{"id":157760,"date":"2026-09-04T22:17:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:17:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157760"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:41:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:41:39","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157760\" class=\"elementor elementor-157760 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, boh hinduistickej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je boh hinduistickej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Prv\u00fd smrte\u013en\u00edk, boh smrti a s\u00fadca du\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong> Yama je jedno z najstar\u0161\u00edch indick\u00fdch bo\u017estiev, nie zl\u00e9, ale nevyhnutn\u00e9 ako smr\u0165 samotn\u00e1. Ako prv\u00fd \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd zomrel, sa stal vl\u00e1dcom nad z\u00e1hrob\u00edm, *Yamadharmou*, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme povinnos\u0165 a kozmick\u00fd poriadok; v buddhizme u\u010denie Budhu.\">dharmou<\/span> smrti.<\/p><p>So svojou palicou (*Danda*) a vern\u00fdm byvolom *Nandi* prech\u00e1dza Yama svetom, zachyt\u00e1va du\u0161e umieraj\u00facich a priv\u00e1dza ich na s\u00fad. V hinduizme nie je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 alebo protire\u010div\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>, ale nevyhnutn\u00e1 sila kozmick\u00e9ho poriadku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi kompetenciami \u2013 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, osud, vojna, plodnos\u0165. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157633\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduistick\u00e9 svety bohov, asurov a ochrann\u00fdch s\u00edl, od v\u00e9dskeho po tantrick\u00fd.\">Hinduizmus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157701\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bohovia podsvetia a smrti, vl\u00e1dcovia posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, sudcovia m\u0155tvych, sprievodcovia du\u0161\u00ed.\">Bo\u017estvo smrti<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159963\" alt=\"Yama - bohovia z hinduistickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Hlavn\u00e9 hinduisticko-buddhistick\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, s\u00fadca mrtvych a vl\u00e1dca podsvetia<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor bohov jedn\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: Hinduizmus, buddhizmus (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Funkcia: Prv\u00fd smrte\u013en\u00edk, ktor\u00fd za\u017eil smr\u0165; teraz s\u00fadca v\u0161etk\u00fdch mrtvych, p\u00e1n Naraky<br>Hlavn\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: \u010cierny byvol ako jazdn\u00fd zviera, palica (Danda), slu\u010dka (Pasha), Kniha mrtvych<br>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: Yamov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Tamil Nadu, tibetsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tory (tanec Cham), Japonsko (Enma-O)<br>Buddhistick\u00e1 identifik\u00e1cia: Yamaraja (aj v Tibete), Enma-O (Japonsko), Yeomra (K\u00f3rea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je v <em>Rigvede<\/em> (1200\u2013900 pred Kr.) dolo\u017een\u00fd ako prv\u00fd smrte\u013en\u00edk, ten, kto prv\u00fd pre\u0161iel cestou do sveta mrtvych a tam vl\u00e1dne. V neskor\u0161ej epickej trad\u00edcii (<em>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/em>) sa st\u00e1va pr\u00edsnym s\u00fadcom mrtvych.