{"id":157643,"date":"2026-09-04T22:15:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:15:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157643"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:38:34","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:38:34","slug":"naraka-wachter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/naraka-wachter\/","title":{"rendered":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157643\" class=\"elementor elementor-157643 elementor-1210\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter, d\u00e9mon buddhistickej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia pekiel v \u00f4smich hor\u00facich a \u00f4smich chladn\u00fdch narak\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/p><p>Naraka-W\u00e4chter s\u00fa buddhistick\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia pekiel pod veden\u00edm Jamu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadprirodzen\u00e1 bytos\u0165 s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou \u0161kodliv\u00fdm alebo protire\u010div\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom. Stoj\u00ed medzi bohmi a \u013eu\u010fmi, sp\u00f4sobuje choroby, poku\u0161enie alebo ne\u0161\u0165astie a odh\u00e1\u0148a sa zakl\u00ednan\u00edm, apotropaick\u00fdmi prostriedkami a ritu\u00e1lmi.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami, hladov\u00fdmi duchmi a str\u00e1\u017ecami pekiel.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-160017\" alt=\"Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky - d\u00e9moni z buddhistickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naraka-W\u00e4chter je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa prisudzuje \u0161kodliv\u00fd alebo protire\u010div\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> buddhistickej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p>Naraka-W\u00e4chter (sanskrt <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>) s\u00fa vykon\u00e1vatelia trestov v buddhistick\u00fdch pekl\u00e1ch. Abhidharmov\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o stavbe a poriadku svet v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> rozli\u0161uje osem hor\u00facich a osem chladn\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch nar\u00e1k, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s mno\u017estvom ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edch pekiel; v ka\u017edej z nich vl\u00e1dne \u0161pecifick\u00e1 forma trestu, ktor\u00e1 je karmick\u00fdm protikladom pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho hriechu. Str\u00e1\u017ecovia tieto tresty vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa, nie z krutosti, ale ako sp\u00f4sob vytv\u00e1rania karmick\u00e9ho d\u00f4sledku.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee naraky nie s\u00fa v buddhizme ve\u010dn\u00e9 pekla. S\u00fa to miesta znovuzrodenia s presne stanovenou d\u013a\u017ekou trvania. Ke\u010f sa karmick\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e vy\u010derp\u00e1, bytos\u0165 sa znovuzrod\u00ed v inej existencii.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia s\u00fa teda funkcion\u00e1ri mechanizmu, nie postavy diabla. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch a \u010d\u00ednsky syst\u00e9m Di Yu prisudzuj\u00fa str\u00e1\u017ecom samostatn\u00e9 podoby, hlavu byka, tv\u00e1r ko\u0148a, hlavu tigra a \u010fal\u0161ie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vo svetovej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> dobre zn\u00e1me.<\/p><div><p><strong>Buddhistick\u00e9 naraka-s\u00fatry a ich klasifik\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p><p>Najpodrobnej\u0161ie buddhistick\u00e9 opisy pekiel a ich str\u00e1\u017ecov sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v s\u00fatrach ako <em>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, <em>Karmavibhanga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em> a <em>Surangama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>. Tieto texty klasifikuj\u00fa str\u00e1\u017ecov pekiel pod\u013ea ich \u00falohy a karmick\u00e9ho statusu. Niektor\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia s\u00fa demonick\u00e9 bytosti, uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 v svojich \u00faloh\u00e1ch vlastnou zlou karmou.