{"id":157642,"date":"2026-09-04T22:15:32","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:15:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157642"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:38:32","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:38:32","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157642\" class=\"elementor elementor-157642 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, duch buddhistickej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> buddhistickej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Hladn\u00fd duch s hrdlom ako iheln\u00e9 ucho, karmick\u00e1 podoba chamtivosti.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Netelesn\u00e1 alebo poltelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, zosnul\u00ed, pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 bytosti, dom\u00e1ci duchovia alebo str\u00e1\u017ecovia prahu. P\u00f4sob\u00ed v be\u017enom \u017eivote, \u010dasto viazan\u00fd na miesta alebo rodiny.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia s b\u00f3dhisattvami, ochrann\u00fdmi bo\u017estvami, hladn\u00fdmi duchmi a str\u00e1\u017ecami pekiel.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157691\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zosnul\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch duchovia \u010falej p\u00f4sobia v tomto svete, dom\u00e1ci duchovia, predkovia, nespokojn\u00ed mrtvi.\">Duch zosnul\u00e9ho<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-160016\" alt=\"Preta \u2013 duchovia z buddhistickej trad\u00edcie, historicko-ilustra\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta (p\u00e1l\u00ed: peta) je jedna z najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edch post\u00e1v buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o stavbe a usporiadan\u00ed sv\u011bta v r\u00e1mci ur\u010ditej kult\u00fary.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gie<\/span>. Hladn\u00fd duch s naf\u00faknut\u00fdm bruchom a hrdlom tenk\u00fdm ako iheln\u00e9 ucho, schopn\u00fd vidie\u0165 a \u017eiada\u0165, ale neschopn\u00fd jes\u0165 \u010di pi\u0165.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to postava sa stala obrazom d\u00f4sledkov karmickej chamtivosti: kto po\u010das \u017eivota odopieral dary, bol sk\u00fapy alebo si privlast\u0148oval milodary, sa znovuzrod\u00ed vo svete pretov a trp\u00ed pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm nedostatkom.<\/p><p>V textoch Petavatthu (s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 p\u00e1li k\u00e1nonu) rozpr\u00e1vaj\u00fa buddhistick\u00ed u\u010ditelia o stretnutiach s pretami, ktor\u00ed sa vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa zo svojich predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich \u010dinov. Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dne formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVe\u013ek\u00fd voz'; jedna z troch hlavn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed buddhizmu, s ide\u00e1lom b\u00f3dhisattvu a rozvinutou filozofickou reflexiou.\">mah\u00e1j\u00e1na<\/span>) rozpr\u00e1va, ako Maudgaly\u00e1jana vid\u00ed svoju zosnul\u00fa matku v stave pretu a zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 ju m\u00f4\u017ee len spolo\u010dnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo uctenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetnou<\/span> silou sanghy.<\/p><p>Z tohto pr\u00edbehu sa vyvinul celosvetovo sl\u00e1ven\u00fd Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov (Ullambana, \u010d\u00ednsky Yulanpen, japonsky Obon). T\u00e1to postava je tak, na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch d\u00e9monov, tesne spojen\u00e1 s ritu\u00e1lnou praxou ro\u010dn\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1ra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> hladn\u00fd duch, buddhistick\u00e9 znovuzrodenie<br>P\u00f4vod: karmick\u00fd d\u00f4sledok sk\u00faposti, z\u00e1visti, chamtivosti, zneu\u017e\u00edvania milodarov<br>Texty: Petavatthu (p\u00e1l\u00ed), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dne formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span>, d\u017e\u00e1taky<br>\u010casov\u00e9 rozp\u00e4tie: 5. stor. pred n. l. a\u017e s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<br>\u00dastredn\u00fd sviatok: Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaradenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uznan\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1none<\/span> rozpracovan\u00e9 od 3. stor. pred n. l. v texte Petavatthu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ve\u013ek\u00fd voz; jedna z troch hlavn\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed buddhizmu, s ide\u00e1lom b\u00f3dhisattvu.