<\/p><p>V buddhizme prevzat\u00fd ako <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, s roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fdm peklov\u00fdm kozmom. V Tibete od 8. storo\u010dia po Kr. ako Yama-Dharmaraja v pante\u00f3noch hnevliv\u00fdch bo\u017estiev. Vo V\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii ako Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, v\u017edy s miestnymi \u00fapravami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V Indii s\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1my<\/span> zasv\u00e4ten\u00e9 Yamovi zriedkav\u00e9, s\u00fadca mrtvych je sk\u00f4r ob\u00e1van\u00fd ne\u017e kultovo ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fd. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie: Yamadharma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> v Tamil Nadu, Yamove mandiry v Nep\u00e1le. V Tibete je \u00fastredn\u00fd v tane\u010dn\u00fdch predstaveniach Cham v kl\u00e1\u0161toroch \u0161koly Gelug (najm\u00e4 Drepung, Gand\u00e4n, Sera). V Japonsku je na ka\u017edom buddhistickom cintor\u00edne socha Enma-O. V K\u00f3rei: Yeomra v \u0161amanskej trad\u00edcii mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pramene: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama ako prv\u00fd zosnul\u00fd), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/em> (kniha I, Sabha-parva: popis Yamovej Sabhi), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (popisy pekiel). Buddhistick\u00e9: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, tibetsk\u00e1 <em>Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/em>. Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je zobrazovan\u00fd ako zelenkast\u00fd alebo \u010dervenkast\u00fd mu\u017e, \u010dasto v kr\u00e1\u013eovskej v\u00fdstroji. Nos\u00ed palicu (<em>Danda<\/em>), symbol trestu a poriadku, a \u010dasto slu\u010dku (<em>Pasha<\/em>), na zv\u00e4zovanie du\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jeho byvol <em>Nandi<\/em> je jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie zviera; niekedy jazd\u00ed aj na ko\u0148och alebo sa miesi medzi \u017eiv\u00fdch. V neskor\u0161\u00edch ikonografick\u00fdch textoch m\u00e1 zelen\u00fa alebo sivo-\u010diernu tv\u00e1r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je nespochybnite\u013en\u00fd s\u00fadca. Nijak\u00fd podvod mu neujde. Ke\u010f sa skon\u010d\u00ed \u010das \u017eivota, prich\u00e1dza Yama osobne, alebo jeho posol Chitragupta vedie z\u00e1znamy, aby odviedol du\u0161u. Du\u0161a je potom priveden\u00e1 do <em>Yamaloky<\/em>, kde sa v\u00e1\u017eia jej skutky (<em>karma<\/em>).<\/p><p>V z\u00e1vislosti od <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme, buddhizme a jainizme z\u00e1kon n\u00e1slednosti skutkov: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din sa sp\u00e4tne prejav\u00ed v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch existenci\u00e1ch.\">karmy<\/span> nast\u00e1va trest (<em>Naraka<\/em>) alebo odmena (<em>Svarga<\/em>) pred \u010fal\u0161\u00edm znovuzroden\u00edm. Ritu\u00e1ly za mrtvych (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) maj\u00fa Yamu upokoji\u0165 a ur\u00fdchli\u0165 odchod du\u0161\u00ed do \u010fal\u0161ieho \u017eivota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Yamy na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead. Nasleduj\u00face polia zh\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa p\u00f4vod, funkciu, vzh\u013ead, uctievanie, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod Yamy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama je synom slne\u010dn\u00e9ho bo\u017estva Vivasvata (Surju) a Saranyu, dvoj\u010da Yami. V najstar\u0161om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdte<\/span> je prv\u00fdm \u010dlovekom, ktor\u00fd nach\u00e1dza smr\u0165, preto t\u00fdm, kto prv\u00fd pre\u0161iel cestou do sveta mrtvych a teraz v \u0148om vl\u00e1dne.<\/p><p>V neskor\u0161\u00edch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch o\u017eenen\u00fd so \u017eenou Dhumorna, m\u00e1 dve su\u010dky (potomkyne Saramy) ako str\u00e1\u017ekyne cesty. Jeho dom sa nach\u00e1dza na juhu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cie\u013eov\u00e1 skupina Yamy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prv\u00fd zosnul\u00fd, preto kr\u00e1\u013e mrtvych. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (kr\u00e1\u013e povinnosti), s\u00fadca, ktor\u00fd rozhoduje pod\u013ea karmy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zosnul\u00e9ho. Spr\u00e1vca 21 pekiel (Naraka) a nebesk\u00fdch odmien. V buddhizme form\u00e1lne str\u00e1\u017eca kozmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>) vo vz\u0165ahu k logike n\u00e1slednosti skutkov. V Tibete ako hnevliv\u00e9 bo\u017estvo aj ochranca \u0161kolskej trad\u00edcie proti negat\u00edvnym sil\u00e1m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vzh\u013ead Yamy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V hinduistickej trad\u00edcii: temnoplet\u00e1 (zeleno-modro-\u010dierna) postava s pestr\u00fdmi ozdobami, v ruke <em>Danda<\/em> (palica s\u00fadu) a <em>Pasha<\/em> (slu\u010dka, ktorou zachyt\u00e1va du\u0161e), jazd\u00ed na \u010diernom byvolovi.<\/p><p>\u010cerven\u00fd odev. V Tibete ako <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: byvolia hlava, tri o\u010di, pl\u00e1polaj\u00faca aureola, kosten\u00e1 ozdoba, zvlnen\u00e1 vlasov\u00e1 koruna, dr\u017e\u00ed lebkov\u00fa misku a me\u010d. Sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e1 svojou sestrou Yami a sluhovsk\u00fdm vojskom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong> V Indii sa Yama len zriedka priamo vz\u00fdva o ochranu, je ob\u00e1van\u00fd ako Pr\u00edsny. V obradoch za zosnul\u00fdch je v\u0161ak k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou postavou, pozostal\u00ed ho prosia o miernej\u0161ie zaobch\u00e1dzanie so zosnul\u00fdm.<\/p><p>V <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetskom budhizme prechodn\u00fd stav medzi dvoma existenciami; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zu po smrti.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol (Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych) sa zosnul\u00e9mu jav\u00ed v stave <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetskom budhizme prechodn\u00fd stav medzi dvoma existenciami; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zu po smrti.\">Bardo<\/span> ako sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00faca postava. V Japonsku je Enma-O hlavnou postavou \u013eudov\u00fdch buddhistick\u00fdch obradov za zosnul\u00fdch a je centr\u00e1lnou fig\u00farou na ka\u017edom cintor\u00edne. V tibetsk\u00fdch tancoch Cham vystupuje ako desiv\u00e1 postava s maskou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u010cierny byvol (jazdn\u00e9 zviera), Danda (palica), Pasha (slu\u010dka), Kniha mrtvych, Zrkadlo karmy (Karma-Darpana), lebkov\u00e1 miska (tibetsk\u00e1), byvolia hlava (tibetsk\u00e1), plamenn\u00e1 aureola, tretie oko. Rastliny: \u010dierny asfodel. Sv\u00e4t\u00fd smer: juh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Porovnate\u013en\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (budhizmus), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonsko), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (K\u00f3rea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (\u010c\u00edna, prv\u00fd z desiatich pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov), <em>H\u00e1des<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cko, kr\u00e1\u013e podsvetia), <em>Pluto<\/em> (R\u00edm), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypt, sprievodca mrtvych + s\u00fadca mrtvych), <em>Hel<\/em> (germ\u00e1nska vl\u00e1dky\u0148a podsvetia), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (azt\u00e9cky). Indoeur\u00f3psky p\u00f4vod je vidite\u013en\u00fd v koreni Yama-Yima-Yumis (v\u00e9dsky Yama, avestsk\u00fd Yima, baltsk\u00fd Yumis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 prax<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly uctievania<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama sa uctieva vo v\u00e9dskych dom\u00e1cich ritu\u00e1loch prostredn\u00edctvom obetn\u00fdch darov (Havis), mlieka, masla a obilia po\u010das sl\u00e1vnost\u00ed na pamiatku predkov (Pinda-Daan). Rigv\u00e9da 10.14 zaznamen\u00e1va formuly uctievania pre d\u00f4stojn\u00fa smr\u0165. V hinduistickom pohrebnom ritu\u00e1li sa pred spa\u013eovan\u00edm mrtvoly odriekava Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e1 slabika alebo formula, ktor\u00e1 sa v hinduizme a budhizme opakovane vyslovuje.