{"id":157705,"date":"2026-09-04T22:16:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157705"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:40:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:40:15","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157705\" class=\"elementor elementor-157705 elementor-1880 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, boh mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fd boh Babylonu a r\u00ed\u0161sky boh babylonsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fd sa vypracoval z miestneho mestsk\u00e9ho boha na najvy\u0161\u0161iu bo\u017esk\u00fa autoritu. Marduk stoj\u00ed v centre mezopot\u00e1mskeho sveta bohov ako v\u00ed\u0165az v boji proti chaosu a tvorca usporiadan\u00e9ho svet\u0430.<\/p><p>Jeho vzostup od mestsk\u00e9ho boha Babylonu k babylonsk\u00e9mu najvy\u0161\u0161iemu bohu odr\u00e1\u017ea politick\u00fa expanziu Babylonu za vl\u00e1dy Hammurabiho a je liter\u00e1rne zakotven\u00fd v Enuma Eli\u0161, babylonskom stvorite\u013eskom epose.<\/p><p>Marduk je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za premo\u017eite\u013ea chaosu v mezopot\u00e1mskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn tradovan\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o bohoch v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytol\u00f3gii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Boh \/ bohy\u0148a: Personifikovan\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161ia moc v pante\u00f3ne danej kult\u00fary, s jasn\u00fdmi p\u00f4sobnos\u0165ami, pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi silami, osudom, vojnou, plodnos\u0165ou. Uctievan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom kultov, obet\u00ed a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed.\">Boh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157575\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kol\u00edska zdokumentovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, As\u00fdria (pribli\u017ene 3500 pred n. l. a\u017e 330 pred n. l.).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157699\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bohovia pante\u00f3nu, kozmick\u00e1 zvrchovanos\u0165, tvoriv\u00fd alebo vl\u00e1dnuci aspekt.\">Najvy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estvo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-160058\" alt=\"Marduk - bohovia z mezopot\u00e1mskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1tky profil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Mezopot\u00e1mske hlavn\u00e9 bo\u017estvo, r\u00ed\u0161sky boh Babylonu<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3n<\/span>: Babylon (hlavn\u00fd boh babylonsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu), A\u0161\u0161ur (druhotne ako Bel)<br>Funkcia: stvorenie, kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo, b\u00farka, spravodlivos\u0165, hospod\u00e1rstvo<br>Hlavn\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: okr\u00eddlen\u00fd drak (Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u), r\u00fd\u013e (marru), vysok\u00e1 diad\u00e9mov\u00e1 \u010diapka<br>Hlavn\u00e9 kultov\u00e9 miesta: Babylon (chr\u00e1m Esagila so zikkuratom Etemenanki), Borsippa (syn Nabu)<br>Astronomick\u00e1 identifik\u00e1cia: Jupiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk je dolo\u017een\u00fd ako miestne mestsk\u00e9 bo\u017estvo Babylonu u\u017e od starobabylonsk\u00e9ho obdobia (za\u010diatok 2. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kr.). K hlavn\u00e9mu vzostupu na \u00farove\u0148 r\u00ed\u0161skeho bo\u017estva do\u0161lo za vl\u00e1dy Hammurabiho (cca 1750 pred Kr.). V novobabylonskej r\u00ed\u0161i (Nabopolassar, Nabuchodonozor II.) sa stal absol\u00fatnym hlavn\u00fdm bohom.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Eli\u0161<\/em> (stvorite\u013esk\u00fd epos, 12. stor. pred Kr.) ustanovuje Marduka ako tvorcu svet\u0430 z chaotick\u00e9ho draka Tiamat. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mov\u00fd<\/span> komplex <em>Esagila<\/em> so zikkuratom <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (\u201ebabylonsk\u00e1 ve\u017ea\u201c) bol jedn\u00fdm zo svetov\u00fdch divov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiky<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hlavn\u00fdm kultov\u00fdm miestom bol <strong>Babylon<\/strong> s chr\u00e1mom <em>Esagila<\/em> a zikkuratom <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. \u010ealej Borsippa (chr\u00e1m syna Nabu), Sippar, Ninive (druhotne).<\/p><p>V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00e1 <em>ak\u00edtska<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesia<\/span> (novoro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok, v mesiaci nisan) bola najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm babylonsk\u00fdm \u013eudov\u00fdm sviatkom. Marduk po\u010das nej putoval sl\u00e1vnostnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiou<\/span> mestom a kr\u00e1\u013e si obnovoval svoj mand\u00e1t. V achajmenovskom a seleukovskom obdob\u00ed nastal \u00fapadok; v 1. storo\u010d\u00ed po Kr. jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch \u00fakonov vo\u010di bo\u017estvu alebo posv\u00e4tnej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> zanik\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 prameny: <em>Enuma Eli\u0161<\/em> (stvorite\u013esk\u00fd epos, 7 tabuliek), <em>Hammurabiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stojaca kamenn\u00e1 alebo dreven\u00e1 doska s n\u00e1pisom alebo vyobrazen\u00edm.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00e9la<\/span><\/em> (odovzdanie moci Mardukovi), epos <em>Erra<\/em>, novobabylonsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy (Nabopolassar, Nabuchodonozor II., Nabonid). Sekund\u00e1rna literat\u00fara: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akkadsky:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK v klinovom p\u00edsme), mo\u017en\u00fd p\u00f4vod: \u201ete\u013ea (boha) Utu\u201c alebo \u201esyn svetla\u201c, etymol\u00f3gia je sporn\u00e1. Pr\u00edvlastky: <em>Bel<\/em> (\u201ep\u00e1n\u201c, neskor\u0161ie \u0161tandardn\u00e9 pomenovanie, najm\u00e4 v helenistickom obdob\u00ed), <em>Merodach<\/em> (gr\u00e9cka transliter\u00e1cia), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (sumersk\u00fd ekvivalent: \u201ekr\u00e1\u013e bohov krajiny\u201c).<\/p><p>Teologick\u00fdch 50 mien: V Enuma Eli\u0161 je Mardukovi udelen\u00fdch 50 mien, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e9 preber\u00e1 funkcie in\u00e9ho babylonsk\u00e9ho boha, \u010do je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolom<\/span> jeho nadradenosti. Biblick\u00e1 recepcia: \u201eBel\u201c v Knihe Jeremi\u00e1\u0161ovej a Danielovej; \u201eMerodach\u201c ako meno modly v helenistick\u00fdch prame\u0148och.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzh\u013ead<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk je typicky zobrazovan\u00fd ako dospel\u00fd, f\u00fazat\u00fd mu\u017e, sediaci na tr\u00f3ne alebo kr\u00e1\u010daj\u00faci, v kr\u00e1\u013eovskom odeve. Rohat\u00fa korunu (<em>agus<\/em>) nos\u00ed ako znak svojej bo\u017eskosti. Hlavu mu obklopuje sveteln\u00e1 aureola.<\/p><p>V ruk\u00e1ch dr\u017e\u00ed r\u00fd\u013e <em>Marru<\/em>, n\u00e1stroj stvorenia a poriadku, alebo \u017eezlo. Drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u (naz\u00fdvan\u00fd aj Sirru\u0161), sedemhlav\u00e1 bytos\u0165 s predn\u00fdmi nohami leva a zadn\u00fdmi nohami kachny, mu sl\u00fa\u017ei ako jazdn\u00e9 zviera alebo str\u00e1\u017eny duch.<\/p><p><strong>Podstata a p\u00f4sobenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk nie je p\u00f4vodn\u00fdm stvorite\u013eom, ale usporiadate\u013eom chaosu. V Enuma Eli\u0161 bojuje proti prabohyni Tiamat, poraz\u00ed ju a z jej telo stvor\u00ed nebo a zem. T\u00fdm ustanovuje sveton\u00e1zor, ktor\u00fd usporiadava kozmos.