{"id":157644,"date":"2026-09-04T22:15:35","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:15:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157644"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:38:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:38:33","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157644\" class=\"elementor elementor-157644 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, duch buddhistickej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Poslovia smrti Yamu, vykon\u00e1vatelia karmick\u00fdch rozsudkov.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadutovia v syst\u00e9me Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadutovia s\u00fa <strong>poslovia smrti Yamu<\/strong>, p\u00e1na m\u0155tvych vo v\u00e9dskej, hinduistickej a buddhistickej trad\u00edcii.<\/p><p>V Garuda Purane a v syst\u00e9me Naraka Mahabharaty odv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa du\u0161u bezprostredne po <strong>okamihu smrti<\/strong>. Ich povinnosti zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa: identifik\u00e1ciu du\u0161e, odtrhnutie od \u017eivotn\u00fdch p\u00fat, sprievod cez rieku <strong>Vaitarani<\/strong>, odovzdanie na Yamovom s\u00fade v <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. Tam pis\u00e1r <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> v\u00e1\u017ei z\u00e1sluhy a previnenia, Yama vyriekne rozsudok.<\/p><p>Tresty ved\u00fa do jedn\u00e9ho z <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (pekiel): Raurava (peklo kriku), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Buddhistick\u00e9 prevzatie (Mahayana, Vajrayana) zachov\u00e1va t\u00fato sch\u00e9mu, ale dop\u013a\u0148a mo\u017enos\u0165 vyslobodenia prostredn\u00edctvom recit\u00e1cie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sv\u00e4t\u00e1 slabika alebo formula, ktor\u00e1 sa v hinduizme a buddhizme opakovane predn\u00e1\u0161a.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantry<\/span> a prakt\u00edk medzistavu (bardo, Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych). Ikonograficky s\u00fa Yamadutovia tmavej pleti, s lasom, palicou a jazdia na vodnom byvole.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Netelesn\u00e1 alebo poltelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, zosnul\u00ed, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 bytosti, dom\u00e1ci duchovia alebo str\u00e1\u017ecovia prahu. P\u00f4sob\u00ed v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, \u010dasto je viazan\u00fd na miesta alebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami, hladuj\u00facimi duchmi a str\u00e1\u017ecami pekiel.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159997\" alt=\"Yamaduta \u2013 duchovia z trad\u00edcie buddhizmu, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> buddhistickej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btovia s\u00fa poslovia smrti v slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Yamu, p\u00e1na m\u0155tvych indicko-buddhistickej trad\u00edcie. Pri n\u00e1stupe smrti sa zjavuj\u00fa, aby odviedli du\u0161u a privedeli ju na Yamov s\u00fad.<\/p><p>Tam sa v\u00e1\u017ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme, buddhizme a jainizme z\u00e1kon n\u00e1sledkov skutkov: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din sa sp\u00e4tne prejav\u00ed v nasleduj\u00facich existenci\u00e1ch.\">karma<\/span>; Yama vyn\u00e1\u0161a rozsudok; Yamad\u016btovia ho vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa, bu\u010f v nebesk\u00fdch svetoch, alebo v Narak\u00e1ch (pekel\u00e1ch). T\u00e1to postava sp\u00e1ja indick\u00e9 a buddhistick\u00e9 trad\u00edcie kultu mrtvych; v \u00c1zii sa sp\u00e1ja s miestnymi predstavami o podsvet\u00ed.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eSutta o bo\u017e\u00edch posloch&#8220;) v p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, uzn\u00e1van\u00fd ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> rozpr\u00e1va sc\u00e9nu, ktor\u00fa Buddha vysvet\u013euje: zosnul\u00fd je priveden\u00fd pred Yamu; Yama sa ho p\u00fdta, \u010di nevidel \u201eposlov bohov&#8220;, starobu, chorobu, smr\u0165, n\u00e1lezy tiel, ktor\u00e9 ho mali podnieti\u0165 k obratu.