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 prax: medit\u00e1cie na smrte\u013enej posteli alebo pri sl\u00e1vnostiach na pamiatku predkov na po\u010des\u0165 kr\u00e1\u013ea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Zakl\u00ednania a vz\u00fdvania<\/strong><\/p><p>Klasick\u00e1 invok\u00e1cia Yamu z Rigv\u00e9dy 10.14.1-2: \u201eYame pathivratah &#8230; \u201c, \u201eKr\u00e1\u010da\u0165 s Yamom v duchu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span> &#8230;\u201c. Mantry na prekonanie strachu zo smrti sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v Katha-upani\u0161ade (dial\u00f3g Nachiketu s Yamom). Tibetsk\u00e1 tantrick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia zah\u0155\u0148a Yamantaku (premo\u017eite\u013ea Yamu) do vz\u00fdvan\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9ho prekro\u010denia.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrann\u00e9 symboly<\/strong><\/p><p>Symboly Yamu sa zriedka vyskytuj\u00fa ako nosite\u013en\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nosen\u00fd predmet, ktor\u00e9mu sa pripisuje ochrann\u00fd, zlo odvracaj\u00faci \u00fa\u010dinok.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, spojenie je sk\u00f4r koncep\u010dn\u00e9. Historick\u00e9 skaraby v Egypte, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00fa anal\u00f3gie Yamu s bohom mrtvych Anubisom, dokazuj\u00fa kult\u00farne prekrytie. Archeologick\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy o uctievan\u00ed Yamu sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vo v\u00e9dskych ritu\u00e1lnych textoch a n\u00e1pisoch v indick\u00fdch chr\u00e1moch z 3. stor. pred Kr., nie v\u0161ak vo forme predmetov\u00fdch amuletov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama sa podob\u00e1 gr\u00e9ckemu H\u00e1desovi, r\u00edmskemu Dis Paterovi a egyptsk\u00e9mu Osirisovi, v\u0161etk\u00fdm bohom podsvetia a s\u00fadu.<\/p><p>S Chitraguptom, svoj\u00edm \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edkom, Yama pripom\u00edna kres\u0165ansk\u00fa predstavu sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho Petra s knihou du\u0161\u00ed. Na rozdiel od z\u00e1padn\u00fdch bohov smrti v\u0161ak Yama nie je zl\u00fdm protivn\u00edkom, ale kozmick\u00fdm \u00faradn\u00edkom, ktor\u00e9ho rozsudok je spravodliv\u00fd a nevyhnutn\u00fd.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00fdtus o prvom smrte\u013en\u00edkovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najstar\u0161ia vrstva indickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcie<\/span> nepoznala Yamu ako trestaj\u00faceho s\u00fadcu, ale ako prv\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd zomrel. Desiate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kruhovit\u00fd diagram, ktor\u00fd v hinduizme a budhizme zobrazuje kozmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> <em>Rigv\u00e9dy<\/em> obsahuje viacero hymnov nes\u00facich t\u00fato predstavu.<\/p><p>V <em>Rigv\u00e9de<\/em> 10.14 sa Yama vz\u00fdva ako ten, kto ako prv\u00fd na\u0161iel cestu na druh\u00fd svet a t\u00fdm ju otvoril pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch potomkov. Tam sa pova\u017euje za syna slne\u010dn\u00e9ho boha Vivasvana a t\u00fdm aj za pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho samotn\u00e9ho \u013eudsk\u00e9ho rodu.