boha kuchyne Zaojuna, ktor\u00fd pred nov\u00fdm rokom pod\u00e1va Nefritov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi spr\u00e1vu o ka\u017edej dom\u00e1cnosti a preto sa mu pred t\u00fdmto d\u0148om prin\u00e1\u0161a sladk\u00e9 obete, aby bol priaznivo naladen\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi sa podob\u00e1 na z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Boha (kozmick\u00fd spr\u00e1vny autoritat\u00edvca), na ptolemaiovsky poriadkotvorn\u00e9ho Zea vl\u00e1dnuceho nad kozmom a na indick\u00e9ho Brahmu (stvorite\u013ea-administr\u00e1tora, nie v\u0161ak najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha). Na rozdiel od Boha alebo Brahmy v\u0161ak Yuhuang stoj\u00ed pod Sanqing; nie je absol\u00fatne poslednou instanciou.<\/p><p>S japonskou Amaterasu sp\u00e1ja Yuhuanga cis\u00e1rska legitimiza\u010dn\u00e1 \u00faloha a centr\u00e1lne postavenie. S r\u00edmskym Jupiterom nadvl\u00e1da nad nebom. Jedine\u010dn\u00fd je jeho administrat\u00edvny charakter: je predov\u0161etk\u00fdm bohom kozmickej byrokracie, menej bohom hromu alebo l\u00e1sky. To je typicky daoistick\u00e9: spiritualita prostredn\u00edctvom poriadku, nie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd smer zameran\u00fd na bezprostredn\u00fa sk\u00fasenos\u0165 Boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystiky<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c25837 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c25837\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp642e179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp642e179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzostup k Jadeov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi: neskor\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra v pante\u00f3ne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7175be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa7175be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33693d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33693d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r (<em>Yuhuang Dadi<\/em>, \u201eVzne\u0161en\u00fd Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r\u201c) patr\u00ed, napriek svojmu dne\u0161n\u00e9mu v\u00fdsadn\u00e9mu postaveniu, k relat\u00edvne mlad\u00fdm postav\u00e1m \u010d\u00ednskeho nebesk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu.<\/p><p>V klasick\u00fdch textoch z doby Han e\u0161te ch\u00fdba; star\u0161iu vrstvu daoistick\u00fdch najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch bohov tvoria postavy ako <em>Yuanshi Tianzun<\/em> (\u201eNebesk\u00fd cten\u00fd Prvotn\u00e9ho po\u010diatku\u201c) a trojjedinos\u0165 <em>Sanqing<\/em>. Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r sa v\u00fdrazne presadzuje a\u017e v obdob\u00ed Tang a najm\u00e4 v obdob\u00ed Song.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00facu \u00falohu zohralo cis\u00e1rske podporovanie. Cis\u00e1r Zhenzong z dynastie Song udelil Jadeov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi v rokoch 1012 a znovu 1015 \u00faradn\u00e9 titulys a zaradil ho tak do \u0161t\u00e1tneho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>. Cis\u00e1r Huizong v tejto politike pokra\u010doval.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum v tom vid\u00ed proces, v ktorom si pozemsk\u00fd cis\u00e1rsky dvor vytvoril nebesk\u00fd obraz vlastn\u00e9ho poriadku: Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r vl\u00e1dne kozmu tak, ako m\u00e1 Syn neba vl\u00e1dnu\u0165 r\u00ed\u0161i, s \u00faradn\u00edckym apar\u00e1tom, audienciami a podaniami.<\/p><p>Toto zl\u00fa\u010denie \u013eudov\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, daoistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a o viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gie<\/span> a \u0161t\u00e1tneho kultu vysvet\u013euje dvojak\u00fa povahu tejto postavy. Pre daoistick\u00e9 \u0161koly zostal Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r podriaden\u00fd najvy\u0161\u0161iemu <em>Sanqing<\/em>, teda vzne\u0161en\u00fdm, ale nie prvotn\u00fdm bohom.<\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eenskos\u0165 \u017eit\u00e1 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, \u010dasto popri ofici\u00e1lnej n\u00e1uke.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u013eudovej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti<\/span> sa naopak stal skuto\u010dn\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcom neba, zeme a podsvetia, ktor\u00e9mu sa musia zodpoveda\u0165 v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1. Toto nap\u00e4tie medzi u\u010den\u00fdm a popul\u00e1rnym po\u0148at\u00edm pretrv\u00e1va a\u017e do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti a je d\u00f4vodom, pre\u010do sa popisy jeho postavenia pod\u013ea jednotliv\u00fdch prame\u0148ov v\u00fdrazne l\u00ed\u0161ia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43a3714 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43a3714\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd85b912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd85b912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nebesk\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edcky \u0161t\u00e1t: kozmol\u00f3gia a model spr\u00e1vy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3056a25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3056a25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp95b9f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp95b9f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predstavy o Jadeovom cis\u00e1rovi s\u00fa preniknut\u00e9 byrokratick\u00fdm poriadkom \u010d\u00ednskej cis\u00e1rskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Nebo sa jav\u00ed ako spr\u00e1va s ministerstvami, registrami a kari\u00e9rnym postupom, nie ako abstraktn\u00e9 miesto. Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r sed\u00ed na jej vrchole, obklopen\u00fd dvorn\u00fdmi \u00faradn\u00edkmi, a v stanoven\u00fdch term\u00ednoch prij\u00edma spr\u00e1vy podriaden\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.<\/p><p>Osobitne \u00fazke je spojenie s <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158015\">bohom kuchyne<\/a> (<em>Zaojun<\/em>), ktor\u00fd s\u00eddli v ka\u017edej dom\u00e1cnosti a raz do roka, kr\u00e1tko pred novoro\u010dn\u00fdmi sviatkami, vystupuje k Jadeov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi, aby podal spr\u00e1vu o spr\u00e1van\u00ed rodiny.<\/p><p>Aj mestsk\u00fd boh (<em>Chenghuang<\/em>) a zemsk\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 (<em>Tudigong<\/em>) s\u00fa zapojen\u00e9 do tejto hierarchie: funguj\u00fa ako miestni \u00faradn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed hl\u00e1sia nahor a odtia\u013e dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa pr\u00edkazy.<\/p><p>D\u013a\u017eka \u017eivota a osud \u013eud\u00ed s\u00fa veden\u00e9 v nebesk\u00fdch registroch. Bo\u017estv\u00e1 ako Ju\u017en\u00fd a Severn\u00fd Hviezdny p\u00e1n spr\u00e1vcuj\u00fa narodenie a smr\u0165. Kto si z\u00edska z\u00e1sluhy, m\u00f4\u017ee pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch textov post\u00fapi\u0165 v posmrtnom apar\u00e1te; zbo\u017estven\u00ed \u013eudia dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00farady. Tento model n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej kari\u00e9ry odr\u00e1\u017ea spolo\u010densk\u00fa realitu cis\u00e1rskych \u00faradn\u00edckych sk\u00fa\u0161ok.<\/p><p>Z religionistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska bol tento komplex, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u201ecelestial bureaucracy\u201c, d\u00f4kladne sk\u00faman\u00fd, okrem in\u00e9ho v pr\u00e1cach C. K. Yanga a nesk\u00f4r Stephana Feuchtwanga. Z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 poznanie znie: \u010d\u00ednsky nebesk\u00fd pante\u00f3n nie je svojvo\u013en\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn bohov nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3nom<\/span>, ale syst\u00e9mom usporiadan\u00fdm pod\u013ea p\u00f4sobnost\u00ed, v ktorom Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r zast\u00e1va \u00falohu najvy\u0161\u0161ieho vl\u00e1dcu, bez toho, aby zasahoval do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho detailu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa42b1fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa42b1fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8af1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c8af1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chr\u00e1my, v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 diela a sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 deviateho d\u0148a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp467d4b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp467d4b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc06af4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc06af4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazovom obsahu a jeho v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> je Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r takmer v\u017edy zobrazovan\u00fd ako panovn\u00edk sediaci na tr\u00f3ne, oble\u010den\u00fd v cis\u00e1rskom r\u00fachu. Nos\u00ed <em>mianfu<\/em>, obradn\u00e9 r\u00facho, a na hlave <em>mianguan<\/em>, ploch\u00fa korunu s visiacimi \u0161n\u00farami per\u00e1l, ktor\u00e1 bola vyhraden\u00e1 len \u010d\u00ednskemu cis\u00e1rovi.<\/p><p>V ruk\u00e1ch \u010dasto dr\u017e\u00ed audien\u010dn\u00fa tabu\u013eku (<em>hu<\/em>). Toto zobrazenie vizu\u00e1lne zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje jeho zrovnopr\u00e1vnenie s pozemsk\u00fdm panovn\u00edkom.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1my<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prostredn\u00edctvom n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho \u00fakonu odovzdan\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu, a t\u00fdm vy\u0148at\u00e9 z be\u017en\u00e9ho sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9<\/span> Jadeov\u00e9mu cis\u00e1rovi, nes\u00fa \u010dasto men\u00e1 ako <em>Yuhuang Gong<\/em> alebo <em>Tiangong<\/em> (\u201eNebesk\u00fd pal\u00e1c\u201c). Zn\u00e1me komplexy sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na Taiwane, napr\u00edklad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Tiangong v Tainane, a aj na \u010d\u00ednskej pevnine.