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btovia teda nie s\u00fa len vykon\u00e1vatelia, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazovatelia zmyslu \u017eivota. T\u00e1to dvojit\u00e1 \u00faloha rob\u00ed postavu teologicky bohatou.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana a topografia Yamaloky<\/strong><\/p><p>Najpodrobnej\u0161ie zobrazenie <em>Yamaduty<\/em> sa nach\u00e1dza v <em>Garuda Purane<\/em> (8.\u201310. storo\u010die), kde s\u00fa Yamovi poslovia klasifikovan\u00ed pod\u013ea hodnosti a funkcie. Nad r\u00e1mec role jednoduch\u00fdch str\u00e1\u017ecov alebo poslov p\u00f4sobia ako porotcovia a dokument\u00e1tori karmick\u00e9ho rozsudku.<\/p><p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd zosnul\u00fd je svoj\u00edm osobn\u00fdm Yamadutom veden\u00fd zo sveta zosnul\u00fdch do Maharloky, kde Yama vedie svoj dvor. Samotn\u00e1 topografia Yamaloky, ako je pop\u00edsan\u00e1 v r\u00f4znych puran\u00e1ch, ukazuje byrokratick\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru: br\u00e1na, cesta, sie\u0148 spravodlivosti, r\u00f4zne oblasti pekiel. Yamadutovia s\u00fa spr\u00e1vcami tejto topografie, nie jej str\u00e1\u017ecami.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00fdchly preh\u013ead: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> poslovia smrti, vykon\u00e1vatelia pekeln\u00fdch rozsudkov<br>P\u00f4vod: slu\u017eba Yamovi, p\u00e1novi m\u0155tvych<br>Texty: Devad\u016bta Sutta, jataky, Abhidharmakosha, Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych<br>Obdobie: od v\u00e9dsko-buddhistick\u00e9ho po s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<br>V\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00e1 forma: v \u010d\u00ednskom syst\u00e9me podsvetia ako poslovia Yanlua<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00e9dsky p\u00f4vod (Yama v Rigv\u00e9de), buddhistick\u00e9 stv\u00e1rnenie v p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, uzn\u00e1van\u00fd ako z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> a v s\u00fatrach <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVe\u013ek\u00fd vozidlo'; jedna z troch hlavn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed buddhizmu, s ide\u00e1lom b\u00f3dhisattvu a rozvinutou filozofickou reflexiou.\">Mahayany<\/span>. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. stor. n. l.) systematizuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a usporiadan\u00ed svaeta v r\u00e1mci kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3giu<\/span>. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetskom buddhizme prechodn\u00fd stav medzi dvoma existenciami; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zu po smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. storo\u010die alebo nesk\u00f4r) s podrobnou sc\u00e9nou Yamad\u016bta. \u010c\u00ednske a japonsk\u00e9 s\u00favislosti v buddhistickej literat\u00fare o podsvet\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indick\u00fd subkontinent, krajiny theravady, v\u00fdchodn\u00e1 \u00c1zia (v \u010c\u00edne ako poslovia Yanluu, Niu Tou \u201eVolsk\u00e1 hlava&#8220; a Ma Mian \u201eKonsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r&#8220;), Tibet s roz\u0161\u00edren\u00edm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00e9 vozidlo'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mahayanov\u00e9ho buddhizmu, hlavne v Tibete, so stredobodom v praxi yidamov a mantrovej technike.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1ny<\/span>, Japonsko s podobou Emma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya a Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych; ritu\u00e1lny n\u00e1vod pre prechodn\u00e9 stavy po smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, \u010d\u00ednske pr\u00edbehy o podsvet\u00ed (literat\u00fara <em>Di Yu<\/em>), japonsk\u00e9 Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYamov posol&#8220;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYamov str\u00e1\u017eca&#8220;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYamov mu\u017e&#8220;.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eVolsk\u00e1 hlava a konsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r&#8220;, popul\u00e1rna dvojica).