\">Mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9<\/span> roz\u0161\u00edrenie prostredn\u00edctvom Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dne formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span> (na za\u010diatku n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu, prelo\u017een\u00e1 do \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny v 3. stor. n. l.). Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov sa v \u010c\u00edne usta\u013euje od doby Tang, v Japonsku ako Obon od doby Nara. Modern\u00e1 prax pokra\u010duje nepretr\u017eite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u00e9rav\u00e1da: Sr\u00ed Lanka, Thajsko, Mjanmarsko, Laos, Kambod\u017ea (tam spojen\u00e9 s miestnymi kultmi predkov). Mah\u00e1j\u00e1na: \u010c\u00edna, K\u00f3rea, Japonsko, Vietnam (tam obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u017eiv\u00e9). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantov\u00fd voz'; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhizmu, preva\u017ene v Tibete, so zameran\u00edm na jidam-prax a mantrick\u00fa techniku.\">Vad\u017eraj\u00e1na<\/span>: Tibet, Mongolsko. Ma\u010farsk\u00e9, mongolsk\u00e9, kaza\u0161sk\u00e9 buddhistick\u00e9 komunity. Modern\u00e9 diasp\u00f3rne komunity po celom svete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (p\u00e1l\u00ed, s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 Khuddaka Nik\u00e1je), Vim\u00e1navatthu (ako doplnkov\u00fd protip\u00f3l), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dne formulovan\u00fd u\u010debn\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span> (sanskrit\/\u010d\u00ednsky), d\u017e\u00e1taky, tibetsk\u00e9 trad\u00edcie Knihy mrtvych, modern\u00e1 etnografia Festivalu hladn\u00fdch duchov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; p\u00e1l\u00ed <em>peta<\/em>; \u017eensk\u00fd rod <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>\u010c\u00ednsky: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, \u201ehladn\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Netelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span>&#8222;).<br>Japonsky: <em>gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetsky: <em>jidag<\/em>.<br>Etymol\u00f3gia: od <em>pra-i<\/em> \u201e\u00eds\u0165 vpred&#8220;, p\u00f4vodne \u201ezosnul\u00fd&#8220;, nesk\u00f4r sa v\u00fdznamovo z\u00fa\u017eilo na triedu hladn\u00fdch duchov.<\/p><p>Tento pojem ve\u013emi dobre ukazuje v\u00fdvoj: vo v\u00e9dskej dobe ozna\u010doval v\u00fdraz <em>preta<\/em> jednoducho zosnul\u00e9ho v prechodnej f\u00e1ze pred znovuzroden\u00edm. Buddhizmus toto vymedzenie upresnil: ur\u010dit\u00ed mrtvi sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa hladn\u00fdmi duchmi v z\u00e1vislosti od svojho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme, buddhizme a jainizme z\u00e1kon n\u00e1sledku \u010dinu: ka\u017ed\u00fd skutok p\u00f4sob\u00ed na n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 existencie.\">karmy<\/span>. Z tohto vymedzenia vznik\u00e1 cel\u00e1 trieda pretov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakteristiky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zjav<\/strong><\/p><p>Obrovsk\u00e9 opuchnut\u00e9 brucho, drobn\u00e9 \u00fasta a hrdlo tenk\u00e9 ako ucho ihly, tenk\u00e9 kon\u010datiny. Hladn\u00fd, \u017eiadostiv\u00fd poh\u013ead, \u010dasto s ohniv\u00fdmi \u00fastami (ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1poj sa zmen\u00ed na ohe\u0148). Klasick\u00e1 demonol\u00f3gia rozli\u0161uje 36 tried pretov, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdm utrpen\u00edm.<\/p><p><strong>Chovanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Neust\u00e1le vyh\u013ead\u00e1va potravu, ale nem\u00f4\u017ee jes\u0165. Je ods\u00faden\u00fd na trval\u00fd hlad. Vid\u00ed vodu, ktor\u00e1 sa men\u00ed na hnis, vid\u00ed jedlo, ktor\u00e9 hor\u00ed. Pri\u0165ahuje ho v\u00f4\u0148a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo uctenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetn\u00fdch<\/span> darov.<\/p><p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia<\/strong><\/p><p>Vlastn\u00fd svet Pretaloka (svet pretov) v buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a usporiadan\u00ed sveta v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gii<\/span>, ktor\u00fd zdie\u013ea priestor s \u013eudsk\u00fdm svetom, ale vn\u00edma ho odli\u0161ne. \u010casto sa zdr\u017eiava v bl\u00edzkosti miest svojho predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho \u017eivota. V \u010c\u00edne je pod\u013ea trad\u00edcie v siedmom mesiaci lun\u00e1rneho kalend\u00e1ra \u201eprepusten\u00fd&#8220; z podsvetia.