<\/p><p>Je str\u00e1\u017ecom spravodlivosti, sudcom bohov a ochrancom \u013eudsk\u00e9ho poriadku. Ako mestsk\u00fd boh Babylonu formoval verejn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span>, najm\u00e4 novoro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok Akitu, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho sa jeho nadradenos\u0165 ka\u017edoro\u010dne obnovovala.<\/p><p><strong>Vzh\u013ead a symbolika<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> je zobrazovan\u00fd ako mocn\u00fd, f\u00fazat\u00fd mu\u017e s vysokou korunou (<em>Marru<\/em>) a odevmi, ktor\u00e9 vyjadruj\u00fa jeho kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fa autoritu. Nos\u00ed zlat\u00e9 \u017eezlo a je \u010dasto obklopen\u00fd zlatou alebo striebornou aurou.<\/p><p>Po boku nos\u00ed plamenn\u00fd me\u010d alebo in\u00e9 vojnov\u00e9 zbrane. V tvorivej podobe je \u010dasto zobrazen\u00fd s ak\u00fdmsi tvoriv\u00fdm svetlom alebo energiou. Jeho sv\u00e4t\u00fdm zviera\u0165om je drak <em>Tiamat<\/em> (alebo p\u00e4\u0165hlav\u00fd drak <em>U\u0161um<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> jeho nadvl\u00e1dy nad chaotickou silou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Marduka na jeden poh\u013ead. Nasleduj\u00face polia zh\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa p\u00f4vod, funkciu, vzh\u013ead, uctievanie, symboly a paralely.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trad\u00edcia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk je synom <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, boh vody) a <em>Damkiny<\/em>. V <em>Enuma Eli\u0161<\/em> je hrdinom mlad\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie bohov, ktor\u00fd bojuje proti prabohyni <em>Tiamat<\/em> (chaotick\u00e9mu drakovi) a poraz\u00ed ju, z jej tela stvor\u00ed nebo a zem.<\/p><p>Otec <em>Nabua<\/em> (boha pis\u00e1rov), man\u017eel <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. Pri svojom vzostupe na r\u00ed\u0161skeho boha z\u00edskava <em>50 mien<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 mu pripisuj\u00fa funkcie v\u0161etk\u00fdch ostatn\u00fdch bohov (teogonick\u00e1 konsolid\u00e1cia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mardukov\u00e1 funkcia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00ed\u0161sky boh Babylonu, ka\u017ed\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e prij\u00edmal svoju moc z Mardukovej ruky. Stvorite\u013e svet (v Enuma Eli\u0161), garant kozmick\u00e9ho poriadku. Patr\u00f3n hospod\u00e1rstva a blahobytu Babylonu. Boh b\u00farky a po\u010dasia (vo svojej p\u00f4vodnej lok\u00e1lnej \u00falohe). V osobnom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fahrn n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00fakonov uctievania danej bo\u017eskej alebo sv\u00e4tej bytosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulte<\/span> aj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo zakl\u00ednacie oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> o ochranu pred chorobou, zlo\u010dinom a demonick\u00fdm ohrozen\u00edm, jeho hviezda (Jupiter) platila za priazniv\u00fa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zobrazenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfn\u00fd, zobrazovan\u00fd ako f\u00fazat\u00e1 mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava s vysokou \u010delenkou v tvare klob\u00faka a dlh\u00fdm viacvrstvov\u00fdm odevom. Charakteristick\u00e9 atrib\u00faty: <em>r\u00fd\u013e<\/em> (marru, jeho ins\u00edgnia, p\u00f4vodne ro\u013en\u00edcky n\u00e1stroj, nesk\u00f4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> stvorite\u013ea), luk, \u0161\u00edpy, me\u010d. Sprievodn\u00e9 zviera: drak <em>Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 v sebe sp\u00e1ja znaky r\u00f4znych \u017eiv\u00fdch tvorov.\" tabindex=\"0\">zmie\u0161an\u00e1 bytos\u0165<\/span> hada, leva a vt\u00e1ka), najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00ed Mardukov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, ktor\u00fd zastupuje predstavu alebo v\u00fdznam.