<\/p><p>Osobitne diskutovan\u00fdm hymnom je <em>Rigv\u00e9da<\/em> 10.10, dial\u00f3g medzi Yamom a jeho dvoji\u010dkou sestrou Yami. Yami nab\u00e1da Yamu na spojenie, aby \u013eudsk\u00fd rod pokra\u010doval, a Yama ju odmieta s odvolan\u00edm na z\u00e1kaz incestu medzi s\u00farodencami a na bdiace bohy.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>B\u00e1danie, napr\u00edklad Stephanie Jamisonov\u00e1 a Joel Brereton vo svojom preklade Rigv\u00e9dy z roku 2014, \u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa tento hymnus ako \u00favahu o hraniciach povolen\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzensk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, nie ako etiol\u00f3giu \u013eudstva.<\/span><\/p><p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 je jazykov\u00e1 bl\u00edzkos\u0165 k starostaroir\u00e1nskemu Yimovi, ktor\u00fd sa v <em>Aveste<\/em> tie\u017e jav\u00ed ako prv\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e a p\u00e1n podzemn\u00e9ho \u00fato\u010diska. Oba men\u00e1 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z indoir\u00e1nskeho kore\u0148a s v\u00fdznamom dvoj\u010da.<\/p><p>Porovn\u00e1vacia indoeuropeistika, mimo in\u00e9 v pr\u00e1cach Bruca Lincolna, v tom vid\u00ed zvy\u0161ok spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu o stvoren\u00ed a smrti, v ktorom sa prv\u00fd \u010dlovek st\u00e1va z\u00e1rove\u0148 prv\u00fdm mrtvym a vl\u00e1dcom predkov.<\/p><p>Neskor\u0161\u00ed Yama epikov a pur\u00e1n, ktor\u00fd vl\u00e1dne pekl\u00e1m a vedie \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctvo skutkov, je v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm rozvinut\u00edm tejto p\u00f4vodnej postavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamova r\u00ed\u0161a a \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edctvo skutkov<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V epickej a pur\u00e1nskej literat\u00fare sa Yama menil z p\u00e1na bla\u017een\u00fdch predkov na spr\u00e1vcu diferencovan\u00e9ho onoho svet. Jeho s\u00eddlo, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> alebo <em>Yamapura<\/em>, sa pod\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny textov nach\u00e1dza na juhu, preto sa juh v ritu\u00e1lnej geografii pova\u017euje za Yamov smer.<\/p><p><em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd text pre predstavy o smrti a ceste du\u0161e, opisuje putovanie zosnul\u00e9ho cez horiacu ri\u00e9ku <em>Vaitarani<\/em> a\u017e pred Yamov tr\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Po Yamovej strane stoj\u00ed <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, pis\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd zaznamen\u00e1va ka\u017ed\u00fd skutok \u010dloveka do registra.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to kniha, \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, sa pri smrti pre\u010d\u00edta a pod\u013ea jej obsahu Yama rozhoduje o \u010fal\u0161ej ceste du\u0161e. Chitragupta sa v severnej Indii stal praotcom pis\u00e1rskej kasty Kayasthov, ktor\u00ed ho uctievaj\u00fa ako svojho predka. Tu sa ukazuje, ako mytologick\u00e1 postava dok\u00e1\u017ee vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 soci\u00e1lnu identitu.<\/p><p>Tresty v Yamov\u00fdch pekl\u00e1ch, <em>Naraka<\/em>, s\u00fa katalogizovan\u00e9 v <em>Garuda Purane<\/em> a v \u010dasti <em>Manusmriti<\/em> a s\u00fa priraden\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tnym previneniam. Rozhoduj\u00face v\u0161ak je, \u017ee tieto pekla pod\u013ea klasickej n\u00e1uky nie s\u00fa miestami ve\u010dnosti.<\/p><p>S\u00fa to stanice v kolobehu znovuzrodenia, a po odpykan\u00ed n\u00e1sledkov zl\u00fdch skutkov cesta du\u0161e pokra\u010duje \u010falej.