<br>Japonsky: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama ako Emma.<br>Tibetsky: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 je \u0161pecifik\u00e1cia vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii: dvojica Volsk\u00e1 hlava a Konsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r je samostatn\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsky v\u00fdtvor. Obaja s\u00fa zobrazovan\u00ed ako mocn\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edci podsvetia v slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Yanluo Wanga a s\u00fa prominentn\u00ed v \u013eudovej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej chr\u00e1movej praxi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zjav<\/strong><\/p><p>V indickej trad\u00edcii sa \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00fa s plamennou aurou, zbra\u0148ami, re\u0165azami. M\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 zvieraciu alebo \u010diasto\u010dne zvieraciu podobu. V \u010d\u00ednskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> s\u00fa \u0161pecifikovan\u00ed ako Volsk\u00e1 hlava a Konsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r, vyzbrojen\u00ed kyjmi alebo vidlicami. Na tibetsk\u00fdch thangk\u00e1ch s\u00fa hnevliv\u00ed, tancuj\u00faci, s lebkov\u00fdmi symbolmi.<\/p><p><strong>Chovanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Objavuj\u00fa sa v okamihu smrti, zv\u00e4zuj\u00fa du\u0161u a priv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ju k Yamovi. V Narak\u00e1ch vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa karmick\u00e9 tresty, nie z osobnej krutosti, ale ako funk\u010dn\u00fa povinnos\u0165. Vo v\u00fdklade Devad\u016bta maj\u00fa aj symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam: samotn\u00fd \u017eivot upom\u00edna prostredn\u00edctvom staroby, choroby a smrti.<\/p><p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia<\/strong><\/p><p>Medzisvet po\u010das procesu umierania, Yamov s\u00fad, Naraky (pekeln\u00e9 svety). Vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej trad\u00edcii s\u00fa tie\u017e rozdelen\u00ed do konkr\u00e9tnych podsvetn\u00fdch \u00faradov, ka\u017ed\u00e9 z desiatich pekiel m\u00e1 vlastn\u00fdch \u00faradn\u00edkov.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama je vo v\u00e9dskej trad\u00edcii prv\u00fdm smrte\u013en\u00edkom, ktor\u00fd zost\u00fapil do podsvetia, a tak sa stal jeho p\u00e1nom. Jeho poslovia s\u00fa funkcion\u00e1ri kozmick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nie samostatn\u00ed d\u00e9moni. Buddhistick\u00e9 prevzatie si t\u00fato funk\u010dn\u00fa poz\u00edciu zachov\u00e1va.<\/p><div><p><strong>Telesn\u00e9 znaky a funkcia hr\u00f4zy<\/strong><\/p><p>V pas\u00e1\u017each Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty a v neskor\u0161\u00edch Pur\u00e1nach s\u00fa Yamad\u016bta popisovan\u00ed so \u0161pecifick\u00fdmi telesn\u00fdmi znakmi: \u010dierna ko\u017ea, \u010derven\u00e9 o\u010di, hadie vlasy alebo plamene namiesto vlasov, \u017eelezn\u00e9 zbrane. Tieto znaky s\u00fa funk\u010dn\u00e9, nie svojvo\u013en\u00e9: maj\u00fa smrte\u013en\u00edkov \u0161okova\u0165 a podnieti\u0165 ich k zamysleniu nad vlastn\u00fdm \u017eivotom.<\/p><p>Vzh\u013ead je z\u00e1rove\u0148 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Odvracaj\u00faci ne\u0161\u0165astie; apotropaick\u00e9 symboly (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) chr\u00e1nia pred \u0161kodlivou magiou a zl\u00fdm okom.\">apotropaick\u00fd<\/span> a meditat\u00edvny. Poh\u013ead na Yamad\u016btu ozna\u010duje prechod od \u017eivota k zodpovednosti. V tantrick\u00fdch koment\u00e1roch je funkcia hr\u00f4zy vyjadren\u00e1 e\u0161te explicitnej\u0161ie: Yamad\u016bta je vedom\u00e9 zhmotnenie karmick\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkov, nie biologick\u00e1 entita.