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> na I\u0161tarinej br\u00e1ne v Babylone. Na novobabylonsk\u00fdch reli\u00e9foch je \u010dasto zobrazovan\u00fd stojaci s r\u00fd\u013eom v ruke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uctievanie Marduka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia:<\/strong> Marduk bol ako hlavn\u00fd boh Babylonu vz\u00fdvan\u00fd vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch oblastiach, od kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu cez v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiu<\/span> Akitu a\u017e po osobn\u00fa ochranu. Esagila bola p\u00fatnick\u00fdm cie\u013eom z celej r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p><p>Kr\u00e1\u013e dost\u00e1val svoje potvrdenie po\u010das v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00e9ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lu<\/span> Akitu: najprv bol pokoren\u00fd ve\u013ek\u0148azom, potom ho Mardukova ruka znovu uviedla do \u00faradu. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie osobn\u00e9 obrady: prosebn\u00e9 modlitby v chorobe, ochrann\u00e9 modlitby v osobnej kr\u00edze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboly Marduka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00fd\u013e (marru), vysok\u00e1 \u010delenka v tvare klob\u00faka, luk, \u0161\u00edpy, me\u010d, drak Mu\u0161chu\u0161\u0161u (sprievodn\u00e9 zviera), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1m<\/span> Esagila, zikkurat Etemenanki, okr\u00eddlen\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d (v niektor\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch). Sv\u00e4t\u00e1 rastlina: tamari\u0161k. Sv\u00e4t\u00e1 hviezda: Jupiter. Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 50 (Mardukove men\u00e1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Porovnate\u013en\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (as\u00fdrske oslovenie, jednoducho znamen\u00e1 \u201ep\u00e1n\u201c), <em>A\u0161\u0161ur<\/em> (As\u00fdria, as\u00fdrsky protiklad ako r\u00ed\u0161sky boh), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mezopot\u00e1mia, star\u0161\u00ed otec pante\u00f3nu), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (R\u00edm, astronomicky identifikovan\u00fd s Jupiterom), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cko, paralela r\u00ed\u0161skeho a hromov\u00e9ho boha), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduizmus, kr\u00e1\u013e bohov s hromom a bleskom), <em>Thor<\/em> (germ\u00e1nsky, \u010diasto\u010dne), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mezopot\u00e1mia, aspekt boha po\u010dasia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uctievanie v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk bol prim\u00e1rne bohom \u0161t\u00e1tneho kultu, nie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span> osobnej sp\u00e1sy alebo myst\u00e9ri\u00ed. Vo verejnom priestore bola jeho \u00facta v\u00fdrazne pr\u00edtomn\u00e1: kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1senia sa odvol\u00e1vali na Marduka a jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00eds\u013eub blaha a ochrany, \u010dasto v pevnej jazykovej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u017eehnanie<\/span>, zmluvy sa uzatv\u00e1rali pod Mardukov\u00fdm doh\u013eadom a pr\u00edsa\u017en\u00e9 formuly ho uv\u00e1dzali ako dozorcu.<\/p><p>V dom\u00e1com, s\u00fakromnom prostred\u00ed hral Marduk menej centr\u00e1lnu \u00falohu. Osobn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd postoj a prax \u010dloveka.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165<\/span> sa sk\u00f4r obracala na ochrann\u00fdch duchov, bohy\u0148u I\u0161tar alebo boha lie\u010denia Gulu.