<\/p><p>In\u00ed s\u00fa b\u00f3dhisattvovia, ktor\u00ed sa dobrovo\u013ene vyd\u00e1vaj\u00fa do peklovej role, aby zachr\u00e1nili bytosti. Rozli\u0161ovanie medzi t\u00fdmito dvoma kateg\u00f3riami je pre buddhistick\u00fa etiku k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9: str\u00e1\u017eca je zajat\u00fd vo svojej role alebo je misijnou silou, v princ\u00edpe nie je zl\u00fd. Naraka-W\u00e4chter je preto v buddhizme napriek strachu aj uctievan\u00fd.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> str\u00e1\u017eca pekiel, karmick\u00fd vykon\u00e1vate\u013e trestov<br>P\u00f4vod: v slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Jamu; vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej trad\u00edcii Jamu-vanga (Yanluo Wang)<br>Texty: Abhidharmako\u0161a, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVe\u013ek\u00fd vozidlo'; jedna z troch hlavn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed buddhizmu, s ide\u00e1lom b\u00f3dhisattvu a rozvinutou filozofickou reflexiou.\">Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>-s\u00fatry, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V tibetskom buddhizme prechodn\u00fd stav medzi dvoma existenciami; Bardo Th\u00f6dol popisuje f\u00e1zu po smrti.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, literat\u00fara Di Yu<br>\u010casov\u00e9 rozp\u00e4tie: od buddhizmu po s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<br>\u0160trukt\u00fara: osem hor\u00facich + osem chladn\u00fdch nar\u00e1k, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdmi str\u00e1\u017ecami<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fabor n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov uzn\u00e1van\u00fd za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> s ran\u00fdm opisom pekiel. Vasubandhuova Abhidharmako\u0161a (4.\/5. stor. n. l.) systematizuje naraka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o stavbe a poriadku svet v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3giu<\/span>. Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch s podrobnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1uka o obrazov\u00fdch obsahoch a ich v\u00fdzname.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiou<\/span> str\u00e1\u017ecov. \u010c\u00ednska literat\u00fara Di Yu od doby Tang, japonsk\u00e9 zobrazenia Jigoku od doby Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u0161etky buddhistick\u00e9 regi\u00f3ny; osobitne rozvinut\u00e9 v \u010c\u00edne, Japonsku a Tibete. \u010c\u00ednsky syst\u00e9m Di Yu s desiatimi peklami, ka\u017ed\u00e9 podliehaj\u00face jedn\u00e9mu z kr\u00e1\u013eov Jamu (Yanluo). Japonsk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia Jigoku. Mongolsk\u00e9 a tibetsk\u00e9 maliarstvo pekiel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abhidharmako\u0161a (Vasubandhu), Saddharmasmrityupasthana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010debn\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej podobe.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetsk\u00e1 kniha mrtv\u00fdch; ritu\u00e1lny n\u00e1vod pre prechodn\u00e9 stavy po smrti.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, \u010d\u00ednsky Yuli-Bao-Chao (\u201eVz\u00e1cne zrkadlo jadeitovej platni\u010dky&#8220;, dynastia Song), japonsk\u00e9 Jigoku-z\u014dshi (obrazov\u00e9 zvitky pekiel), k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 \u013eudov\u00e9 umenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ozna\u010denie a sp\u00f4soby z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrt:<\/strong> <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201estr\u00e1\u017eca pekla&#8220;; <em>narakad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eposol pekla&#8220;.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u7344\u5352 (<em>Yu Zu<\/em>, \u201epeklovn\u00ed vojaci&#8220;); \u0161pecifick\u00e9 p\u00e1ry str\u00e1\u017ecov Niu Tou (hlava byka) a Ma Mian (tv\u00e1r ko\u0148a).<br>Japonsky: <em>Gokusotsu<\/em>; v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fd variant s desiatimi kr\u00e1\u013emi pekiel.