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yamad\u016bta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty Yamad\u016btov na jeden poh\u013ead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Yamu, p\u00e1na mrtvych. V\u00e9dsko-buddhistick\u00fd z\u00e1klad. Vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii rozvinut\u00ed pod Yanluom\/Emmom, s vlastnou \u00faradn\u00edckou hierarchiou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adres\u00e1ti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Umieraj\u00faci v okamihu smrti, mrtv\u00ed v prechodnom stave, pekeln\u00e9 bytosti pri v\u00fdkone trestov. Nepriamo v\u0161etci \u017eij\u00faci ako t\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch upom\u00ednaj\u00fa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zjav<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indicky s plamennou aurou a zbra\u0148ami. \u010c\u00ednsky \u0161pecifikovan\u00ed ako Volsk\u00e1 hlava a Konsk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r. Tibetsky hnevliv\u00ed, tancuj\u00faci, s lebkov\u00fdmi ozdobami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie Yamad\u016btov<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa du\u0161e umieraj\u00facich, priv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ich pred Yamov s\u00fad, vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa karmick\u00e9 rozsudky. Funk\u010dne, nie z osobnej krutosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy ochrany<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nie odvr\u00e1tenie, ale spr\u00e1vny \u017eivot: etick\u00e9 konanie, \u00fato\u010disko v Troch drahokamoch, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo vz\u00fdvaj\u00face oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> Ksitigarbhu (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1novom buddhizme osvieten\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 odklad\u00e1 svoje vlastn\u00e9 vyslobodenie v prospech u\u010denia pre in\u00e9 bytosti.\">b\u00f3dhisattva<\/span> pekeln\u00fdch bytost\u00ed). Tibetsky: prax Phowa (prenos vedomia v okamihu smrti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Porovnate\u013en\u00e9 bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157591\">K\u00e9ry<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157597\">Dirae<\/a>, egyptsk\u00ed spolo\u010dn\u00edci z Amduatu, kres\u0165ansk\u00ed anjeli smrti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pohrebn\u00e9 a smrtn\u00e9 obrady<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00edprava na smr\u0165<\/strong><\/p><p>V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dovej trad\u00edcii: recit\u00e1cia Paritty a Metta-sutier pri umieraj\u00facich. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ve\u013ek\u00fd voze\u0148; jedna z troch hlavn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed buddhizmu, s ide\u00e1lom b\u00f3dhisattvu.\">Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>: recit\u00e1cia mantier Amit\u00e1bhu, aby sa zomieraj\u00faci narodil v jeho \u010cistej zemi a nie v Yamovej r\u00ed\u0161i. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd voze\u0148; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhizmu, prim\u00e1rne v Tibete, so zameran\u00edm na jidam-prax.\">Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na<\/span>: Phowa ako \u0161pecifick\u00e1 medit\u00e1cia umierania na v\u00fdstup z kolobehu.<\/p><p><strong>Poumret\u00e9 obrady<\/strong><\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtvych d\u00e1va zosnul\u00e9mu pokyny na 49 dn\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetskom buddhizme prechodn\u00fd stav medzi dvomi existenciami; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zu po smrti.\">bardo<\/span>, medzi nimi aj v\u00fdslovn\u00e9 stretnutia s Yamad\u016btami. \u010c\u00ednska trad\u00edcia s obradom \u201esedem-sedem&#8220; (49 dn\u00ed s t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00fdmi cerem\u00f3niami). Japonsk\u00e9 Obon a podobn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly na u\u013eah\u010denie stavu zomrel\u00e9ho.