<\/p><p>Napriek tomu mnoh\u00ed Babylon\u010dania nosili men\u00e1 obsahuj\u00face \u201eMarduk\u201c (napr. Merodach-Baladan: \u201eMarduk dal syna\u201c), \u010do bolo v\u00fdrazom teologick\u00e9ho zakomponovania Marduka do ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho myslenia. Na sviatku Akitu, novoro\u010dnom sviatku, mesto i cel\u00e1 krajina oslavovali obnovenie Mardukovej vl\u00e1dy nad svetom; \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesii<\/span> bola povinnos\u0165ou ka\u017ed\u00e9ho Babylon\u010dana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gr\u00e9cka trad\u00edcia:<\/strong> Zeus ako najvy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estvo a vl\u00e1dca nebies a poriadku. Ani jeden z nich nie je prap\u00f4vodn\u00fdm tvorcom, obaja usporad\u00favaj\u00fa chaos po boji s Titanmi. Funkcia hromoklinu je u Dia v\u00fdraznej\u0161ia, no aspekt kozmick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vneho poriadku maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00fd.<\/p><p><strong>V\u00e9dska a hinduistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia:<\/strong> Indra ako boh hromu a vodca D\u00e9vov. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mot\u00edv<\/span> boja s drakom (Indra proti Vritrovi) je z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm paraleln\u00fdm prvkom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span>. Indra takisto nos\u00ed hromoklin (vad\u017eru) a je str\u00e1\u017ecom kozmick\u00e9ho poriadku (rita).<\/p><p><strong>Egyptsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia:<\/strong> Ra ako slne\u010dn\u00fd boh a str\u00e1\u017eca Maat (svetov\u00e9ho poriadku). Zatia\u013e \u010do Marduk skrot\u00ed chaos prostredn\u00edctvom narat\u00edvu boja proti p\u00e1chate\u013eovi, u Ra sa to deje po\u010das cyklickej no\u010dnej plavby (boj proti hadovi Apofisovi). Teologick\u00fd model, bo\u017estvo stvorite\u013ea ako usporiadate\u013ea, je podobn\u00fd.<\/p><p><strong>Chetitsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia:<\/strong> Te\u0161\u0161ub ako boh po\u010dasia a najvy\u0161\u0161ie bo\u017estvo, zn\u00e1my z Kumarbiho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o bohoch, p\u00f4vode a poriadku sveta.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00fdtu<\/span>, zdie\u013ea s Mardukom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> boja s drakom. Te\u0161\u0161ubov boj proti hadovi Illujankovi je paralelou k m\u00fdtu o Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En\u00fama eli\u0161: babylonsk\u00fd epos o stvoren\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm prame\u0148om pre Mardukovo postavenie je babylonsk\u00fd epos o stvoren\u00ed, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd pod\u013ea svojich \u00favodn\u00fdch slov <em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> (\u201eKe\u010f hore\u201c). Je zachovan\u00fd na siedmich hlinen\u00fdch tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 z kni\u017enice as\u00fdrskeho kr\u00e1\u013ea A\u0161\u0161urbanipala v Ninive, ale zachov\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj star\u0161iu l\u00e1tku.<\/p><p>O presnom \u010dase vzniku sa ved\u00fa spory; mnoh\u00e9 nasved\u010duje tomu, \u017ee text vznikol v druhom tis\u00edcro\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, mo\u017eno v starobabylonskej alebo strednobabylonskej dobe.<\/p><p>Epos rozpr\u00e1va, ako z prvotn\u00fdch v\u00f4d, stelesnen\u00fdch v postav\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157798\">Tiamat<\/a> a Apsu, vznikaj\u00fa bohovia. Ke\u010f Tiamat vyhl\u00e1si vojnu mlad\u0161\u00edm bohom a postav\u00ed arm\u00e1du mon\u0161tier, \u017eiadny z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch bohov sa jej neodv\u00e1\u017ei postavi\u0165. Marduk sa prihl\u00e1si, ale za odmenu si \u017eiada najvy\u0161\u0161iu kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fa hodnos\u0165 medzi bohmi.<\/p><p>Zhroma\u017edenie bohov mu toto postavenie udel\u00ed. Marduk poraz\u00ed Tiamat v s\u00faboji, rozpolt\u00ed jej telo a z jeho polov\u00edc vytvor\u00ed nebo a zem. Z krvi vodcu protistrany, Kingua, je stvoren\u00fd \u010dlovek, aby sl\u00fa\u017eil bohom. Na z\u00e1ver bohovia postavia Mardukovi mesto Babylon s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca uctievaniu jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">chr\u00e1mom<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p><em>En\u00fama eli\u0161<\/em> je tak menej neutr\u00e1lnym opisom stvorenia a viac teologick\u00fdm zd\u00f4vodnen\u00edm prvenstva Babylonu a Marduka. Vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do je svet usporiadan\u00fd tak, ako je, a pre\u010do m\u00e1 by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve Babylon jeho stredobodom.