<\/p><p>Okrem toho m\u00e1 Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r vo viacer\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch komplexoch vlastn\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mal\u00e9 sv\u00e4t\u00e9 miesto ulo\u017eenia alebo modlitby.\" tabindex=\"0\">sv\u00e4ty\u0148u<\/span> alebo vlastn\u00fa sie\u0148, aj ke\u010f je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd in\u00fdm bo\u017estv\u00e1m.<\/p><p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm sviatkom je deviaty de\u0148 prv\u00e9ho mesiaca lun\u00e1rneho kalend\u00e1ra, ktor\u00fd sa pova\u017euje za narodeniny Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra. V hokkiensk\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 na Taiwane a v juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii, sa sl\u00e1vi ako <em>Pai Ti Kong<\/em>.<\/p><p>Uctievanie sa za\u010d\u00edna u\u017e v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu noc: rodiny stavaj\u00fa olt\u00e1re, obetuj\u00fa cukrov\u00fa trstinu, ktor\u00e1 pod\u013ea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vzdel\u00e1vacie rozpr\u00e1vanie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou o \u017eivote sv\u00e4t\u00fdch.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendy<\/span> kedysi poskytla Hokkienom ochranu pred prenasledovate\u013emi, a prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa \u010daj, ovocie a vonn\u00e9 ty\u010dinky. Ke\u010f\u017ee Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r sa pova\u017euje za pr\u00edli\u0161 vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho na to, aby bol uctievan\u00fd priamo m\u00e4som, prevl\u00e1daj\u00fa vegetari\u00e1nske obety a symbolick\u00e9 papierov\u00e9 obety.<\/p><p>Slamen\u00e9 roho\u017ee, na ktor\u00fdch sa k\u013eak\u00e1, a ritu\u00e1lne poradie \u00faklonov s\u00fa region\u00e1lne kodifikovan\u00e9 r\u00f4zne. Etnografick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie t\u00fdchto sviatkov, napr\u00edklad zo Singapuru a Penangu, ukazuj\u00fa, ako silno je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> viazan\u00fd na konkr\u00e9tne migra\u010dn\u00e9 dejiny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33506fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp33506fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp008cad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp008cad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r v rom\u00e1ne, opere a modernej z\u00e1bave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfbc1a9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfbc1a9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd86d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdd86d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Okrem n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej praxe je Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r aj pevne zakotvenou liter\u00e1rnou postavou. V rom\u00e1ne <em>Cesta na z\u00e1pad<\/em> (<em>Xiyou ji<\/em>, 16. storo\u010die) vystupuje ako najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dca neba, ktor\u00e9ho dvor vzb\u00fari opi\u010d\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158016\">Sun Wukong<\/a>.<\/p><p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee rom\u00e1n nezobrazuje Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra ako v\u0161emoh\u00faceho: mus\u00ed privola\u0165 na pomoc Buddhu, aby opicu skrotil. Toto pol satirick\u00e9 zobrazenie dodnes formuje jeho \u013eudov\u00fd obraz.<\/p><p>V klasickom \u010d\u00ednskom divadle a v pekinskej opere sa Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r pravidelne objavuje v hr\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 dramatizuj\u00fa epiz\u00f3dy z <em>Xiyou ji<\/em> alebo z <em>Investit\u00fary bohov<\/em> (<em>Fengshen yanyi<\/em>). Jeho javiskov\u00e1 rola je rolou d\u00f4stojn\u00e9ho, mierne odmeran\u00e9ho panovn\u00edka.<\/p><p>V modernej dobe t\u00e1to trad\u00edcia pokra\u010duje. Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r sa objavuje v animovan\u00fdch filmoch, telev\u00edznych seri\u00e1loch, komiksoch a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch, v \u010c\u00ednskej \u013eudovej republike rovnako ako v z\u00e1padnej popkult\u00fare, ktor\u00e1 \u010derp\u00e1 z <em>Cesty na z\u00e1pad<\/em>. Postava je pri tom \u010dasto zredukovan\u00e1 na bezmocn\u00e9ho byrokrata, ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed v ceste vzdoruj\u00facemu hrdinovi.<\/p><p>Pre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veda, ktor\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom a bez n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej viazanosti sk\u00fama n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionistiku<\/span> je toto zistenie ve\u013emi v\u00fdpovedn\u00e9: liter\u00e1rna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcia<\/span> a \u017eiv\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania bo\u017estva alebo sv\u00e4tej postavy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> existuj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasne, jeden ved\u013ea druh\u00e9ho. Kto v deviaty de\u0148 prv\u00e9ho mesiaca obetuje Nebesk\u00e9mu pal\u00e1cu, uctieva vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho panovn\u00edka; kto \u010d\u00edta rom\u00e1n, stret\u00e1va sa s postavou zobrazenou s ir\u00f3niou. Oba obrazy patria k dejin\u00e1m vn\u00edmania tejto postavy a nemali by sa proti sebe stava\u0165.