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Nejde o stvorenie, ale o n\u00e1sledok znovuzrodenia. Vznik\u00e1 z chamtivosti, z\u00e1\u0161ti, kr\u00e1de\u017ee milodarov a zneu\u017eitia n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch darov. D\u013a\u017eka existencie ako preta je ur\u010den\u00e1 karmickou v\u00e1hou a je \u010dasto ve\u013emi dlh\u00e1, niektor\u00e9 texty hovoria o kalpach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty preta na jeden poh\u013ead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f4vod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Karmick\u00e9 znovuzrodenie z chamtivosti, z\u00e1\u0161ti a zneu\u017eitia darov. Nejde o stvorenie, ale o formu existencie v buddhistickej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predstava o \u0161trukt\u00fare a usporiadan\u00ed sveta v danej kult\u00fare.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na koho preta p\u00f4sob\u00ed<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fdval\u00ed \u013eudia s nahromaden\u00fdm negat\u00edvnym karmou. V neskor\u0161\u00edch trad\u00edci\u00e1ch s\u00fa viazan\u00ed aj na konkr\u00e9tne miesta a rodiny (predkovia-preti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Opuchnut\u00e9 brucho, drobn\u00e9 \u00fasta, hrdlo tenk\u00e9 ako ucho ihly, tenk\u00e9 kon\u010datiny. V niektor\u00fdch popisoch ohniv\u00e9 \u00fasta. 36 tried, ka\u017ed\u00e1 s vlastn\u00fdm utrpen\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trvalo hladn\u00fd, neschopn\u00fd jes\u0165. Z chamtivosti sleduje \u017eiv\u00fdch, pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa ho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo uctenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetn\u00e9<\/span> dary. M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 chorobu v domoch, ktor\u00e9 zanedb\u00e1vaj\u00fa predkov.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dary a Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd postup symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> (za menovite spom\u00ednan\u00fdch pretov), recit\u00e1cia Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dne formulovan\u00fd n\u00e1u\u010dn\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span>, obetovanie vody a ry\u017ee. Vo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantov\u00fd vozidlo; tantrick\u00e1 forma mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00e9ho buddhizmu, preva\u017ene v Tibete, so cvi\u010den\u00edm jidamov v centre.\">vad\u017eraj\u00e1ne<\/span>: tsok-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd postup symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> s rozdelen\u00fdmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo uctenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetn\u00fdmi<\/span> darmi pre v\u0161etky \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (\u010d\u00ednsky), Gaki (japonsky), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157578\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pi\u0161\u00e1\u010da a postavy z kres\u0165ansk\u00e9ho o\u010distca ako \u0161truktur\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 prechodn\u00e9 du\u0161e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritu\u00e1l a sl\u00e1vnos\u0165<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Sviatok hladn\u00fdch duchov<\/strong><\/p><p>V siedmom mesiaci lun\u00e1rneho kalend\u00e1ra (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou august) sa pod\u013ea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed naprie\u010d gener\u00e1ciami.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcie<\/span> otv\u00e1raj\u00fa br\u00e1ny podsvetia a pr\u00e9tovia prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na svet. Veriaci prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetn\u00e9<\/span> dary, recituj\u00fa s\u00fatry, stavaj\u00fa olt\u00e1re. Buddhistick\u00e9 a taoistick\u00e9 trad\u00edcie sa sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa do jedn\u00e9ho z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch sviatkov \u013eudovej zbo\u017enosti vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii.<\/p><p><strong>Obon v Japonsku<\/strong><\/p><p>Predkovia s\u00fa v\u00edtan\u00ed po\u010das obdobia Obon (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou 13. \u2013 16. augusta). Tance Bon-Odori, ohne pri vchodoch domov, n\u00e1v\u0161tevy hrobov. Spojenie s pr\u00edbehom o vysloboden\u00ed matky (m\u00fdtus o Mulianovi\/Maudgalj\u00e1janovi) je citovo ve\u013emi siln\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ust\u00e1len\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritu\u00e1l<\/span> v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote<\/strong><\/p><p>V theravade: vodn\u00e1 obeta pr\u00e9tom pri jedle pindapata. Vo vad\u017eraj\u00e1ne: dymov\u00e1 obeta sur, ka\u017edodenn\u00e9 \u201ek\u0155menie pr\u00e9tov\u201c ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 obetnej praxe. V mah\u00e1j\u00e1ne: odovzd\u00e1vanie mien zosnul\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torom na pravideln\u00fa recit\u00e1ciu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme stru\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1ukov\u00fd text.