<br>Tibetsky: <em>Shinje-pho-nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>V\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00e1 podoba je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rozvinut\u00e1. Syst\u00e9m Di Yu s desiatimi peklami, ka\u017ed\u00e9 s vlastn\u00fdm kr\u00e1\u013eom, s\u00fadom a str\u00e1\u017ecami, je kombin\u00e1ciou buddhistick\u00fdch kore\u0148ov a taoisticko-konfuci\u00e1nskych \u00faradn\u00edckych hierarchi\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzh\u013ead<\/strong><\/p><p>Zvieracia tv\u00e1r, b\u00fd\u010dia hlava, ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r, tigria hlava, vraniia tv\u00e1r s\u00fa be\u017en\u00e9 podoby. Vyzbrojen\u00ed kyjmi, vidlami, re\u0165azami, me\u010dmi. V \u010d\u00ednskom zobrazen\u00ed v ofici\u00e1lnom \u00faradnom r\u00fachu s klob\u00fakom a pe\u010da\u0165ou. V tibetsk\u00fdch thangk\u00e1ch hnevlivo tancuj\u00faci.<\/p><p><strong>Spr\u00e1vanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Funk\u010dn\u00e9, nie osobn\u00e9: prij\u00edmaj\u00fa zosnul\u00fdch na pr\u00edkaz Jamu, ved\u00fa ich do im pridelenej Naraky, presadzuj\u00fa tamoj\u0161ie tresty. Bez svojej v\u00f4le; vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa karmick\u00fa nevyhnutnos\u0165.<\/p><p><strong>P\u00f4sobnos\u0165<\/strong><\/p><p>16 hlavn\u00fdch Narak, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s mnoh\u00fdmi podpeklami. Vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej trad\u00edcii desa\u0165 pekiel Di Yu, ka\u017ed\u00e9 priraden\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tnemu previneniu (lo\u017e, kr\u00e1de\u017e, vra\u017eda at\u010f.). Nep\u00f4sobia vo svete \u017eij\u00facich.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Nie s\u00fa samostatn\u00fdmi postavami, ale nosite\u013emi funkcie. Vo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00fd vozidlo'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho budhizmu, preva\u017ene v Tibete, so zameran\u00edm na jidam-praxu a mantra-techniku.\">Vad\u017eraj\u00e1ne<\/span> ch\u00e1pan\u00ed ako energetick\u00e9 aspekty, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu premeni\u0165 na hnevliv\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 bo\u017estva (Jamantaka ako premo\u017eite\u013e samotn\u00e9ho Jamu).<\/p><div><p><strong>Osem hor\u00facich pekiel a ich dozorcovia<\/strong><\/p><p>V kontexte <em>Asta Naraka<\/em> (osem hor\u00facich pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed) a \u00f4smich chladn\u00fdch pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed sa funkcia str\u00e1\u017ecu Naraky st\u00e1va ve\u013emi konkr\u00e9tnou. Dozorca pekla varenia napr\u00edklad nie je v\u017edy t\u00fdm ist\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 alebo rozporupln\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9monom<\/span>; texty hovoria o r\u00f4znych str\u00e1\u017ecoch r\u00f4znych vekov.<\/p><p>V tibetskom budhizme sa str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky \u010dasto ch\u00e1pu ako manifest\u00e1cie Mahakaly alebo Jamantaky, teda ako hnevliv\u00e9 aspekty s\u00facitu. Str\u00e1\u017eca Naraky udiera nie zo zlomyse\u013enosti, ale aby prekonal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme, budhizme a jainizme z\u00e1kon pr\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku skutkov: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din sa sp\u00e4tne prejavuje v nasleduj\u00facich existenci\u00e1ch.\">karmu<\/span> v\u00e4z\u0148a. Toto je radik\u00e1lne prehodnotenie trestu ako terapeutick\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty str\u00e1\u017ecov Naraky na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult\u00farny kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Jamu, resp. Jan-luo. Funkcion\u00e1ri karmick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu, nie samostatn\u00ed d\u00e9moni. V v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii konkr\u00e9tne jednotliv\u00e9 postavy (b\u00fd\u010dia hlava, ko\u0148sk\u00e1 tv\u00e1r).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahuje sa na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zosnul\u00ed s \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdmi karmick\u00fdmi previneniami. V v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii rozdelen\u00ed pod\u013ea typu previnenia do desiatich pekiel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zvieracia tv\u00e1r (b\u00fdk, k\u00f4\u0148, tiger), vyzbrojen\u00ed zbra\u0148ami. V \u010d\u00ednskom zobrazen\u00ed v \u00faradnom r\u00fachu, v tibetskom hnevliv\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4sobenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa karmick\u00e9 tresty, ohe\u0148, \u013ead, roz\u0161tvrtenie, pohltenie. Ka\u017ed\u00fd trest je konkr\u00e9tnym protikladom pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho hriechu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vz\u00fdvanie Ksitigarbhu (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1novom budhizme osvieten\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 odklad\u00e1 vlastn\u00e9 oslobodenie v prospech u\u010denia pre in\u00e9 bytosti.