<\/p><p><strong>Etick\u00fd rozmer<\/strong><\/p><p>U\u010denie Devad\u016bta hovor\u00ed, \u017ee samotn\u00fd \u017eivot vysiela poslov: starobu, chorobu, poh\u013ead na mrtvolu. Kto na to po\u010d\u00fava, nem\u00e1 sa pred Yamov\u00fdm s\u00fadom \u010doho b\u00e1\u0165. Kto to prehliadne, ocitne sa v zodpovedaj\u00facich znovuzrodeniach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a recepcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene 800 pred Kr. a\u017e 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> a mezopot\u00e1mske paralely<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopot\u00e1msky <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a> ako v\u00fdkonn\u00fd org\u00e1n podsvetia, gr\u00e9cke <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157591\">K\u00e9ry<\/a> ako d\u00e9monky smrti, egyptsk\u00e9 sprievodn\u00e9 postavy z Amduatu na slne\u010dnej ceste podsvet\u00edm.<\/p><p><strong>V\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj<\/strong><\/p><p>\u010c\u00ednski Niou-tchou Ma-mien, japonsk\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edci Emmu maj\u00fa v \u013eudovej viere konkr\u00e9tnu \u00faradn\u00edcku hierarchiu s kore\u0161pondenciou a sk\u00fa\u0161kami. Syst\u00e9m Ti-j\u00fc (\u201ePodzemn\u00e9 v\u00e4zenie\u201c) patr\u00ed medzi najprepracovanej\u0161ie administrat\u00edvy podsvetia na svete.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00e1 recepcia<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywoodske filmy s postavami Jamar\u00e1d\u017ea, japonsk\u00e9 anime s mot\u00edvmi \u0161inigami, k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 K-dr\u00e1my s postavami Smr\u0165ky, v\u0161etky v modernej podobe obmie\u0148aj\u00fa mot\u00edv Jamad\u00fatov.<\/p><div><p><strong>Jamad\u00fata a islamsk\u00ed Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Pozoruhodn\u00e1 paralela existuje medzi hinduistick\u00fdmi Jamad\u00fatmi a anjelmi smrti islamskej trad\u00edcie, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Obe trad\u00edcie opisuj\u00fa nebesk\u00e9 bytosti, ktor\u00e9 sa zjavuj\u00fa v okamihu smrti. Obe posudzuj\u00fa skutky zosnul\u00e9ho na z\u00e1klade svojich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch alebo karmick\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov.<\/p><p>Obe s\u00fa svoj\u00edm vzh\u013eadom desiv\u00e9, no vo svojej funkcii spravodliv\u00e9. Islamsk\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabsky \u201aanjeli'; v Kor\u00e1ne kozmologick\u00e1 trieda anjelov, z ktor\u00fdch najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed s\u00fa Gabriel, Michael a Izraf\u00edl.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> s\u00fa v\u0161ak mor\u00e1lnymi z\u00e1stupcami Boha, zatia\u013e \u010do Jamad\u00fati predstavuj\u00fa sk\u00f4r neutr\u00e1lne administrat\u00edvne sily. Tento rozdiel poukazuje na odli\u0161nos\u0165 v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m zlu\u010dite\u013enosti Bo\u017eej v\u0161emoh\u00facnosti a dobroty s existenciou zla vo svete.\">teod\u00edcei<\/span>: v hinduizme sa karma nap\u013a\u0148a sama, v islame o spravodlivosti rozhoduje Bo\u017eia milos\u0165.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta ako poslovia boha smrti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meno <em>Yamaduta<\/em> znamen\u00e1 doslova \u201eposol Yamu&#8220;. Yama je p\u00e1n mrtvych, postava poch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca z v\u00e9dskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, ktor\u00e1 sa prostredn\u00edctvom buddhizmu a hinduizmu roz\u0161\u00edrila po celej ju\u017enej a v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii.<\/p><p>Yamadutovia s\u00fa jeho podriaden\u00ed, vysielan\u00ed, aby zhroma\u017e\u010fovali du\u0161e zosnul\u00fdch a priv\u00e1dzali ich pred s\u00fad p\u00e1na smrti. Nie s\u00fa teda samostatn\u00fdmi mocami, ale funkcion\u00e1rmi v r\u00e1mci kozmick\u00e9ho poriadku.<\/p><p>V buddhistick\u00fdch textoch sa Yamadutovia objavuj\u00fa vo viacer\u00fdch \u00faloh\u00e1ch. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm miestom je <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> z P\u00e1lijsk\u00e9ho k\u00e1nonu, kde v\u0161ak do popredia vystupuj\u00fa \u201ebo\u017esk\u00ed poslovia&#8220;, konkr\u00e9tne staroba, choroba a smr\u0165 ako v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00e9 znamenia, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa varova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dloveka.