{"id":157665,"date":"2026-09-04T22:16:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:16:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157665"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:39:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:39:07","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157665\" class=\"elementor elementor-157665 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, duch tibetskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> tibetskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>\u010cerven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia tibetsk\u00e9ho horsk\u00e9ho sveta, p\u00e1ni sk\u00e1l a priesmykov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Beztelesn\u00e1 alebo poloTelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, zosnul\u00fd, pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, dom\u00e1ci duch alebo str\u00e1\u017eca prahu. P\u00f4sob\u00ed v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, \u010dasto viazan\u00fd na miesta alebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157652\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsko-buddhistick\u00e1 a b\u00f6nska trad\u00edcia, yidam, dharmap\u0101la, svet n\u00e1gov.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159977\" alt=\"Tsen - duchovia z tibetskej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen (tib. <em>btsan<\/em>) tvoria samostatn\u00fa triedu tibetsk\u00fdch duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed: bojovn\u00ed duchovia sk\u00e1l, priesmykov a strm\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch svahov. V\u017edy s\u00fa opisovan\u00ed ako do \u010dervena oble\u010den\u00e9 mu\u017esk\u00e9 bojovn\u00e9 postavy, ktor\u00e9 jazdia na \u010derven\u00fdch ko\u0148och, nosia luk a me\u010d a m\u00f4\u017eu sa n\u00e1hle vynori\u0165 z skaln\u00fdch trhl\u00edn.<\/p><p>Tsen nie s\u00fa od z\u00e1kladu zlomyse\u013en\u00ed, s\u00fa v\u0161ak nebezpe\u010dn\u00ed a nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00ed. Ne\u00factu trestaj\u00fa okam\u017eite; ich \u00fazemia obklopuj\u00fa stroh\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 spr\u00e1vania.<\/p><p>Mnoh\u00ed Tsen boli po\u010das buddhistick\u00e9ho prenikania do Tibetu zaviazan\u00ed pr\u00edsahou a stanoven\u00ed ako str\u00e1\u017eni duchovia (dharmap\u00e1lovia) ur\u010dit\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torov. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcom je Pehar, ktor\u00fd bol v 8. storo\u010d\u00ed priveden\u00fd do Samye a spojen\u00fd so \u0161t\u00e1tnym or\u00e1kulom.<\/p><div><h3>Predb\u00f6nska predhist\u00f3ria a hierarchia duchov<\/h3><p>N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo b\u00f6n, predbuddhistick\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia Tibetu, delilo nadprirodzen\u00fd svet do zlo\u017eitej hierarchie nadprirodzen\u00fdch bytost\u00ed. <em>Tsen<\/em> patrili do tejto klasifik\u00e1cie ako \u0161pecializovan\u00ed horsk\u00ed a bojov\u00ed duchovia. Pod\u013ea b\u00f6nskych prame\u0148ov Tsen vznikli v skor\u0161ej kozmickej f\u00e1ze, e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e svet usporiadali bo\u017estva alebo buddhovsk\u00e9 podstaty.<\/p><p>S\u00fa teda star\u0161ie ako buddhizmus a hlb\u0161ie zakorenen\u00e9 v tibetskej p\u00f4de. B\u00f6nske k\u0148azstvo (<em>drangpo<\/em>) sa \u0161pecializovalo na upokojovanie Tsen pomocou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obet\u00ed<\/span> a zml\u00fav. V 7. \u2013 11. storo\u010d\u00ed, po\u010das buddhistick\u00e9ho obratu Tibetu, mnoh\u00ed z t\u00fdchto duchov neboli zni\u010den\u00ed, ale prijat\u00ed do buddhizmu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00e1tky profil: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Bojov\u00fd duch, horsk\u00fd d\u00e9mon<br>P\u00f4vod: Predbuddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia b\u00f6n; \u010dasto padl\u00ed bojovn\u00edci alebo vyhnan\u00ed knie\u017eat\u00e1<br>Texty: Cykly Padmasambhavy, epos Gesar, miestne ritu\u00e1lne knihy<br>\u00da\u010dinok: N\u00e1hle choroby, nehody na priesmykoch, posadnutos\u0165<br>Ochrana: Sang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obeta<\/span>, Tsen-torma, vyh\u00fdbanie sa v nevhodnom \u010dase<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Postava Tsen poch\u00e1dza z predbuddhistick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva b\u00f6n. Tvor\u00ed jednu z troch p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch tried bytost\u00ed (lha, klu, btsan). S buddhistick\u00fdm obratom v 7. \u2013 8. storo\u010d\u00ed je mnoho Tsen integrovan\u00fdch do nov\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu; niektor\u00ed s\u00fa ustanoven\u00ed ako str\u00e1\u017eni duchovia, in\u00ed zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00ed ako ob\u00e1van\u00ed horsk\u00ed p\u00e1ni.<\/p><p>Epos Gesar, jeden z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch \u00fastne tradovan\u00fdch eposov svet, pozn\u00e1 mnoho post\u00e1v Tsen ako protivn\u00edkov aj spojencov. E\u0161te dnes sa na mnoh\u00fdch priesmykoch udr\u017eiavaj\u00fa sv\u00e4tyne Tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen s\u00fa viazan\u00ed na ur\u010dit\u00e9 skaln\u00e9 \u00fatvary, priesmyky, strm\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 svahy a jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 skaly. Ka\u017ed\u00fd d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd priesmyk vo vysokohorskej oblasti m\u00e1 svojho Tsen, \u010dasto s vlastn\u00fdm menom a \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1lmi.<\/p><p>Typick\u00e9 miesta: vrcholy priesmykov s modlitebn\u00fdmi vlajkami (<em>lung ta<\/em>), samostatne stojace skaln\u00e9 bloky, \u010derven\u00e9 alebo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 skaln\u00e9 steny, prame\u0148e pri z\u00e1kladoch tak\u00fdchto \u00fatvarov. Niektor\u00ed Tsen ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa aj star\u00e9 ruiny a hrady, najm\u00e4 ak s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s historick\u00fdmi bojmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 zdroje: Cykly Padmasambhavy, najm\u00e4 rozpr\u00e1vania o podroben\u00ed; epos Gesar v jeho \u00fastnych aj p\u00edsan\u00fdch verzi\u00e1ch; miestne ritu\u00e1lne knihy zachovan\u00e9 pre jednotliv\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0160pecificky k Peharovi: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u201eFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la\u201c; \u010falej literat\u00fara o \u0161t\u00e1tnom or\u00e1kule Nechung.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibetsky <em>btsan<\/em>, vyslovovan\u00e9 Tsen alebo Ts\u00e4n.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u201ekr\u00e1\u013e Tsen\u201c.<\/li><li>Yul lha dang btsan, miestni str\u00e1\u017eni duchovia a Tsen spolu.<\/li><li>Pehar, najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed Tsen, ustanoven\u00fd za ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1na or\u00e1kula Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Legpa, p\u00f4vodne bytos\u0165 podobn\u00e1 Tsen, zaviazan\u00e1 Padmasambhavom.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zjav.<\/strong> Jasno\u010derven\u00fd mu\u017esk\u00fd bojovn\u00edk v plnej v\u00fdzbroji, s \u010derven\u00fdm pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165om, \u010dervenou prilbou, lukom a me\u010dom, na \u010dervenom koni s \u010derven\u00fdmi \u010dabrakami. V thangkov\u00fdch zobrazeniach \u010dasto so \u0161korpi\u00f3nov\u00fdmi alebo drav\u010d\u00edmi atrib\u00fatmi.