\">b\u00f3dhisattva<\/span> pekeln\u00fdch bytost\u00ed), recit\u00e1cia s\u00fatier, obetiny predkom, ritu\u00e1ly Ullambana. Vo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd voz; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho budhizmu, roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 v Tibete, s praxou jidamu v strede.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1ne<\/span>: pchowa, tantrick\u00e9 o\u010distn\u00e9 praktiky, v\u00e4zobn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly k Jam\u00e1ntakovi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pendants<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157582\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157593\">Er\u00ednye<\/a>, kres\u0165ansk\u00ed pekl\u00f3v\u00ed diabli, japonsk\u00ed Oni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Topografia pekiel a prax<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Osem hor\u00facich Narak<\/strong><\/p><p>Sanghata, Raurava, Maharaurava, Tapana, Pratapana, Samjiva, Kalasutra, Avici. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdmi formami trestu, ohe\u0148, rozdrvenie, roz\u0161tvrtenie, priehradky s vriacim olejom. Avici (\u201enekone\u010dn\u00e9&#8220;) je najhlb\u0161ie, vyhraden\u00e9 pre naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ie karmy.<\/p><p><strong>Osem chladn\u00fdch Narak<\/strong><\/p><p>Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Atata, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma, Mahapadma. \u013dadov\u00fd chlad ako forma trestu; tel\u00e1 mrzn\u00fa, praskaj\u00fa, menia sa na fragmenty tvaru lotosu (odtia\u013e n\u00e1zvy).<\/p><p><strong>Prax Ksitigarbhy<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V mah\u00e1j\u00e1novom budhizme osvieten\u00fd, ktor\u00fd odklad\u00e1 svoje osvobodenie v prospech u\u010denia pre in\u00e9 bytosti.\">B\u00f3dhisattva<\/span> Ksitigarbha (\u010d\u00ednsky Dizang, japonsky Jizo) zlo\u017eil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sl\u00e1vnostn\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd s\u013eub vo\u010di bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u013eub<\/span> zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 v\u0161etky pekeln\u00e9 bytosti sk\u00f4r, ne\u017e s\u00e1m vst\u00fapi do nirv\u00e1ny. Jeho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prosebn\u00e9 alebo vz\u00fdvaj\u00face oslovenie bo\u017estva alebo moci.\" tabindex=\"0\">vz\u00fdvanie<\/span> je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou praxou \u00fa\u013eavy od pekla v v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii. Sochy Jizo obklopuj\u00fa japonsk\u00e9 cesty a chr\u00e1nia deti a p\u00fatnikov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a recepcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epocha gr\u00e9ckej a r\u00edmskej kult\u00fary, pribli\u017ene od 800 pred Kr. do 600 po Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antick\u00e9<\/span> paralely<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezopot\u00e1msky <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a> v podsvet\u00ed Ere\u0161kigal, egyptsk\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157582\">Ammit<\/a> na s\u00fade nad mrtvymi, gr\u00e9cke <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157593\">Er\u00ednye<\/a> ako mstite\u013eky. \u0160truktur\u00e1lne podobn\u00e9: exeku\u010dn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny kozmickej spravodlivosti.<\/p><p><strong>\u010c\u00ednsky syst\u00e9m Di Yu:<\/strong> Desa\u0165 pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov, ka\u017ed\u00fd s vlastn\u00fdm pal\u00e1com a \u00faradn\u00edckym person\u00e1lom. Buddhisticko-taoistick\u00e1 zmie\u0161an\u00e1 forma; literat\u00fara Yuli (dynastia Song) opisuje syst\u00e9m do detailov. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Stavba sl\u00fa\u017eiaca na uctievanie jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch bo\u017estiev.