<\/p><p>Siedma tabu\u013eka pozost\u00e1va takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne z lit\u00e1nie p\u00e4\u0165desiatich Mardukov\u00fdch mien, v ktorej s\u00fa mu prizn\u00e1van\u00e9 funkcie ostatn\u00fdch bohov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila a Etemenanki: Mardukov chr\u00e1m a Babylonsk\u00e1 ve\u017ea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch \u00factov\u00fdch prakt\u00edk venovan\u00fdch bo\u017estvu alebo sv\u00e4tej postave.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> Marduka bol priestorovo viazan\u00fd na Babylon. Jeho hlavn\u00fd chr\u00e1m sa naz\u00fdval <em>Esagila<\/em>, \u201edom, ktor\u00e9ho vrchol je vysok\u00fd\u201c. Ved\u013ea neho st\u00e1la stup\u0148ovit\u00e1 ve\u017ea <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, \u201edom z\u00e1kladov nebies a zeme\u201c, zikkurat, ktor\u00fd mal symbolizova\u0165 spojenie medzi sf\u00e9rami.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> sa vo v\u00fdskume pova\u017euje za pravdepodobn\u00fd re\u00e1lny predobraz biblick\u00e9ho pr\u00edbehu o Babylonskej ve\u017ei.<\/p><p>Archeologick\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky s\u00fa v d\u00f4sledku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9ho<\/span> odstra\u0148ovania materi\u00e1lu a modern\u00fdch z\u00e1sahov silne zni\u010den\u00e9, av\u0161ak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred n. l. do 600 n. l.\" tabindex=\"0\">antick\u00e9<\/span> popisy, napr\u00edklad u Herodota, a klinopisn\u00e9 texty umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pribli\u017en\u00fa rekon\u0161trukciu. Babylonsk\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e Nabuchodonozor II. dal v 6. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom komplex ve\u013ekoryso roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165.<\/p><p>V Esagile st\u00e1la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazenie bo\u017estva uctievan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1me alebo sv\u00e4tyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultov\u00e1 socha<\/span> Marduka. T\u00e1to socha bola tak \u00fazko sp\u00e4t\u00e1 s identitou mesta, \u017ee jej odvle\u010denie nepriate\u013emi, napr\u00edklad Hetitmi a nesk\u00f4r As\u00fdr\u010danmi, sa pova\u017eovalo za n\u00e1rodn\u00fa katastrofu; jej n\u00e1vrat bol triumfom.<\/p><p>Socha nebola len oby\u010dajn\u00fdm zobrazen\u00edm, ale pova\u017eovala sa za skuto\u010dn\u00fa pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 boha, o ktor\u00fa sa starali, ktor\u00fa obliekali a k\u0155mili.<\/p><p>Babylon mal navy\u0161e <em>Procesijn\u00fa cestu<\/em>, ktor\u00e1 viedla cez sl\u00e1vnu I\u0161tarinu br\u00e1nu oblo\u017een\u00fa glaz\u00farovan\u00fdmi tehlami a zvierac\u00edmi fig\u00farami. Po tejto ceste sa po\u010das novoro\u010dnej sl\u00e1vnosti pohybovala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesia<\/span> b\u00f4\u017eikov. Monument\u00e1lna architekt\u00fara Babylonu tak bola javiskom a kulisou kultu Marduka, nie iba pozad\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Novoro\u010dn\u00e1 sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 Akitu: ritu\u00e1l, kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo a kozmick\u00e1 obnova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm sviato\u010dn\u00fdm cyklom kultu Marduka bola sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 <em>Akitu<\/em>, babylonsk\u00fd Nov\u00fd rok, ktor\u00fd sa sl\u00e1vil na jar pribli\u017ene jeden\u00e1s\u0165 dn\u00ed. Z neskorej doby sa zachovali ritu\u00e1lne texty popisuj\u00face jednotliv\u00e9 denn\u00e9 priebehy, hoci s medzerami.