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatry<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralely a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hladn\u00ed duchovia naprie\u010d kult\u00farami<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (\u010c\u00edna) a Gaki (Japonsko) s\u00fa priamymi prekladmi a rovnakou postavou vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskom preveden\u00ed. Pi\u0161\u00e1\u010da (hinduizmus) zdie\u013ea hladov\u00fd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> so \u0161pecifikom po\u017eiera\u010dky m\u0155tvol. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157578\">Edimmu<\/a> a r\u00edmske lemury s\u00fa \u0161truktur\u00e1lne pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 prechodn\u00e9 du\u0161e.<\/p><p><strong>Psychologick\u00fd a ekologick\u00fd v\u00fdklad:<\/strong> Modern\u00ed buddhistick\u00ed u\u010ditelia (Thich Nhat Hanh) vykladaj\u00fa pr\u00e9tov aj psychologicky ako stav ve\u010dnej nespokojnosti napriek materi\u00e1lnemu bohatstvu. Ekologicky sa pr\u00e9ta \u010d\u00edta ako obraz nen\u00e1sytnej spotreby, s\u00fa\u010dasne ve\u013emi p\u00f4sobiv\u00e1 v\u00fdukov\u00e1 postava.<\/p><p><strong>Popkult\u00fara:<\/strong> Japonsk\u00e9 anime a mangy pravidelne cituj\u00fa mot\u00edv gaki. Sviatok hladn\u00fdch duchov je komercializovan\u00fd, no zost\u00e1va n\u00e1bo\u017eensky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd. V z\u00e1padnej fantasy s\u00fa pr\u00e9tovia adaptovan\u00ed ako samostatn\u00fd typ mon\u0161tra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ako sa existencia preta od\u00f4vod\u0148uje v karmickom myslen\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Znovuzrodenie ako <em>preta<\/em> (v p\u00e1li <em>peta<\/em>) sa v buddhistickom kozme pova\u017euje za d\u00f4sledok presne vymedzen\u00e9ho s\u00faboru \u010dinov. Texty ako <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, zbierka p\u00e4\u0165desiatjeden stra\u0161ideln\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov v Khuddaka Nik\u00e1ji p\u00e1\u013esk\u00e9ho k\u00e1nonu, pripisuj\u00fa zrodenie v r\u00ed\u0161i hladn\u00fdch duchov predov\u0161etk\u00fdm sk\u00faposti, \u017eiadostivosti, odopieraniu almu\u017eien a odpieraniu jedla n\u00fadznym.<\/p><p>Trest odr\u00e1\u017ea \u010din: kto v \u017eivote nikomu ni\u010d nedal, trp\u00ed ako bytos\u0165 s hrdlom tenk\u00fdm ako ihla a obrovsk\u00fdm bruchom, ktor\u00e9 sa nikdy nenas\u00fdti.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to zrkadlov\u00e1 s\u00favislos\u0165 nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00e1, ale v\u00fdrazom buddhistickej n\u00e1uky, pod\u013ea ktorej karmick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok zodpoved\u00e1 povahe pr\u00ed\u010diny. <em>Petavatthu<\/em> rozpr\u00e1va o \u017een\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 hos\u0165om pod\u00e1vali skazen\u00e9 jedlo a teraz musia samy jes\u0165 hnis a v\u00fdkaly, alebo o mu\u017eovi, ktor\u00fd ur\u00e1\u017eal mn\u00edchov a teraz sa t\u00fala s hnisaj\u00facimi \u00fastami.<\/p><p>Koment\u00e1r Dhammap\u00e1lu, <em>Petavatthu-atthakath\u00e1<\/em>, prira\u010fuje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu pr\u00edbehu konkr\u00e9tny previnenie a rob\u00ed tak zo zbierky mor\u00e1lnu u\u010debnicu.<\/p><p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je \u010dasov\u00e9 obmedzenie. Na rozdiel od zrodenia v pekle, ktor\u00e9 trv\u00e1 nesmierne dlho, hoci aj tak kone\u010dne, sa stav pretu pova\u017euje za stav, ktor\u00fd mo\u017eno skr\u00e1ti\u0165 zvy\u0161n\u00fdm dobr\u00fdm karmou alebo prenosom z\u00e1sluh od \u017eij\u00facich.<\/p><p>R\u00ed\u0161a hladn\u00fdch duchov tak zauj\u00edma stredn\u00fa poz\u00edciu medzi \u0161iestimi oblastmi existencie, medzi pekeln\u00fdmi bytos\u0165ami a zvieratami. Je to miesto nedostatku, nie akt\u00edvneho mu\u010denia.<\/p><p>Buddhistick\u00e1 etika z toho vyvodzuje dvojit\u00e9 ponau\u010denie. Na jednej strane obraz pretov sl\u00fa\u017ei ako varovanie pred sk\u00fapos\u0165ou. Na druhej strane od\u00f4vod\u0148uje \u00fastredn\u00fa prax darovania (<em>d\u00e1na<\/em>): \u0161tedros\u0165 sa pova\u017euje za cestu, ktor\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve nevedie do r\u00ed\u0161e hladn\u00fdch duchov.