\" tabindex=\"0\">Chr\u00e1my<\/span> na okrajoch \u010d\u00ednskych miest a na cintor\u00ednoch zobrazuj\u00fa sc\u00e9ny z Di Yu.<\/p><p><strong>S\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Japonsk\u00e9 anime (<em>Hozuki no Reitetsu<\/em>, kom\u00e9die o Di Yu), bollywoodske filmy s pekeln\u00fdmi sc\u00e9nami Yamraja, k\u00f3rejsk\u00e9 seri\u00e1ly ako <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> (2017) s podrobnou navig\u00e1ciou po Naraka. Pekeln\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a usporiadan\u00ed svet\u0430 v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> zost\u00e1va vizu\u00e1lne popul\u00e1rna.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Jamantaka ako kozmick\u00fd str\u00e1\u017eca nad v\u0161etk\u00fdmi peklami<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00dastrednou postavou v tomto kontexte je <em>Jamantaka<\/em>, premo\u017eite\u013e Jamu. V tibetskom buddhizme je Jamantaka nad r\u00e1mec svojej \u00falohy Jamovho posla aj p\u00e1nom nad v\u0161etk\u00fdmi demonick\u00fdmi str\u00e1\u017ecami v Jamovej r\u00ed\u0161i. Jamantaka sa v tantrick\u00fdch sadhan\u00e1ch medita\u010dne vz\u00fdva na dosiahnutie kontroly nad vn\u00fatorn\u00fdmi demonick\u00fdmi silami.<\/p><p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vonkaj\u0161ie peklo so svojimi str\u00e1\u017ecami sa ch\u00e1pe ako projekcia vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch nespracovan\u00fdch em\u00f3ci\u00ed. Str\u00e1\u017eca Naraky je v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku aj str\u00e1\u017ecom vlastnej \u017eiadostivosti, vlastn\u00e9ho hnevu, vlastnej nevedomosti. T\u00e1to psychologick\u00e1 transform\u00e1cia pekeln\u00e9ho mot\u00edvu ukazuje, ako buddhizmus premieta predmodern\u00e9 predstavy do soteriologick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mca.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2fe5e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2fe5e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04be37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp04be37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka v buddhistickom kozme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43ff34f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp43ff34f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc28983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbc28983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00e1\u017ecov Naraky je mo\u017en\u00e9 pochopi\u0165 len vtedy, ak pozn\u00e1me postavenie <em>Naraky<\/em> v buddhistickom obraze svet\u0430. <em>Naraka<\/em> je sanskritsk\u00fd pojem pre pekeln\u00e9 oblasti, najni\u017e\u0161iu z \u0161iestich sf\u00e9r existencie, do ktorej sa m\u00f4\u017ee bytos\u0165 znovu narodi\u0165. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je pritom z\u00e1sadn\u00fd rozdiel oproti kres\u0165ansk\u00e9mu peklu: Naraky nie s\u00fa ve\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ide o miesta \u010dasovo ohrani\u010den\u00e9ho, aj ke\u010f nesmierne dlh\u00e9ho trestu, kde sa odpyk\u00e1va \u0165a\u017ek\u00e1 negat\u00edvna karma. Ke\u010f je vy\u010derpan\u00e1, pobyt v pekle sa skon\u010d\u00ed a stane sa mo\u017en\u00fdm znovuzrodenie vo vy\u0161\u0161ej sf\u00e9re.<\/p><p>Buddhistick\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a usporiadan\u00ed svet\u0430 v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> vypracovala Naraky do detailov. Texty zvy\u010dajne rozli\u0161uj\u00fa osem hor\u00facich a osem chladn\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch pekiel, ka\u017ed\u00e9 s mnoh\u00fdmi ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi peklami, v ktor\u00fdch sa pod\u013ea druhu predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich previnen\u00ed trpia r\u00f4zne tr\u00e1penia.<\/p><p>D\u013a\u017eka pobytu v t\u00fdchto sf\u00e9rach je v textoch ud\u00e1van\u00e1 astronomicky ve\u013ek\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslami, aby sa zd\u00f4raznila z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165 trestu, bez toho, aby i\u0161lo o skuto\u010dn\u00fa ve\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p><p>Do tohto syst\u00e9mu patria str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky ako person\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd tresty vykon\u00e1va. Nie s\u00fa to samostatn\u00ed bohovia ani padl\u00e9 bytosti, ale funk\u010dn\u00e9 postavy p\u00f4sobiace v r\u00e1mci pekeln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p><p>Ich \u00falohou je mu\u010di\u0165, rozsek\u00e1va\u0165, upa\u013eova\u0165 a roz\u0161tvrtova\u0165 t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa tam znovu narodili, pri\u010dom texty zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa, \u017ee pekeln\u00e9 bytosti s\u00fa v\u017edy znova zlo\u017een\u00e9, aby trest mohol pokra\u010dova\u0165.