<\/p><p>K zachovan\u00fdm zlo\u017ek\u00e1m patr\u00ed recit\u00e1cia <em>En\u00fama Eli\u0161<\/em> pred <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazenie bo\u017estva uctievan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1me alebo sv\u00e4tyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultovou sochou<\/span> Marduka. T\u00fdm sa liturgicky pripom\u00ednalo v\u00ed\u0165azstvo boha nad chaosom: sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 opakovala a upev\u0148ovala svetov\u00fd poriadok. Zn\u00e1ma je aj sc\u00e9na, v ktorej mus\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013e predst\u00fapi\u0165 pred <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazenie bo\u017estva uctievan\u00e9 v chr\u00e1me alebo sv\u00e4tyni.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultov\u00fa sochu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed k\u0148az mu odn\u00edma kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 ins\u00edgnie, udiera ho do tv\u00e1re a nech\u00e1va ho odprisaha\u0165, \u017ee sa nedopustil \u017eiadneho bezpr\u00e1via. A\u017e potom mu ins\u00edgnie vr\u00e1ti. Tento <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> viazal pozemsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo na Marduka a podria\u010foval ho bo\u017eskej kontrole.<\/p><p>\u010eal\u0161ou zlo\u017ekou bola ve\u013ek\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesia<\/span>, po\u010das ktorej sa sochy b\u00f4\u017eikov z chr\u00e1mov r\u00f4znych miest prin\u00e1\u0161ali do Babylonu a do sviato\u010dn\u00e9ho domu mimo mesta. Sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 tak z\u00e1rove\u0148 demon\u0161trovala prednostn\u00e9 postavenie Marduka a Babylonu vo\u010di ostatn\u00fdm kultov\u00fdm miestam Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p><p>Star\u0161ia veda, ovplyvnen\u00e1 takzvanou \u0161kolou Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, videla v sl\u00e1vnosti <em>Akitu<\/em> rada dr\u00e1ma o umieraj\u00facom a znovuvzkriesenom bohu. Tento v\u00fdklad sa dnes pova\u017euje za prehnan\u00fd a slabo podlo\u017een\u00fd. Vecnej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdklad zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee sl\u00e1vnos\u0165 spolo\u010dne potvrdzovala poriadok kozmu, postavenie Babylonu a legitimitu kr\u00e1\u013ea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od mestsk\u00e9ho boha k boh r\u00ed\u0161e: Mardukov historick\u00fd vzostup<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk p\u00f4vodne nebol v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvom<\/span>. V najstar\u0161\u00edch prame\u0148och sa objavuje ako miestny mestsk\u00fd boh Babylonu, mesta, ktor\u00e9 v ranej dynastickej dobe nemalo ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Jeho vzostup je \u00fazko sp\u00e4t\u00fd s politick\u00fdm vzostupom Babylonu.<\/p><p>Rozhoduj\u00faci impulz dala vl\u00e1da Chammurapiho v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, ke\u010f sa Babylon stal dominantnou mocnos\u0165ou Mezopot\u00e1mie. Aj potom sa proces \u010falej vyv\u00edjal.<\/p><p>Teologicky bol Marduk postupne vybavovan\u00fd funkciami, ktor\u00e9 predt\u00fdm patrili in\u00fdm bohom, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm star\u00e9mu sumersk\u00e9mu bohu-kr\u00e1\u013eovi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158026\">Enlilovi<\/a> a bohu m\u00fadrosti <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157747\">Eovi<\/a>, ktor\u00fd sa v epose objavuje ako Mardukov otec.<\/p><p>Zoznam mien na siedmej tabu\u013eke <em>En\u00fama Eli\u0161<\/em> je teologick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom tohto prenosu: t\u00fdm, \u017ee Marduk z\u00edskava men\u00e1 a s nimi aj vlastnosti in\u00fdch bohov, st\u00e1va sa s\u00fa\u010dtom cel\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu. Niektor\u00ed b\u00e1datelia hovoria o tendencii k monolatrii, hoci Babylon nikdy nedosiahol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Viera v jedin\u00e9ho boha.