<\/p><p>Yama je tak menej bohom kone\u010dn\u00e9ho zatratenia a viac funkcion\u00e1rom kozmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Jeho pr\u00edvlastok <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, kr\u00e1\u013e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch n\u00e1uka a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmy<\/span>, presne to vyjadruje: presadzuje poriadok, nevym\u00fd\u0161\u013ea ho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama v Bhagavadg\u00edte a Katha-upani\u0161ade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dva klasick\u00e9 texty pripisuj\u00fa Yamovi \u00falohu, ktor\u00e1 presahuje \u010disto s\u00fadnu funkciu. V <em>Katha-upani\u0161ade<\/em> je Yama u\u010dite\u013eom. Mlad\u00fd brahm\u00e1n Nachiketas je otcom v hneve pris\u013e\u00faben\u00fd smrti a tri dni \u010dak\u00e1 pred Yamov\u00fdm domom.<\/p><p>Ako od\u0161kodnenie mu Yama udel\u00ed tri \u017eelania. Tretie je ot\u00e1zka, \u010do sa s \u010dlovekom stane po smrti.<\/p><p>Yama sa najprv sna\u017e\u00ed Nachiketasa odl\u00e1ka\u0165 bohatstvom a dlh\u00fdm \u017eivotom, ale mlad\u00edk trv\u00e1 na svojom. Nato ho Yama u\u010d\u00ed rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi pr\u00edjemn\u00fdm a prospe\u0161n\u00fdm a pou\u010duje ho o nesmrte\u013enom Ja, <em>\u00c1tmane<\/em>. Boh smrti je tu paradoxne sprostredkovate\u013eom poznania, ktor\u00e9 prekon\u00e1va smr\u0165.<\/p><p>V <em>Bhagavadg\u00edte<\/em>, v desiatej kapitole, kde Kri\u0161na vymen\u00fava svoje bo\u017esk\u00e9 podoby, o sebe hovor\u00ed, \u017ee je Yamom medzi krotite\u013emi \u010di s\u00fadcami.<\/p><p>T\u00fdm je Yama zaraden\u00fd medzi najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch predstavite\u013eov svojej triedy. Tento v\u00fdrok zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee Yama v klasickom hinduizme nie je d\u00e9monickou, ale usporiadanou a legit\u00edmnou mocou.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to textov\u00e1 trad\u00edcia v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnila religionistick\u00e9 hodnotenie Yamu. Zatia\u013e \u010do popul\u00e1rne zobrazenia ho redukuj\u00fa na hr\u00f4zu, indol\u00f3govia ako Wendy Doniger zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa, \u017ee Yama sa v sanskrtskej literat\u00fare jav\u00ed aj ako u\u010dite\u013e, spravodliv\u00fd a nevyhnutn\u00e1 in\u0161tancia. Smr\u0165 v tomto poh\u013eade nie je opakom poriadku, ale jeho s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia a \u0161\u00edrenie za hranice Indie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vo v\u00fdtvarnom umen\u00ed sa Yama zvy\u010dajne zobrazuje s tmavou, \u010dasto zelenou alebo modrastou poko\u017ekou, oble\u010den\u00fd v \u010dervenej, sediaci na byvolovi ako svojom jazdnom zvierati.<\/p><p>V ruk\u00e1ch nesie slu\u010dku, <em>Pa\u0161u<\/em>, ktorou vytiahne du\u0161u z tela, a \u010dasto aj palicu alebo kyjak, <em>Dandu<\/em>. Tieto atrib\u00faty s\u00fa v chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch reli\u00e9foch a miniat\u00farnej ma\u013ebe stabiln\u00e9 u\u017e od stredoveku.<\/p><p>Ako jeden z <em>Lokap\u00e1lov<\/em>, str\u00e1\u017ecov svetov\u00fdch str\u00e1n, sa Yama na vonkaj\u0161\u00edch sten\u00e1ch chr\u00e1mov pravidelne objavuje na ju\u017enej strane.<\/p><p>Cez buddhizmus sa Yama dostal do Tibetu, \u010c\u00edny, Japonska a juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie, kde sa premenil. V tibetskej trad\u00edcii je ako <em>\u0160ind\u017ee<\/em> p\u00e1nom posmrtn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 predmetom vlastn\u00e9ho pou\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00edbehu, v ktorom ho b\u00f3dhisattva Manju\u0161r\u00ed podman\u00ed v podobe <em>Yamantaky<\/em>, premo\u017eite\u013ea Yamu.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edne sa stal <em>Yanluom<\/em>, predstaven\u00fdm desiatich pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov (pozri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157764\">Yanluo<\/a>), v Japonsku <em>Enmom<\/em>. T\u00e1to cesta ukazuje, ako sa indick\u00fd boh mohol sta\u0165 celo\u00e1zijsk\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd obraz, ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed za abstraktnou my\u0161lienkou.