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky s\u00fa tak vykon\u00e1vate\u013emi neosobn\u00e9ho kozmick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, nie akt\u00e9rmi osobnej pomsty. Pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 predstavy pozn\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\">buddhizmus<\/a> vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch svojich region\u00e1lnych podob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e169d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0e169d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3be2b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3be2b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00fa str\u00e1\u017ecovia sami trpiace bytosti? N\u00e1ukov\u00e1 debata<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp710a16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp710a16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3898b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3898b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jednou z najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zok t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa str\u00e1\u017ecov Naraky je star\u00e1 vn\u00fatrobuddhistick\u00e1 n\u00e1ukov\u00e1 debata: \u010do s\u00fa pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia vlastne za bytosti? T\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka nie je ved\u013eaj\u0161ia, preto\u017ee sa dot\u00fdka jadra buddhistickej n\u00e1uky o karme a znovuzroden\u00ed.<\/p><p>Jedno stanovisko, diskutovan\u00e9 v abhidharmickej literat\u00fare, hovor\u00ed, \u017ee pekeln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia nie s\u00fa skuto\u010dne c\u00edtiace, trpiace bytosti, ale druh javu vyvolan\u00e9ho kolekt\u00edvnou karmou samotn\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov pekla.<\/p><p>Pod\u013ea tohto n\u00e1zoru zatratenci svojou vlastnou negat\u00edvnou karmou vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa mu\u010dite\u013eov, ktor\u00ed ich potom tr\u00e1pia; str\u00e1\u017ecovia s\u00fa tak akoby zhmotnen\u00fdmi d\u00f4sledkami skutkov trestan\u00fdch. T\u00e1to interpret\u00e1cia m\u00e1 t\u00fa v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee nikto svojou mu\u010dite\u013eskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou nehromad\u00ed nov\u00fa zl\u00fa karmu, preto\u017ee str\u00e1\u017ecovia by v plnom zmysle neboli konaj\u00facimi osobami.<\/p><p>In\u00e9 stanovisko pova\u017euje pekeln\u00fdch str\u00e1\u017ecov za skuto\u010dn\u00e9 bytosti, ktor\u00e9 sa samy znovu narodili v pekle a ved\u00fa tam tr\u00fdzniv\u00fa existenciu t\u00fdm, \u017ee mu\u010dia.<\/p><p>V niektor\u00fdch textoch sa v tejto \u00falohe objavuj\u00fa postavy ako s Jamou spojen\u00fd <em>Jamapala<\/em>. Tento poh\u013ead vyvol\u00e1va zlo\u017eit\u00fa ot\u00e1zku, \u010di str\u00e1\u017ecovia svojou krutos\u0165ou nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161iu zl\u00fa karmu a t\u00fdm zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v pekle uv\u00e4znen\u00ed.<\/p><p>R\u00f4zne buddhistick\u00e9 \u0161koly d\u00e1vali r\u00f4zne odpovede a sporn\u00fd bod zostal po st\u00e1ro\u010dia nevyrie\u0161en\u00fd. Pre religionistick\u00fd poh\u013ead je t\u00e1to debata pou\u010dn\u00e1, preto\u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky nie s\u00fa jednoduch\u00fdm obrazov\u00fdm prvkom, ale postavou, na ktorej sa zapa\u013euj\u00fa z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky buddhistickej n\u00e1uky o zodpovednosti, \u010dine a znovuzroden\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2c4a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2c4a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d912b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d912b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jama a s\u00fad nad mrtvymi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d65272 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1d65272\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc62d382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc62d382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nad jednotliv\u00fdmi mu\u010diacimi duchmi stoj\u00ed v buddhistickom obraze pekla postava <em>Jamu<\/em>, p\u00e1na podsvetia a s\u00fadcu m\u0155tvych.