<\/p><p>Spr\u00e1vanie. Zjavuj\u00fa sa za s\u00famraku a v noci, n\u00e1hle sa vyn\u00e1raj\u00fa z skaln\u00fdch trhl\u00edn. Prenasleduj\u00fa ne\u00factiv\u00fdch, jazdia po osamel\u00fdch priesmykoch, m\u00f4\u017eu sa objavova\u0165 v skupin\u00e1ch. Stretnutie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 poci\u0165ovan\u00e9 ako n\u00e1hla telesn\u00e1 slabos\u0165, z\u00e1vrat, hor\u00fa\u010dka alebo d\u00fdchavi\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Ochrann\u00e1 funkcia. Zaviazan\u00ed Tsen s\u00fa vern\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia svojich kl\u00e1\u0161torov a miest. V tejto funkcii patria do triedy <em>srung ma<\/em>, ochrann\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.<\/p><div><h3>Klasifik\u00e1cia Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc v r\u00e1mci b\u00f6n<\/h3><p>V syst\u00e9me b\u00f6n existuje presn\u00e1 klasifik\u00e1cia nadprirodzen\u00fdch bytost\u00ed pod\u013ea sf\u00e9ry a \u017eivlu: <em>Tsen<\/em> s\u00fa horsk\u00e9 a nebesk\u00e9 bytosti; <em>Nyen<\/em> s\u00fa horsk\u00ed duchovia a obyvatelia lesov; <em>Lu<\/em> s\u00fa vodn\u00ed obyvatelia podobn\u00ed n\u00e1gom; <em>D\u00fc<\/em> s\u00fa duchovia viazan\u00ed na zem. V r\u00e1mci tejto klasifik\u00e1cie s\u00fa Tsen najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 najdiv\u0161\u00ed.<\/p><p>Na rozdiel od in\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch duchov maj\u00fa Tsen siln\u00e9 bojov\u00e9 zameranie: chr\u00e1nia \u00fazemn\u00e9 hranice a rodinn\u00fa \u010des\u0165. O plodnos\u0165 sa zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa menej ne\u017e o odvahu a sl\u00e1vu. Tento rozdiel vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do Tsen zvykli vz\u00fdva\u0165 sk\u00f4r bojovn\u00edci a kr\u00e1li, zatia\u013e \u010do duchov Lu prosili ro\u013en\u00edci o vodn\u00e9 po\u017eehnanie.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Tsen na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predbuddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia b\u00f6n; \u010dasto padl\u00ed bojovn\u00edci alebo zosaden\u00e9 knie\u017eat\u00e1, ktor\u00ed sa vr\u00e1tili ako duchovia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adres\u00e1ti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cestuj\u00faci na vysokohorsk\u00fdch priesmykoch, po\u013eovn\u00edci, pastieri, obchodn\u00edci s karav\u00e1nami; stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci na nevysv\u00e4tenom \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zjav Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jasno\u010derven\u00e1 bojovn\u00edcka postava v plnej v\u00fdstroji, na \u010dervenom koni, s lukom a me\u010dom; niekedy s atrib\u00fatom \u0161korpi\u00f3na.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e1hla v\u00fd\u0161kova choroba, hor\u00fa\u010dka, d\u00fdchavi\u010dnos\u0165, nehody na horsk\u00fdch priesmykoch, posadnutos\u0165 hnevom; v pozit\u00edvnom zmysle rozhodn\u00e1 ochrana ako str\u00e1\u017eca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dymov\u00e1 obeta (sang) na horsk\u00fdch priesmykoch, tsen-torma, prednes \u0161pecifick\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lnych textov, ve\u0161anie \u010derven\u00fdch modlitebn\u00fdch vlajok; stroh\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 spr\u00e1vania na miestach sp\u00e4t\u00fdch s tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pendants<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mongolsk\u00ed horsk\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia; severoibersk\u00e9 a germ\u00e1nske horsk\u00e9 bytosti; indick\u00e9 <em>yaksha<\/em> ako str\u00e1\u017ecovia h\u00f4r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e1 prax<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sangov\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span> na priesmykoch.<\/strong> Cestuj\u00faci sa na vysokohorsk\u00fdch priesmykoch zastavuj\u00fa, zapa\u013euj\u00fa mal\u00e9 ohne z borievkov\u00fdch vetvi\u010diek a syp\u00fa m\u00faku; volanie <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (\u201enech je to obetovan\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1m\u201c) a modlitebn\u00e9 z\u00e1stavky (<em>lung ta<\/em>) sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa prechod.