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> ne\u00faplatn\u00e9ho posmrtn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu.<\/p><p>V dne\u0161nej Indii \u017eije Yama \u010falej najm\u00e4 v pohrebn\u00fdch ritu\u00e1loch, v literat\u00fare o smrti a vo sviatku <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> alebo <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, ktor\u00fd nav\u00e4zuje na vz\u0165ah medzi Yamom a jeho sestrou Yami.<\/p><p>Sestra bratovi priprav\u00ed pohostenie a pros\u00ed za jeho dlh\u00fd \u017eivot. V tomto \u013eudovom zvyku sa tak vracia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span>, ktor\u00fd bol zalo\u017een\u00fd u\u017e v najstar\u0161om v\u00e9dskom hymne, v dial\u00f3gu dvoj\u010diat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dejiny v\u00fdskumu a spor o v\u00fdklad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedeck\u00e9 sk\u00famanie postavy Yamu sa za\u010d\u00edna v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed s eur\u00f3pskym objavovan\u00edm <em>Rigv\u00e9dy<\/em>. Ran\u00ed indol\u00f3govia ako Hermann Oldenberg a Abel Bergaigne sa sporili o tom, \u010di bol Yama p\u00f4vodne zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fd prv\u00fd \u010dlovek, alebo od za\u010diatku bohom smrti.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to debata je \u00fazko spojen\u00e1 s ot\u00e1zkou, ako datova\u0165 a interpretova\u0165 hymny 10.10 a 10.14.<\/p><p>V 20. storo\u010d\u00ed sa v porovn\u00e1vacej indoeur\u00f3pskej jazykovede presunula pozornos\u0165 na vz\u0165ah medzi Yamom a ir\u00e1nskym Yimom. Georges Dum\u00e9zil a po \u0148om \u010fal\u0161\u00ed b\u00e1datelia z toho rekonstruovali indoir\u00e1nsky, mo\u017eno a\u017e indoeur\u00f3psky <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1van\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtus<\/span> o prvom smrte\u013en\u00edkovi, ktor\u00fd sa st\u00e1va vl\u00e1dcom mrtvych.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln v diele <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> argumentoval, \u017ee za Yamom a pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi postavami stoj\u00ed spolo\u010dn\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma stvorenia, v ktorej prv\u00e1 smr\u0165 usporad\u00fava svet.<\/p><p>Sporn\u00e9 zost\u00e1va, do akej miery treba odde\u013eova\u0165 v\u00e9dskeho Yamu od neskor\u0161ieho pur\u00e1nskeho Yamu. Niektor\u00ed b\u00e1datelia vidia kontinu\u00e1lny v\u00fdvoj, in\u00ed zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa zlom medzi predkovsk\u00fdm kr\u00e1\u013eom ran\u00e9ho obdobia a spr\u00e1vcom podsvetia klasick\u00fdch textov.<\/p><p>Otvoren\u00e1 zost\u00e1va aj ot\u00e1zka p\u00f4vodu pis\u00e1ra \u010citraguptu, ktor\u00fd ch\u00fdba v najstar\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch a pravdepodobne bol pridan\u00fd nesk\u00f4r, mo\u017eno pod vplyvom konkr\u00e9tnych spolo\u010densk\u00fdch skup\u00edn. Stav pramenn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu n\u00fati k opatrnosti: ve\u013ea z toho, \u010do sa pova\u017euje za pevne stanoven\u00fd obraz Yamu, je v\u00fdsledkom st\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho vrstvenia r\u00f4znych textov\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157711\">Yamaraja, budhistick\u00e9 prevzatie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157768\">Yama, sudca mrtvych (budhizmus)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157766\">Enma-O, japonsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157769\">Yeomra, k\u00f3rejsk\u00e1 forma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157708\">H\u00e1des, gr\u00e9cka paralela<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157633\">Hinduizmus, preh\u013ead pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157701\">Bo\u017estv\u00e1 smrti, podkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (mnoh\u00e9 preklady).