<\/p><p>Preta je tak menej postavou hr\u00f4zy ne\u017e v\u00fdu\u010dnou postavou, na ktorej sa zrete\u013ene ukazuje vz\u0165ah medzi \u010dinom a jeho n\u00e1sledkom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sviatok duchov a prenos z\u00e1sluh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritu\u00e1lne zaopatrovanie hladn\u00fdch duchov patr\u00ed medzi najstar\u0161ie a najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ie praktiky buddhizmu. Jeho kanonick\u00fd z\u00e1klad sa nach\u00e1dza v <em>Tirokudda Sutte<\/em> z Khuddaka Nik\u00e1je, kde Budha vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee dary venovan\u00e9 mn\u00ed\u0161skej obci v mene zosnul\u00fdch pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eu prospie\u0165 t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed sa znovuzrodili ako preti.<\/p><p>Tento mechanizmus sa naz\u00fdva prenos z\u00e1sluh (<em>pattid\u00e1na<\/em>): \u017eij\u00faci dobr\u00fdm skutkom vytv\u00e1ra z\u00e1sluhu a v\u00fdslovne ju venuje mrtv\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd sa z toho te\u0161\u00ed a t\u00fdm sa mu u\u013eah\u010duje jeho stav.<\/p><p>Z tejto my\u0161lienky sa vo V\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii vyvinul ve\u013ek\u00fd sviatok duchov.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edne sa naz\u00fdva <em>Yulanpen<\/em> a sl\u00e1vi sa v siedmom lun\u00e1rnom mesiaci, v Japonsku ako <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1kladom je <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizme a buddhizme u\u010den\u00fd text v stru\u010dnej forme.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00fatra<\/span><\/em>, ktor\u00e1 rozpr\u00e1va pr\u00edbeh mn\u00edcha Maudgaly\u00e1yanu: nadprirodzen\u00fdm poh\u013eadom vid\u00ed svoju zosnul\u00fa matku trpie\u0165 ako hladn\u00e9ho ducha a nem\u00f4\u017ee ju vysvobodi\u0165 s\u00e1m, ale iba spolo\u010dnou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Konkr\u00e9tny predmet alebo pokrm, ktor\u00fd sa prin\u00e1\u0161a bo\u017estvu.\" tabindex=\"0\">obetou<\/span> celej mn\u00ed\u0161skej obce na konci da\u017ediv\u00e9ho obdobia.<\/p><p>Sviatok tak sp\u00e1ja synovsk\u00fa (dc\u00e9rovsk\u00fa) oddanos\u0165 s buddhistickou logikou sp\u00e1sy.<\/p><p>V praxi sa po\u010das sviatku vystavuj\u00fa jedlo, n\u00e1poje a symbolick\u00e9 peniaze, recituj\u00fa sa s\u00fatry a zapa\u013euj\u00fa lampy. V th\u00e9rav\u00e1dovom buddhistickom svete Sr\u00ed Lanky a juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie existuj\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 darovania almu\u017eien mn\u00edchom v mene mrtv\u00fdch, \u010dasto siedmy de\u0148, po troch mesiacoch a po roku.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00fd buddhizmus pozn\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00fd sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l<\/span> <em>sur<\/em>, dymov\u00fa obetu zo sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho jedla, ktorej v\u00f4\u0148a m\u00e1 hladn\u00fdch duchov s\u00fdti\u0165, preto\u017ee ich z\u00fa\u017een\u00e9 hrdlo nem\u00f4\u017ee prij\u00edma\u0165 pevn\u00fa stravu.<\/p><p>Tieto ritu\u00e1ly ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee preta v \u017eitom buddhizme nie je vzdialenou v\u00fdu\u010dnou postavou, ale bytos\u0165ou, s ktorou trv\u00e1 pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faci vz\u0165ah. Mrtv\u00fd zost\u00e1va s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou rodiny a jeho zaopatrovanie je povinnos\u0165ou pozostal\u00fdch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografick\u00e9 zobrazenie na Kolese \u017eivota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00ed obraz hladn\u00fdch duchov sa nach\u00e1dza v <em>bhava\u010dakre<\/em>, buddhistickom Kolese \u017eivota, ktor\u00e9 zdob\u00ed vstup mnoh\u00fdch tibetsk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161torov. Kruh je rozdelen\u00fd na \u0161es\u0165 segmentov, jeden z nich zobrazuje r\u00ed\u0161u pretov.<\/p><p>Ikonografick\u00e1 konvencia je pevne stanoven\u00e1: tenk\u00e9 kon\u010datiny, naf\u00faknut\u00e9 brucho, dlh\u00fd tenk\u00fd krk a drobn\u00e9 \u00fasta, \u010dasto mal\u00e9 ako ihlov\u00e9 ucho. T\u00e1to anat\u00f3mia rob\u00ed trest telesne vidite\u013en\u00fdm, hlad je neut\u00ed\u0161ite\u013en\u00fd, preto\u017ee telo nem\u00f4\u017ee prij\u00edma\u0165 potravu.<\/p><p>Ma\u013eba \u010dasto zobrazuje Budhu, ktor\u00fd sa pretom zjavuje a pon\u00faka im lie\u010div\u00e9 u\u010denie alebo pokrm. T\u00e1to postava je zvy\u010dajne zobrazen\u00e1 ako \u010derven\u00e1 alebo \u017elt\u00e1 fig\u00fara a odkazuje na to, \u017ee aj v r\u00ed\u0161i hladn\u00fdch duchov cesta k oslobodeniu nie je \u00faplne uzavret\u00e1.