<\/p><p>Tsenove torma. Pri kl\u00e1\u0161torn\u00fdch obradoch sa pripravuj\u00fa fig\u00fary torma osobitne pre triedu tsen, \u010dasto \u010derven\u00e9 \u00fatvary z tsampy s \u010derven\u00fdmi farbivami.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e4tyne a kamenn\u00e9 hromady. Pri \u00fap\u00e4t\u00ed tsenov\u00fdch sk\u00e1l a na vrcholoch priesmykov stoja mal\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 hromady (<em>la btsas<\/em>), na ktor\u00e9 cestuj\u00faci prid\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161\u00ed kame\u0148.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa z\u00edskava bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ve\u0161tiare\u0148<\/span>. Niektor\u00ed tsen s\u00fa in\u0161titucionalizovan\u00ed ako vl\u00e1dcovia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa z\u00edskava bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161tiarne<\/span>; Pehar hovor\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom Nechungskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miesto alebo zariadenie, kde sa z\u00edskava bo\u017esk\u00fd v\u00fdrok.\" tabindex=\"0\">ve\u0161tiarne<\/span> dodnes v tibetskej exilovej vl\u00e1de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, paralely v in\u00fdch kult\u00farach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mongolsko.<\/strong> Po buddhistickom preniknut\u00ed do Mongolska v 13. \u2013 16. storo\u010d\u00ed s\u00fa postavy podobn\u00e9 tsen integrovan\u00e9 do mongolsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ochrann\u00fdch duchov.<\/p><p>India\/buddhizmus. <em>Yaksha<\/em> ako str\u00e1\u017ene postavy zdie\u013eaj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00fd profil vojensky po\u0148at\u00e9ho miestneho ducha.<\/p><p>Eur\u00f3pa. \u010cerven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia h\u00f4r a priesmykov sa objavuj\u00fa v severoibersk\u00fdch a alpsk\u00fdch povestiach; historick\u00e1 s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi nimi v\u0161ak neexistuje.<\/p><p>\u0160amansk\u00e9 trad\u00edcie. Sib\u00edrske a stredo\u00e1zijsk\u00e9 predstavy o horsk\u00fdch p\u00e1noch zdie\u013eaj\u00fa s tsen mnoh\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 znaky.<\/p><div><h3>Miestna n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 prax a zmluvn\u00fd syst\u00e9m tsen<\/h3><p>Na lok\u00e1lnej duchovnej \u00farovni funguj\u00fa tsen ako kozmick\u00ed spojenci miestnych spolo\u010denstiev. Konkr\u00e9tny vrch ob\u00fdva a ovl\u00e1da konkr\u00e9tny tsen. P\u00fatnici sa mu musia predstavi\u0165 a poprosi\u0165 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Udelenie ochrany a blaha, \u010dasto vo pevnej jazykovej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u017eehnanie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Bojovn\u00edci uzatv\u00e1rali s miestnymi tsen zmluvy, aby dosiahli v\u00ed\u0165azstvo. Zmluvn\u00fd syst\u00e9m tsen (<em>damtsig<\/em>) predstavuje vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd vz\u0165ah: \u010dlovek pris\u013e\u00fabi uctievanie, tsen za\u0148 poskytne ochranu a \u00faspech.<\/p><p>Tieto zmluvy sa ch\u00e1pali ako z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 a z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00e9; poru\u0161enie doh\u00f4d s tsen bolo trestan\u00e9 ne\u0161\u0165ast\u00edm po viacero gener\u00e1ci\u00ed. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mot\u00edv<\/span> zmluvy s horsk\u00fdmi duchmi sa vyskytuje v mnoh\u00fdch predbuddhistick\u00fdch kult\u00farach, av\u0161ak Tibet ho zachoval v jedine\u010dnej podobe zaradenej do ve\u013ek\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie do tibetsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu miestnych duchov<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Btsan<\/em> (vyslovovan\u00e9 tsen) patria medzi p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 triedy duchov Tibetu, ktor\u00e9 formovali tibetsk\u00fd sveton\u00e1zor u\u017e predt\u00fdm, ako sa presadil buddhizmus, a p\u00f4sobili aj ved\u013ea neho.