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf23c7e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf23c7e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp38c99b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp38c99b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stav pramenov: odkia\u013e poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na\u0161e poznatky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0970a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0970a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ce3203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6ce3203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kto chce Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra uchopi\u0165 historicky, mus\u00ed rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi viacer\u00fdmi textov\u00fdmi vrstvami. Najstar\u0161ie doklady o vzne\u0161enom nebeskom vl\u00e1dcovi tohto mena poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z daoistick\u00fdch spisov z \u010dias dynastie Tang. Rozhoduj\u00faci impulz prich\u00e1dza z dvorn\u00fdch dokumentov z \u010dias dynastie Song, ktor\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa ude\u013eovanie titulov cis\u00e1rom Zhenzongom; tie sa zachovali v dynastick\u00fdch historick\u00fdch dielach.<\/p><p>Popri tom stoj\u00ed daoistick\u00e1 literat\u00fara zhroma\u017eden\u00e1 v <em>Daozang<\/em>, daoistickom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uzn\u00e1van\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span>. Tu sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa liturgie, invok\u00e1cie a teologick\u00e9 zaradenia, ktor\u00e9 Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa do syst\u00e9mu vysok\u00fdch bo\u017estiev. Tieto texty sa \u010dasto \u0165a\u017eko datuj\u00fa a predpokladaj\u00fa liturgick\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 znalosti.<\/p><p>Tretiu vrstvu tvor\u00ed narat\u00edvna literat\u00fara z \u010dias dynastie Ming, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm <em>Xiyou ji<\/em> a <em>Fengshen yanyi<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 silne formovali popul\u00e1rny obraz, ale nie s\u00fa teologick\u00fdmi prame\u0148mi v \u00fazkom zmysle. Napokon modern\u00e1 etnografia, napr\u00edklad ter\u00e9nne v\u00fdskumy k taiwansk\u00e9mu a juhov\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00e9mu \u013eudov\u00e9mu daoizmu, poskytuje materi\u00e1l o \u017eitej praxi.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum vyz\u00fdva k opatrnosti: mnoh\u00e9 z toho, \u010do sa v popul\u00e1rnych zobrazeniach prezentuje ako star\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed o bohoch danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gia<\/span>, napr\u00edklad podrobn\u00e9 legendy o naroden\u00ed Jadeov\u00e9ho cis\u00e1ra, je liter\u00e1rne neskor\u00e1 alebo region\u00e1lne obmedzen\u00e1.<\/p><p>Vecn\u00e9 kon\u0161tatovanie znie tak, \u017ee Jadeov\u00fd cis\u00e1r je postava, ktor\u00e1 sa konsolidovala v priebehu stredoveku a jej profil vych\u00e1dza zo s\u00fa\u010dinnosti \u0161t\u00e1tneho kultu, daoistickej u\u010denosti a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165 \u017eit\u00e1 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, \u010dasto popri ofici\u00e1lnej doktr\u00edne.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u013eudovej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti<\/span>. Kde sa uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa star\u0161ie m\u00fdty, je potrebn\u00e9 kriticky presk\u00fama\u0165 prame\u0148ov\u00fd z\u00e1klad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157764\">Yanluo, jemu podriaden\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edk mrtvych<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157765\">Zhong Kui, zabijak d\u00e9monov pod jeho velen\u00edm<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157814\">Mazu, pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 \u013eudov\u00e9 bo\u017estvo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157635\">\u010c\u00edna, preh\u013ead pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157699\">Vysok\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1, podkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157671\">Bohovia, preh\u013ead tried<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Kohn, Livia (ed.): <em>Daoism Handbook<\/em>. Leiden 2000.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schipper, Kristofer: <em>The Taoist Body<\/em>. Berkeley 1993.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bokenkamp, Stephen R.: <em>Early Daoist Scriptures<\/em>. Berkeley 1997.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo \u201eYu Huang\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1741,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yuhuang Shangdi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yuhuang Shangdi \u2013 Nefritov\u00fd cis\u00e1r taoizmu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kozmick\u00fd spr\u00e1vca, regul\u00e1tor osudu a najvy\u0161\u0161ia p\u00f4sobiaca moc v taoistickej \u013eudovej trad\u00edcii 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