<\/p><p>Jama je starobyl\u00e9 indick\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bytos\u0165 uctievan\u00e1 ako bo\u017esk\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci nejak\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017estvo<\/span>, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u017e vo v\u00e9dskych textoch objavuje ako prv\u00fd smrte\u013en\u00edk a p\u00e1n m\u0155tvych a ktor\u00e9 buddhizmus prevzal do svojho kozmologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V buddhistickej podobe Jama vedie s\u00fad, pred ktor\u00fd predstupuj\u00fa zosnul\u00ed, a vypytuje sa ich na ich skutky.<\/p><p>Zn\u00e1me u\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9 podobenstvo, pr\u00edbeh o bo\u017esk\u00fdch posloch, opisuje, ako Jama pripom\u00edna m\u0155tvemu, \u017ee za \u017eivota videl starobu, chorobu a smr\u0165, ale nevzal si z toho podnet na dobr\u00e9 \u010diny.<\/p><p>Jama sa tu jav\u00ed ako instancia, ktor\u00e1 bytosti pripom\u00edna jej vlastn\u00e9 zanedbanie, nie ako svojvo\u013en\u00fd tyran; trest vypl\u00fdva z karmy, nie z Jamovej \u013eubov\u00f4le. Vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskej podobe sa tento s\u00fad rozvinul do syst\u00e9mu desiatich kr\u00e1\u013eov podsvetia, ktor\u00fdch instanciami je du\u0161a postupne veden\u00e1.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraka stoja v tomto usporiadan\u00ed pod Jamom. S\u00fa v\u00fdkonn\u00fdmi org\u00e1nmi rozsudku vynesen\u00e9ho na s\u00fade podsvetia, porovnate\u013en\u00ed so s\u00fadnymi \u00faradn\u00edkmi a katmi pozemskej just\u00edcie. T\u00e1to byrokratiz\u00e1cia podsvetia, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 v \u010d\u00ednskej a japonskej trad\u00edcii, pevne zaradila str\u00e1\u017ecov Naraka do usporiadan\u00e9ho obrazu posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p><p>Konaj\u00fa na pr\u00edkaz, nie z vlastnej v\u00f4le, a ich \u010dinnos\u0165 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou regulovan\u00e9ho postupu. Toto zaradenie je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 na pochopenie str\u00e1\u017ecov ako nosite\u013eov funkcie v r\u00e1mci kozmick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vneho poriadku, ktor\u00fd sa v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku zaklad\u00e1 na z\u00e1kone karmy, a nie na to, aby boli chybne ch\u00e1pan\u00ed len ako stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 postavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62c9f3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp62c9f3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f39e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f39e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrazov\u00e9 zobrazenie a didaktick\u00e1 funkcia str\u00e1\u017ecov pekla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4287a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4287a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4545f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4545f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraka a oblasti pekla, ktor\u00e9 ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa, patria medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie zobrazovan\u00e9 mot\u00edvy buddhistick\u00e9ho umenia, a tieto zobrazenia mali jasn\u00fa \u00falohu.<\/p><p>Na <em>Bhava\u010dakre<\/em>, \u201ekolese \u017eivota\u201c, ktor\u00e9 je zobrazen\u00e9 v mnoh\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161toroch, zaber\u00e1 oblas\u0165 pekla jeden z \u0161iestich sektorov; vidno tam zatraten\u00fdch, n\u00e1stroje trestu a str\u00e1\u017ecov, ktor\u00ed ich tr\u00fdznia. Vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii vznikli cel\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 cykly o desiatich pekeln\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eoch a ich s\u00fadoch.<\/p><p>Tieto obrazy boli predov\u0161etk\u00fdm didaktick\u00e9, menej dekorat\u00edvne. Veriacim, \u010dasto aj t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed nevedeli \u010d\u00edta\u0165, drastick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom ukazovali n\u00e1sledky zl\u00e9ho konania.