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Religionistick\u00e1 literat\u00fara, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 dielo <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> od Ren\u00e9 de Nebesk\u00e9ho-Wojkowitza (1956), ich zara\u010fuje do hust\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ku ktor\u00e9mu patria okrem in\u00e9ho <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157663\">klu<\/a> v\u00f4d a podsvetia, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157666\">gnyan<\/a> strednej sf\u00e9ry a <em>lha<\/em> nebies.<\/span><\/p><p>V r\u00e1mci tejto sch\u00e9my s\u00fa <em>btsan<\/em> duchmi strednej a\u017e vrchnej oblasti, viazan\u00ed najm\u00e4 na skaly, priesmyky, \u010derven\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 \u00fabo\u010dia a jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 stromy.<\/p><p>Charakteristick\u00e1 je ich \u010derven\u00e1 farba. <em>Btsan<\/em> s\u00fa zobrazovan\u00ed ako \u010derven\u00ed jazdci na \u010derven\u00fdch ko\u0148och, obrnen\u00ed a vyzbrojen\u00ed lukom alebo kopijou.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> ich sp\u00e1ja s bojom, po\u013eovn\u00edctvom a n\u00e1hlou smr\u0165ou. Choroby, ktor\u00e9 prepukn\u00fa bez varovania, najm\u00e4 hor\u00fa\u010dkovit\u00e9 alebo tie sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 ochrnut\u00edm, sa tradi\u010dne vykladali ako \u00fatok <em>btsan<\/em>. Slovo <em>btsan<\/em> je v tibet\u010dine z\u00e1rove\u0148 pr\u00eddavn\u00fdm menom vyjadruj\u00facim mocn\u00fd a n\u00e1siln\u00fd, \u010do priamo pomen\u00fava povahu tejto triedy.<\/p><p>Pozoruhodn\u00e1 je historick\u00e1 h\u013abka tohto slova. <em>Btsan<\/em> je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho titulu <em>btsan po<\/em>, ktor\u00fdm sa ozna\u010dovali vl\u00e1dcovia tibetskej r\u00ed\u0161e (7. a\u017e 9. storo\u010die).<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum v tom vid\u00ed n\u00e1znak p\u00f4vodne \u00fazkeho vz\u0165ahu medzi kr\u00e1\u013eovskou mocou, kultom h\u00f4r a predstavou mocnej, bojovnej triedy duchov. S presaden\u00edm buddhizmu neboli <em>btsan<\/em>, tak ako ostatn\u00ed predbuddhistick\u00ed duchovia, zru\u0161en\u00ed, ale zaraden\u00ed do buddhistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a \u010diasto\u010dne premenen\u00ed na ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zapojenie do buddhizmu a \u00faloha ochrancu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibetsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia pozn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo v rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span>, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho mocn\u00ed u\u010ditelia ako Padmasambhava v 8. storo\u010d\u00ed podmanili p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch duchov a pr\u00edsahou ich zaviazali na ochranu buddhistickej u\u010dite\u013enosti. Pre <em>btsan<\/em> to znamenalo dvojit\u00fa existenciu.<\/p><p>Na jednej strane zost\u00e1vali neviazan\u00fdmi div\u00fdmi duchmi, ktor\u00ed striehli pri svojich skal\u00e1ch a horsk\u00fdch priechodoch. Na druhej strane mohli by\u0165 jednotliv\u00ed, mimoriadne mocn\u00ed <em>btsan<\/em> pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed na <em>srung ma<\/em>, ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estv\u00e1 kl\u00e1\u0161torov a u\u010dite\u013esk\u00fdch l\u00edni\u00ed.<\/p><p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom je ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estvo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157775\">Pehar<\/a>, respekt\u00edve jeho okolie, ktor\u00e9ho sprievod je z\u010dasti pripisovan\u00fd triede <em>btsan<\/em>. Za <em>btsan<\/em> sa pova\u017euje aj sl\u00e1vny str\u00e1\u017eca kl\u00e1\u0161tora Tsiu Marpo, uctievan\u00fd v centr\u00e1lnom kl\u00e1\u0161tore Samye: \u010derven\u00fd, obrnen\u00fd jazdec, ktor\u00fd mohol by\u0165 vz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako or\u00e1kulov\u00e9 bo\u017estvo.