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteizmus<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mardukov\u00fdm pr\u00edvlastkom bolo \u010dasto jednoducho <em>Bel<\/em>, \u201ep\u00e1n\u201c titul, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje aj v hebrejskej Biblii ako <em>Bel<\/em>, napr\u00edklad u prorokov Jeremi\u00e1\u0161a a Izai\u00e1\u0161a, ktor\u00ed babylonsk\u00e9ho boha vysmievaj\u00fa.<\/p><p>Jeho synom bol boh p\u00edsma <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157800\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> z Borsippy, ktor\u00e9ho vlastn\u00fd vzostup sprev\u00e1dzal vzostup Marduka. Historick\u00fd n\u00e1lez tak v\u00fdborne ukazuje, ako tesne boli v Mezopot\u00e1mii prepojen\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vedeck\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o Bohu a viere n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a mocensk\u00e1 politika.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157747\">Ea\/Enki, otec<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157800\">Nabu, syn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157798\">Tiamat, premo\u017een\u00e1 bohy\u0148a chaosu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157703\">Anu, star\u0161\u00ed otec pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157575\">Mezopot\u00e1mia, preh\u013ead pante\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157699\">Vysok\u00e9 bo\u017estva, podkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157671\">Bohovia, preh\u013ead tried<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (heslo \u201eMarduk\u201c).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie \u0161tandardn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Mardukovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Kto bol boh Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk bol hlavn\u00fdm bohom babylonsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu a pod\u013ea babylonsk\u00fdch predst\u00e1v sa pova\u017euje za tvorcu sveta. En\u00fama eli\u0161, babylonsk\u00fd m\u00fdtus o stvoren\u00ed, rozpr\u00e1va, ako Marduk porazil pramorsk\u00fa drakovicu Tiamat a z jej tela stvoril nebo a zem. V neskor\u0161om akkadskom obdob\u00ed prevzal Marduk funkciu sumersk\u00e9ho boha Enlila.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>\u010co je to Mardukov sviatok?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm Mardukov\u00fdm sviatkom bol Ak\u00edtu, babylonsk\u00fd novoro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok na jar. Pri \u0148om sa verejne pred\u010d\u00edtaval m\u00fdtus o stvoren\u00ed En\u00fama eli\u0161, socha Marduka bola v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd sprievod.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesii<\/span> nesen\u00e1 z chr\u00e1mu Esagila cez Babylon a kr\u00e1\u013e bol op\u00e4\u0165 potvrden\u00fd vo svojom \u00farade. Ak\u00edtu \u0161trukt\u00farovalo babylonsk\u00fd rok.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Kto bol boh Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduk bol hlavn\u00fdm bohom babylonsk\u00e9ho panthe\u00f3nu a pod\u013ea babylonskej predstavy je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za stvorite\u013ea svet. Enuma Eli\u0161, babylonsk\u00fd m\u00fdtus o stvoren\u00ed, rozpr\u00e1va, ako Marduk porazil pramorsk\u00fa draky\u0148u Tiamat a z jej tela vytvoril nebo a zem. V pozdneakkadskom obdob\u00ed Marduk prevzal funkciu sumersk\u00e9ho Enlila.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"\u010co je Mardukov sviatok?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm Mardukov\u00fdm sviatkom bol Akitu, babylonsk\u00fd novoro\u010dn\u00fd sviatok na jar. Pri tejto pr\u00edle\u017eitosti sa verejne predn\u00e1\u0161al m\u00fdtus o stvoren\u00ed Enuma Eli\u0161, Mardukova socha bola vynesen\u00e1 z chr\u00e1mu Esagila v procesii cez Babylon a kr\u00e1\u013e bol znovu potvrden\u00fd vo svojom \u00farade. 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