<\/p><p>Krajina r\u00ed\u0161e pretov sa jav\u00ed ako vyprahnut\u00e1, vyschnut\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u0148, ob\u010das s riekami, ktor\u00e9 sa pri pokuse o napitie menia na hnis, krv alebo ohe\u0148.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00e9 texty \u010falej rozli\u0161uj\u00fa hladn\u00fdch duchov. Be\u017en\u00e9 delenie rozli\u0161uje pretov s vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi prek\u00e1\u017ekami, ktor\u00ed jednoducho nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa potravu, pretov s vn\u00fatorn\u00fdmi prek\u00e1\u017ekami, ktor\u00fdm jej prijatie br\u00e1ni vlastn\u00e9 telo, a pretov, ktor\u00fdch samotn\u00e1 potrava je mu\u010den\u00edm. T\u00e1to systematika sa nach\u00e1dza napr\u00edklad v Gampopovom diele <em>Drahokamov\u00fd ozdobenec osvobodenia<\/em> z dvan\u00e1steho storo\u010dia.<\/p><p>Vo v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijskom umen\u00ed sa hladn\u00ed duchovia objavuj\u00fa aj mimo Kolesa \u017eivota. Japonsk\u00fd obrazov\u00fd zvitok <em>Gaki-z\u00f3\u0161i<\/em> z doby Heian, dnes ulo\u017een\u00fd v m\u00faze\u00e1ch v Tokiu a Kj\u00f3te, zobrazuje v s\u00e9rii sc\u00e9n hladn\u00fdch duchov, ktor\u00ed sa zdr\u017eiavaj\u00fa na cintor\u00ednoch, latr\u00ednach a obetn\u00fdch miestach a \u017eij\u00fa medzi be\u017en\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi bez toho, aby si ich niekto v\u0161imol.<\/p><p>Tento zvitok sa pova\u017euje za jedno z hlavn\u00fdch diel stredovekej japonskej ma\u013eby a doklad\u00e1, ako konkr\u00e9tne bola t\u00e1to predstava zakotven\u00e1 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Predbuddhistick\u00e9 korene a v\u00e9dsky preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pojem <em>preta<\/em> nem\u00e1 p\u00f4vod v buddhizme, ale poch\u00e1dza zo star\u0161ej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej slovnej z\u00e1soby Indie. Doslovne znamen\u00e1 ten, kto odi\u0161iel sk\u00f4r alebo ten, kto zomrel, a je odvoden\u00fd z predpony <em>pra<\/em> a kore\u0148a s v\u00fdznamom \u00eds\u0165.<\/p><p>Vo v\u00e9dskych a ran\u00fdch hinduistick\u00fdch textoch ozna\u010duje <em>preta<\/em> najprv jednoducho \u010derstvo zomret\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v prechodnom stave, ne\u017e sa prostredn\u00edctvom pohrebn\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lov stane <em>pitrom<\/em>, predkom.<\/p><p>Tento prechod je v hinduistickom ritu\u00e1lnom syst\u00e9me presne stanoven\u00fd. Obrady <em>shraddha<\/em>, obetn\u00e9 jedl\u00e1 pre m\u0155tvych, maj\u00fa nest\u00e1leho pretu previes\u0165 do usporiadan\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva predkov.<\/p><p>Ak sa neuskuto\u010dnia alebo ak niekto zomrie zlou smr\u0165ou, m\u00f4\u017ee zosnul\u00fd zosta\u0165 ako nespokojn\u00fd preta. V tejto predstave preto preta nie je samostatnou \u00farov\u0148ou existencie, ale nebezpe\u010dnou prechodnou f\u00e1zou, ktor\u00fa treba ukon\u010di\u0165 spr\u00e1vnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Usporiadan\u00e1 sled symbolick\u00fdch \u00fakonov s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm alebo kult\u00farnym v\u00fdznamom.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Buddhizmus tento pojem prevzal, ale premenil ho. Z do\u010dasn\u00e9ho prechodn\u00e9ho stavu sa stala jedna z \u0161iestich pevn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed existencie v kolobehu znovuzroden\u00ed, do ktorej sa niekto \u00faplne narod\u00ed na z\u00e1klade ur\u010ditej karmy.<\/p><p>Spojenie s pohrebn\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1lmi sa zachovalo, av\u0161ak posunulo sa od povinnosti vytvori\u0165 predka k mo\u017enosti odovzda\u0165 z\u00e1sluhu trpiacej bytosti.<\/p><p>Tento spolo\u010dn\u00fd p\u00f4vod vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do sa hinduistick\u00e1 a buddhistick\u00e1 pohrebn\u00e1 prax \u010dasto podobaj\u00fa a v \u017eitej religiozite ju\u017enej \u00c1zie sa daj\u00fa len \u0165a\u017eko oddeli\u0165.