<\/p><p>Tu sa ukazuje, \u017ee t\u00e1to triedou nebola v\u00f4bec ch\u00e1pan\u00e1 len negat\u00edvne. Zaviazan\u00fd <em>btsan<\/em> bol mocn\u00fdm ochrancom pr\u00e1ve preto, \u017ee si zachoval svoju p\u00f4vodn\u00fa divos\u0165 a bojov\u00fa silu, ktor\u00e9 teraz sl\u00fa\u017eili kl\u00e1\u0161toru.<\/p><p>V ritu\u00e1lnom \u017eivote kl\u00e1\u0161torov sa toto puto pravidelne obnovovalo. Obetn\u00e9 dary, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm \u010derven\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, a recit\u00e1cia z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fdch form\u00fal udr\u017eiavali tento vz\u0165ah. V\u00fdskum zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee tento vz\u0165ah bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd za neist\u00fd.<\/p><p>Zanedban\u00fd alebo urazen\u00fd ochrann\u00fd <em>btsan<\/em> sa mohol obr\u00e1ti\u0165 proti spolo\u010denstvu, ktor\u00e9 mal p\u00f4vodne str\u00e1\u017ei\u0165. T\u00fdm sa tibetsk\u00fd pr\u00edstup k <em>btsan<\/em> z\u00e1sadne odli\u0161uje od \u010distej obrany proti d\u00e9monom. Ne\u0161lo o zni\u010denie, ale o trval\u00e9 riadenie nebezpe\u010dnej, ale vyu\u017eite\u013enej moci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 intern\u00e9 odkazy:<\/p><ul><li>Kult\u00farna str\u00e1nka <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>\u010eal\u0161ie samostatn\u00e9 profily z Tibetu: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157663\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157666\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157668\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157667\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paralely: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157633\">Hinduizmus<\/a> (Yaksha).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara (v\u00fdber)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Kompaktn\u00fd v\u00fdber k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch pr\u00e1c o Tsen:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch u\u010denie a spr\u00e1vny poriadok konania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> In: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), s. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Hg., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Wien, \u00d6AW). Zborn\u00edk k v\u00fdskumu horsk\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 literat\u00fara (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Hg.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tu pop\u00edsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 prax je religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie historick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed. iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na t\u00fato kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa linku nosen\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov a predstavuje jej s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Viac o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1717,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen - \u010cerven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia tibetsk\u00e9ho horsk\u00e9ho sveta","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, \u010derven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia tibetsk\u00e9ho horsk\u00e9ho sveta. P\u00e1ni sk\u00e1l a priesmykov, ob\u00e1van\u00ed predkovia a ich \u00faloha v predbuddhistickej viere b\u00f6n.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157665","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen - \u010cerven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia tibetsk\u00e9ho horsk\u00e9ho sveta<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, \u010derven\u00ed bojovn\u00ed duchovia tibetsk\u00e9ho horsk\u00e9ho sveta. 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