<\/p><p>Okrem toho existuj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tnej\u0161ie opisy poslov podsvetia, ktor\u00ed uchopia zosnul\u00e9ho a prived\u00fa ho pred Yamu. Yama potom zosnul\u00e9mu vyt\u00fdka, \u017ee varovn\u00e9 znamenia starnutia, choroby a smrti videl po\u010das \u017eivota, ale nevzal si ich k srdcu.<\/p><p>Toto prepojenie desiv\u00e9ho opisu a etick\u00e9ho pou\u010denia je charakteristick\u00e9 pre buddhistick\u00e9 spracovanie Yamadutov. S\u00fa to desiv\u00e9 postavy, ale ich hr\u00f4za m\u00e1 v\u00fdchovn\u00fd \u00fa\u010del. V\u00fdskum buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o stavbe a usporiadan\u00ed sveta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010ditej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gie<\/span> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee opisy pekiel v buddhizme boli myslen\u00e9 ako p\u00f4sobiv\u00e9 zobrazenie z\u00e1kona karmy a nesl\u00fa\u017eili samy osebe.<\/p><p>Yamadutovia nevykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa svojvo\u013en\u00fd trest, uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00fa to, \u010do si samotn\u00e9 skutky zosnul\u00e9ho vy\u017eiadaj\u00fa. Skuto\u010dn\u00fdm soudcom je v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku z\u00e1kon \u010dinu a n\u00e1sledku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta v zobrazeniach pekla a chr\u00e1movom umen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhistick\u00e9 v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie \u00c1zie zobrazovalo Yamadutov mnohokr\u00e1t, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch v\u00fdjavoch pekla, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v chr\u00e1moch, na n\u00e1stenn\u00fdch ma\u013eb\u00e1ch a na zvitkoch. Tieto v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 programy zobrazuj\u00fa posmrtn\u00fd s\u00fad Yamu a tresty r\u00f4znych pekiel s \u010dasto drastickou n\u00e1zornos\u0165ou.<\/p><p>Yamadutovia sa na nich objavuj\u00fa ako v\u00fdkonn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia a mu\u010ditelia, \u010dasto so zvierac\u00edmi rysmi, napr\u00edklad s b\u00fd\u010dou alebo konskou hlavou, \u010do je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 charakteristick\u00e1 pre v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fa trad\u00edciu.<\/p><p>Tak\u00e9to zobrazenia pekla mali jasn\u00fa didaktick\u00fa funkciu. Umiest\u0148ovali sa na miestach, kde ich videli laici, a n\u00e1zorne ukazovali d\u00f4sledky neblah\u00e9ho konania sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd bol zrozumite\u013en\u00fd aj bez znalosti textov.<\/p><p>V Thajsku, v tibetskej trad\u00edcii, v \u010c\u00edne, K\u00f3rei a Japonsku sa vytvorili vlastn\u00e9 podoby tejto obrazovej trad\u00edcie, ktor\u00e9 spolo\u010dn\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00fa sch\u00e9mu doplnili o region\u00e1lne osobitosti.<\/p><p>Vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej variante sa indick\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo sp\u00e1ja s predstavou desiatich kr\u00e1\u013eov podsvetia, tak\u017ee Yama sa tam objavuje ako jeden z desiatich soudcov, porovnate\u013en\u00fd s k\u00f3rejsk\u00fdm <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157769\">Yeomrom<\/a>.<\/p><p>Pre religionistick\u00fd poh\u013ead je t\u00e1to obrazov\u00e1 trad\u00edcia d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm prame\u0148om, preto\u017ee ukazuje, ako sa u\u010denie o karme a posmrtnom s\u00fade sprostredk\u00favalo do \u017eivota laikov. Yamadutovia sa v t\u00fdchto obrazoch objavuj\u00fa ako n\u00e1zorn\u00e9, desiv\u00e9 postavy, nie ako abstraktn\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 pojmy.<\/p><p>Umenovedn\u00fd v\u00fdskum navy\u0161e vyu\u017e\u00edva zachovan\u00e9 obrazy pekla na sledovanie \u0161\u00edrenia ur\u010dit\u00fdch predst\u00e1v v \u010dase a priestore, preto\u017ee na nich mo\u017eno sledova\u0165 cesty prenosu buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o stavbe a usporiadan\u00ed sveta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010ditej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gie<\/span> medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi regi\u00f3nmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta a Yamadut v hinduizme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predstava o yamabotoch je zakotven\u00e1 nielen v buddhizme, ale aj v hinduizme, kde sa poslovia \u010dasto naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa <em>Yamadut<\/em>. Jeden osobitne zn\u00e1my pr\u00edbeh, ktor\u00fd sa zachoval vo viacer\u00fdch pur\u00e1nach, sa t\u00fdka postavy Ad\u017eamily (Ajamila).