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Yamovi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Kto je Yama v budhizme?<\/h3><p>Yama je v budhizme vl\u00e1dcom pekelnej r\u00ed\u0161e (Naraka) a sudcom mrtvych. Na rozdiel od z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho ch\u00e1pania nie je budhistick\u00e9 peklo miestom ve\u010dn\u00e9ho trestu, ale \u010dasovo ohrani\u010den\u00fdm miestom znovuzrodenia, ten, kto tam odpykal svoju karmu, sa znovu narod\u00ed.<\/p><p>Yama vypo\u010d\u00fava ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mrtveho oh\u013eadom jeho \u017eivotn\u00fdch skutkov, mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fd budhizmus pozn\u00e1 cel\u00fd dvor pekeln\u00fdch sudcov, ktor\u00ed mu pom\u00e1haj\u00fa. Yamove r\u00ed\u0161e s\u00fa v budhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a poriadku svetu v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gii<\/span> pop\u00edsan\u00e9 s nepredstavite\u013enou mierou detailov (abhidharmov\u00e9 texty).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ako sa li\u0161\u00ed budhistick\u00fd Yama od hinduistick\u00e9ho Yamarad\u017eu?<\/h3><p>Obe postavy maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00fd p\u00f4vod vo v\u00e9dskom Yamovi (Rigv\u00e9da 10,14), prvom smrte\u013en\u00edkovi, ktor\u00fd sa z\u00e1rove\u0148 stal p\u00e1nom mrtvych. V hinduizme zostal Yama centr\u00e1lnym bohom sudcom, ktor\u00fd prij\u00edma ka\u017ed\u00fa du\u0161u.<\/p><p>V budhizme sa Yama stal viacpodobnou postavou: v therav\u00e1de sk\u00f4r ako koncept, v mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne a najm\u00e4 v tibetskom budhizme ako personifikovan\u00fd p\u00e1n pekla so zlo\u017eitou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obsahu obrazov a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiou<\/span> (\u010dasto s b\u00fd\u010dou hlavou, tzv. Yamov aspekt Dharmarad\u017ea). V Tibete s\u00fa putuj\u00faci demonick\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00edci (festival \u010cham) \u010dasto zobrazen\u00edm Yamu.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist Yama im Buddhismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama ist im Buddhismus der Herrscher des H\u00f6llenreichs (Naraka) und Richter der Verstorbenen. Anders als im westlichen Verst\u00e4ndnis ist die buddhistische H\u00f6lle kein ewiger Straforte, sondern eine zeitlich begrenzte Wiedergeburts-St\u00e4tte, wer dort sein Karma abgeb\u00fc\u00dft hat, wird wiedergeboren.Yama befragt jeden Toten zu seinen Lebenstaten, der Mahayana-Buddhismus kennt einen ganzen Hofstaat von H\u00f6llen-Richtern, die ihn unterst\u00fctzen. Yamas Reiche werden mit unvorstellbarer Detailf\u00fclle in der buddhistischen Kosmologie beschrieben (Abhidharma-Texte).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie unterscheidet sich Yama im Buddhismus vom hinduistischen Yamaraja?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beide Figuren teilen den gemeinsamen Ursprung im vedischen Yama (Rigveda 10,14), dem ersten Sterblichen, der zugleich Herr der Toten wurde. Im Hinduismus blieb Yama der zentrale Richtergott, der jede Seele empf\u00e4ngt.Im Buddhismus wurde Yama zu einer mehrgesichtigen Figur: Im Theravada eher als Konzept, im Mahayana und besonders im tibetischen Buddhismus als personifizierter H\u00f6llenherr mit komplexer Ikonografie (oft mit Stierkopf, der Yama-Aspekt Dharmaraja). In Tibet sind die wandernden D\u00e4monen-T\u00e4nzer (Cham-Festival) oft Yama-Darsteller.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Boh smrti a s\u00fadca v hinduizme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, boh smrti a s\u00fadca v hinduizme. Palica a byvol Nandi, Yamaloka, karmick\u00fd s\u00fad a v\u00e9dske korene. 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