<\/p><p>Ukazuje tie\u017e, \u017ee buddhistick\u00fd preta nevznikol z ni\u010doho, ale zabudoval star\u00fa indick\u00fa predstavu do nov\u00e9ho kozmologick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Kto chce t\u00fato postavu pochopi\u0165, mus\u00ed myslie\u0165 na t\u00fato vrstevnatos\u0165, v\u00e9dsku predchodnos\u0165 aj buddhistick\u00fa reinterpret\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160\u00edrenie a premeny v buddhistick\u00fdch kult\u00farach \u00c1zie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>So \u0161\u00edren\u00edm buddhizmu sa \u0161\u00edrila aj predstava o hladnom duchu a prisp\u00f4sobovala sa miestnym podmienkam. V ther\u00e1v\u00e1dov\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch Sr\u00ed Lanka, Mjanmarsko, Thajsko, Laos a Kambod\u017ea zostal siln\u00fd vz\u0165ah k p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Za z\u00e1v\u00e4zn\u00fd uzn\u00e1van\u00fd s\u00fabor sv\u00e4t\u00fdch textov n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonu<\/span> a k <em>Petavatthu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Tu sa predstava preta \u010diasto\u010dne zl\u00fa\u010dila s dom\u00e1cou vierou v duchov, napr\u00edklad s thajsk\u00fdmi <em>phi<\/em>, tak\u017ee buddhistick\u00fd hladn\u00fd duch nie je v\u017edy jasne oddelen\u00fd od in\u00fdch nespokojn\u00fdch m\u0155tvych.<\/p><p>V \u010c\u00edne narazila t\u00e1to my\u0161lienka na u\u017e vysoko rozvinut\u00fa kult\u00faru predkov. Hladn\u00fd duch, po \u010d\u00ednsky <em>egui<\/em>, tam bol \u00fazko spojen\u00fd so staros\u0165ou o zanedban\u00fdch alebo bezdetn\u00fdch m\u0155tvych. Kto nem\u00e1 potomkov, ktor\u00ed by prin\u00e1\u0161ali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo uctenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span>, hroz\u00ed mu, \u017ee sa stane hladn\u00fdm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Beztelesn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje p\u00f4sobenie vo svete.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchom<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sviatok duchov v siedmom mesiaci sa stal jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch sviatkov roka, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho sa otv\u00e1raj\u00fa br\u00e1ny podsvetia a duchovia sa vo\u013ene pohybuj\u00fa. Tu sa buddhistick\u00e1 n\u00e1uka o sp\u00e1se spojila s taoistick\u00fdmi a \u013eudovon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi prvkami.<\/p><p>Tibetsk\u00fd buddhizmus systematizoval hladn\u00fdch duchov v svojich stup\u0148ovit\u00fdch n\u00e1ukach a vyvinul s dymovou obetou <em>sur<\/em> vlastn\u00fa ritu\u00e1lnu formu. Postava <em>yidaka<\/em>, ako sa preta po tibetsky naz\u00fdva, je pevne zakotven\u00e1 v povedom\u00ed, preto\u017ee koleso \u017eivota je vidite\u013en\u00e9 pri vstupe ka\u017ed\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tora.<\/p><p>V Japonsku dostal hladn\u00fd duch s dielom <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> umelecko-historicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fa podobu a zostal pr\u00edtomn\u00fd aj vo sviatku Obon. Pojem <em>gaki<\/em> sa v modernej japon\u010dine dokonca stal hovorovou nad\u00e1vkou pre nen\u00e1sytn\u00e9 alebo nevychovan\u00e9 die\u0165a, \u010do dokazuje, ako hlboko sa n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 predstava zap\u00edsala do be\u017en\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p><p>T\u00e1to kult\u00farna \u0161\u00edrka ukazuje, \u017ee preta nezostal stuhnutou n\u00e1ukovou postavou, ale stal sa \u017eiv\u00fdm a prisp\u00f4sobiv\u00fdm prvkom buddhistick\u00e9ho svet\u0430.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 intern\u00e9 odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157634\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157641\">M\u00e1ra<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157643\">str\u00e1\u017ecovia Naraky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157645\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157647\">Gui<\/a> (\u010c\u00edna), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157639\">Pi\u0161\u00e1\u010da<\/a> (hinduizmus), paralely<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157578\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu ako mot\u00edv predchodcu)<\/li><li>Sviatok Ullambana\/Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zdroje a literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdber z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c o prete:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tu pop\u00edsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 prax je religionistick\u00e9 zaradenie historick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed. iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na t\u00fato kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa linku nosen\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov a predstavuje jej s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Viac o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Pretovi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>\u010co s\u00fa preti v buddhizme?