<\/p><p>Ad\u017eamila je mu\u017e, ktor\u00fd viedol nespr\u00e1vny \u017eivot a v hodine smrti si ho maj\u00fa pr\u00eds\u0165 odvies\u0165 yamaboti. V okamihu umierania v\u0161ak vykr\u00edkne meno svojho syna, ktor\u00e9 je n\u00e1hodou z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedn\u00fdm z mien boha Vishnua. Nato sa objavia Vishnuovi poslovia, <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, postavia sa yamabotom a Ad\u017eamilu vyslobodia.<\/p><p>Tento pr\u00edbeh je teologicky ve\u013emi v\u00fdpovedn\u00fd. V trad\u00edcii uctievania Vishnua sa uv\u00e1dza ako d\u00f4kaz sp\u00e1snej sily bo\u017esk\u00e9ho mena: aj ne\u00famyseln\u00e9 zvolanie mena m\u00e1 pod\u013ea nej sp\u00e1sonosn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok.<\/p><p>Yamaboti v tomto pr\u00edbehu steles\u0148uj\u00fa stroh\u00fa logiku skutku a odplaty, zatia\u013e \u010do Vishnuovi poslovia steles\u0148uj\u00fa milos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 t\u00fato logiku m\u00f4\u017ee prelomi\u0165. Spor medzi oboma skupinami poslov je v textoch vyl\u00ed\u010den\u00fd ako skuto\u010dn\u00fd spor o pr\u00e1vo a milos\u0165.<\/p><p>Z poh\u013eadu religionistiky t\u00e1to epiz\u00f3da ukazuje, \u017ee yamaduti s\u00fa v r\u00f4znych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch pr\u00fadoch Indie hodnoten\u00ed odli\u0161ne, pod\u013ea toho, ak\u00e9 teologick\u00e9 stanovisko sa zast\u00e1va. V r\u00e1mci striktne na karme zalo\u017eenom v\u00fdklade s\u00fa ne\u00faprosn\u00fdmi vykon\u00e1vate\u013emi trestu.<\/p><p>V pr\u00fadoch zameran\u00fdch na oddanos\u0165 a milos\u0165 sa z nich st\u00e1va in\u0161tancia, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee prekona\u0165 milostiv\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 sp\u00e1sonosnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva ako bo\u017esk\u00e1.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>. Yamaduti s\u00fa tak dobr\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom toho, ako sa spolo\u010dn\u00e1 mytologick\u00e1 predstava v r\u00f4znych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch zara\u010fuje a hodnot\u00ed odli\u0161ne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 intern\u00e9 odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157641\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157642\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157643\">Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157645\">D\u00e1kin\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157591\">K\u00e9ry<\/a> (paralely)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157760\">Yama<\/a> ako p\u00e1n mrtvych (hinduizmus)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol a tibetsk\u00e1 Kniha mrtvych<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdber z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c o Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela n\u00e1jdete v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tu pop\u00edsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 prax je vedeck\u00fdm zaraden\u00edm historick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed. iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na t\u00fato kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa linku prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov a predstavuje jej s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Viac o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta posol smrti Yamu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 posli smrti boha Yamu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016btovia s\u00fa posli smrti v slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Yamu, p\u00e1na m\u0155tvych indicko-buddhistickej trad\u00edcie. 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