<\/p><p>Podrobn\u00e9, niekedy krut\u00e1 zobrazenia pekeln\u00fdch trestov a ich vykon\u00e1vate\u013eov sl\u00fa\u017eilo na etick\u00fa v\u00fdchovu: kto tieto obrazy videl, mal by\u0165 motivovan\u00fd k dodr\u017eiavaniu buddhistick\u00fdch prik\u00e1zan\u00ed, k vyh\u00fdbaniu sa zab\u00edjaniu, kradnutiu a l\u017eivosti.<\/p><p>V Japonsku sa z toho vyvinuli vlastn\u00e9 obrazov\u00e9 trad\u00edcie a texty ako <em>\u00d3d\u017e\u00f3j\u00f3\u0161\u00fa<\/em> od Gen\u0161ina zobrazovali pekla tak naliehavo, \u017ee trvalo ovplyvnili n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa predstavivos\u0165.<\/p><p>Str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraka sa v t\u00fdchto zobrazeniach objavuj\u00fa v pevn\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch vzorcoch: so zvierac\u00edmi hlavami, \u010dasto hlavou b\u00fdka alebo ko\u0148a, s obrovsk\u00fdmi kyjmi, vidlicami a in\u00fdmi n\u00e1strojmi, budiaci strach svojou podobou. V \u010d\u00ednskej a japonskej trad\u00edcii sa str\u00e1\u017ecovia s hlavou b\u00fdka a ko\u0148a stali osobitne zn\u00e1mymi. Pre pochopenie je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee tieto stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 obrazy nikdy nie s\u00fa v buddhistickom kontexte samo\u00fa\u010deln\u00e9.<\/p><p>Sl\u00fa\u017eia n\u00e1uke, ktor\u00e1 v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku smeruje k oslobodeniu z kolobehu znovuzroden\u00ed. Peklo a jeho str\u00e1\u017ecovia s\u00fa v\u00fdstrahou, predpokladan\u00fdm pozad\u00edm, na ktorom buddhistick\u00e1 cesta nadob\u00fada svoju naliehavos\u0165. Kto str\u00e1\u017ecov Naraka pova\u017euje len za mon\u0161tr\u00e1, prehliada ich skuto\u010dn\u00fa funkciu ako n\u00e1stroja n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej pedagogiky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 intern\u00e9 odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157641\">M\u00e1ra<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157642\">Preta<\/a>, Jamad\u00fata, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157645\">D\u00e1kin\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157579\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157582\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157593\">Er\u00ednye<\/a> (paralely)<\/li><li>K\u0161itigarbha (Dizang\/Jiz\u00f3) a n\u00e1uka o vysloboden\u00ed z pekla<\/li><li>\u010c\u00ednske Ti J\u00fc a japonsk\u00e9 D\u017eigoku<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdber k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch pr\u00e1c o Naraka a jeho str\u00e1\u017ecoch:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Matsunaga, Daigan \/ Matsunaga, Alicia: <em>The Buddhist Concept of Hell<\/em>. New York 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stone, Jacqueline I.: <em>Right Thoughts at the Last Moment<\/em>. Honolulu 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-naraka-waechter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tu pop\u00edsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 prax je religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie historick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed. iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na t\u00fato kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa linku nosen\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov a predstavuje jej s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Viac o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u2013 buddhistick\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia pekiel","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Naraka-W\u00e4chter (sanskrt narakap\u0101la) s\u00fa vykon\u00e1vatelia trestov v buddhistick\u00fdch pekl\u00e1ch. Abhidharmov\u00e1 kozmol\u00f3gia rozli\u0161uje osem hor\u00facich a osem chladn\u00fdch","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157643","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Naraka-W\u00e4chter \u2013 buddhistick\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ecovia pekiel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Naraka-W\u00e4chter (sanskrt narakap\u0101la) s\u00fa vykon\u00e1vatelia trestov v buddhistick\u00fdch pekl\u00e1ch. 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