<\/h3><p>Preta (sanskrt pre \u201eodli\u0161n\u00fd, odi\u0161l\u00fd\u201c, v tibet\u010dine Yi-dvags) s\u00fa v buddhizme hladn\u00ed duchovia, jedna zo \u0161iestich existen\u010dn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed znovuzrodenia. Ide o bytosti s obrovsk\u00fdm bruchom a drobn\u00fdmi \u00fastami alebo hrdlom tenk\u00fdm ako ihla: nikdy sa nem\u00f4\u017eu nas\u00fdti\u0165, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 jedlo sa zmen\u00ed na popel v momente, ke\u010f sa dostane do ich \u00fasta.<\/p><p>V Bhava\u010dakre (tibetskom kolese \u017eivota) s\u00fa ikonograficky zobrazovan\u00ed typick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Karmick\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u010dina: sk\u00fapos\u0165, hltavos\u0165 a egoizmus po\u010das \u017eivota. Kto v \u017eivote odopieral in\u00fdm jedlo, znovu sa narod\u00ed ako hladuj\u00faci preta.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>\u010co je buddhistick\u00fd Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov?<\/h3><p>Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov (po \u010d\u00ednsky Yulanpen, po japonsky Obon, po k\u00f3rejsky Baekjung) je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch sviatkov \u013eudov\u00e9ho buddhizmu vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii, sl\u00e1vi sa v siedmom lun\u00e1rnom mesiaci. Vych\u00e1dza z pr\u00edbehu o Maudgalj\u00e1janovi, \u017eiakovi Buddhu, ktor\u00fd svoju matku n\u00e1jde v r\u00ed\u0161i pretov a nem\u00f4\u017ee ju priamo nakrmi\u0165.<\/p><p>Buddha ho u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee obete venovan\u00e9 sangze (mn\u00ed\u0161skej obci) na konci da\u017e\u010fov\u00e9ho \u00fastupu dosiahnu hladn\u00fdch duchov. Z toho vznikol ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fd sviatok s obetami za zosnul\u00fdch, tane\u010dn\u00fdmi vyst\u00fapeniami (Bon Odori) a symbolick\u00fdm p\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00edm lamp\u00e1\u0161ov po vode.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u010co s\u00fa preti v buddhizme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (sanskrt pre \u201eodli\u0161n\u00fd, odi\u0161l\u00fd\u201c, v tibet\u010dine Yi-dvags) s\u00fa v buddhizme hladn\u00ed duchovia \\u2014 jedna zo \u0161iestich existen\u010dn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed znovuzrodenia. Ide o bytosti s obrovsk\u00fdm bruchom a drobn\u00fdmi \u00fastami alebo hrdlom tenk\u00fdm ako ihla: nikdy sa nem\u00f4\u017eu nas\u00fdti\u0165, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 jedlo sa zmen\u00ed na popel v momente, ke\u010f sa dostane do ich \u00fasta. V Bhava\u010dakre (tibetskom kolese \u017eivota) s\u00fa ikonograficky zobrazovan\u00ed typick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Karmick\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u010dina: sk\u00fapos\u0165, hltavos\u0165 a egoizmus po\u010das \u017eivota \\u2014 kto v \u017eivote odopieral in\u00fdm jedlo, znovu sa narod\u00ed ako hladuj\u00faci preta.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u010co je buddhistick\u00fd Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Festival hladn\u00fdch duchov (po \u010d\u00ednsky Yulanpen, po japonsky Obon, po k\u00f3rejsky Baekjung) je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch sviatkov \u013eudov\u00e9ho buddhizmu vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii \\u2014 sl\u00e1vi sa v siedmom lun\u00e1rnom mesiaci. Vych\u00e1dza z pr\u00edbehu o Maudgalj\u00e1janovi, \u017eiakovi Buddhu, ktor\u00fd svoju matku n\u00e1jde v r\u00ed\u0161i pretov a nem\u00f4\u017ee ju priamo nakrmi\u0165. Buddha ho u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee obete venovan\u00e9 sangze (mn\u00ed\u0161skej obci) na konci da\u017e\u010fov\u00e9ho \u00fastupu dosiahnu hladn\u00fdch duchov. Z toho vznikol ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdchodo\u00e1zijsk\u00fd sviatok s obetami za zosnul\u00fdch, tane\u010dn\u00fdmi vyst\u00fapeniami (Bon Odori) a symbolick\u00fdm p\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00edm lamp\u00e1\u0161ov po vode.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - hladn\u00fd duch s hrdlom ako iheln\u00e9 ucho","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Preta (p\u00e1l\u00ed: peta) je jedna z najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edch post\u00e1v buddhistickej kozmol\u00f3gie. Hladn\u00fd duch s naf\u00faknut\u00fdm bruchom a hrdlom tenk\u00fdm ako iheln\u00e9 ucho","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157642","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Preta - hladn\u00fd duch s hrdlom ako iheln\u00e9 ucho<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preta (p\u00e1l\u00ed: peta) je jedna z najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edch post\u00e1v buddhistickej kozmol\u00f3gie. 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