{"id":157632,"date":"2026-09-04T22:15:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=157632"},"modified":"2026-09-04T22:38:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:38:15","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"157632\" class=\"elementor elementor-157632 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, d\u00e9mon slovanskej trad\u00edcie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duchovn\u00e1 bytos\u0165, ktorej sa pripisuje \u0161kodliv\u00e9 alebo rozporupln\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> slovanskej trad\u00edcie.<\/p><p><strong>Slovansk\u00fd revenant, prapredok modernej up\u00edrskej postavy.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9monka: Nadprirodzen\u00e1 bytos\u0165 s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou \u0161kodliv\u00fdm alebo ambivalentn\u00fdm p\u00f4soben\u00edm. Stoj\u00ed medzi bohmi a \u013eu\u010fmi, sp\u00f4sobuje choroby, poku\u0161enie alebo ne\u0161\u0165astie a odh\u00e1\u0148a sa vz\u00fdvan\u00edm, apotropajmi a ritu\u00e1lmi.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157608\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Slovansk\u00e1 mytol\u00f3gia a \u013eudov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskos\u0165, prekryt\u00e1 kres\u0165anstvom od 10. storo\u010dia.\">Slovansk\u00e9<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tejto str\\u00e1nke sa nena\\u0161li \\u017eiadne nadpisy.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-159980\" alt=\"Up\u00edr - d\u00e9moni z trad\u00edcie Sl\u00e1vov, historicko-ilustrat\u00edvne zobrazenie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr je centr\u00e1lna postava revenanta slovanskej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara so zvykmi, rozpr\u00e1vaniami a pies\u0148ami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ru<\/span> a priamy historick\u00fd predchodca modernej up\u00edrskej postavy. Zosnul\u00fd, ktor\u00fd vst\u00e1va z hrobu, saje krv \u017eiv\u00fdch, najprv decimuje vlastn\u00fa rodinu, potom cel\u00fa dedinu, a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 definit\u00edvne ulo\u017een\u00fd do zeme len prostredn\u00edctvom osobitn\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lov.<\/p><p>Na rozdiel od seversk\u00e9ho draugra je upyr pohyblivej\u0161\u00ed, \u00fato\u010d\u00ed v noci a m\u00f4\u017ee sa vo\u013ene pohybova\u0165 aj mimo cintor\u00edna.<\/p><p>Slovansk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia upyra je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 pre eur\u00f3psku hist\u00f3riu up\u00edrov. Prostredn\u00edctvom cestopisov z Balk\u00e1nu z 18. storo\u010dia (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, rak\u00fasky pr\u00edpad Arnoda Paola) sa tento jav st\u00e1va zn\u00e1mym v z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe.<\/p><p>Z toho sa prostredn\u00edctvom Polidoriho, Le Fanua a Brama Stokera vyvinula modern\u00e1 up\u00edrska literat\u00fara. Region\u00e1lne varianty: v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00e9 <em>Upyr<\/em>, po\u013esk\u00e9 <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, rumunsk\u00e9 <em>Strigoi<\/em>, juhoslovansk\u00e9 <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00fdchly preh\u013ead: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Slovansk\u00fd revenant, predchodca up\u00edra<br>P\u00f4vod: nekrsten\u00ed, samovrahovia, prekliati, exkomunikovan\u00ed mrtv\u00ed<br>Texty: slovansk\u00e9 cirkevn\u00e9 akty (od 11. stor.), balk\u00e1nske spr\u00e1vy z 18. stor., Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>\u010casov\u00fd rozsah: od stredoveku po s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165<br>Ochrana: osikov\u00fd kol\u00edk, s\u0165atie hlavy, sp\u00e1lenie<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Prv\u00e9 p\u00edsomn\u00e9 zmienky v slovansk\u00fdch cirkevn\u00fdch dokumentoch z 11. storo\u010dia. Bohat\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy z 18. storo\u010dia (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 o Arnodovi Paolovi; \u010fal\u0161ie habsbursk\u00e9 vy\u0161etrovania). Liter\u00e1rna recepcia: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Modern\u00fd v\u00fdskum: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verbreitungsraum<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slovansk\u00fd kult\u00farny priestor od Ruska po Balk\u00e1n, s obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 hustou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prenos vedomost\u00ed a rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edciou<\/span> v Srbsku, Bulharsku, Rumunsku (Strigoi), Po\u013esku. Prostredn\u00edctvom habsburskej koloniz\u00e1cie a liter\u00e1rnej recepcie sa roz\u0161\u00edril do z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3py a po celom svete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quellenlage<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Slovansk\u00e9 cirkevn\u00e9 akty, habsbursk\u00e9 protokoly o exhum\u00e1cii (18. stor.), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania&#8220; (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), modern\u00e1 balk\u00e1nska a slovansk\u00e1 folkloristika.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meno a varianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rusky:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Po\u013esky: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>\u010cesky\/Slovensky: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Rumunsky: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (z lat. <em>strix<\/em>, nie slovansk\u00e9, ale v rovnakom v\u00fdznamovom poli).<br>Juhoslovansky: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; srbsky aj <em>Vampir<\/em>, zdroj slova pre medzin\u00e1rodne zn\u00e1my pojem.<br>Ukrajinsky: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>Srbsk\u00e1 forma <em>Vampir<\/em> sa vyskytuje v habsbursk\u00fdch protokoloch z 18. storo\u010dia a odtia\u013e sa prostredn\u00edctvom rak\u00faskej a nemeckej tla\u010de roz\u0161\u00edrila po celom svete. \u010cl\u00e1nok \u201eVampyr&#8220; vo franc\u00fazskom Tr\u00e9vouxskom slovn\u00edku (1721) je skor\u00fdm dokladom medzin\u00e1rodne zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vzh\u013ead<\/strong><\/p><p>Po exhum\u00e1cii n\u00e1padne svie\u017ey: \u010derven\u00e1 tv\u00e1r, nezrazen\u00e1 krv v srdci, dorasten\u00e9 nechty a vlasy, \u00fasta zamazan\u00e9 krvou. Z folkloristick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska dobre vysvetlite\u013en\u00e9 prirodzen\u00fdmi procesmi rozkladu; pre s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edkov to bol d\u00f4kaz up\u00edrskej \u010dinnosti. Pri no\u010dnej \u010dinnosti: temn\u00e1 postava, niekedy ako zviera (vlk, pes), niekedy ako hmla.<\/p><p><strong>Chovanie<\/strong><\/p><p>V noci op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a svoj hrob, najprv nap\u00e1da \u010dlenov rodiny (odtia\u013e \u201enajprv vlastn\u00e1 rodina\u201c), potom cel\u00fa dedinu. Saje krv, sp\u00f4sobuje vy\u010derpanie, choroby, smr\u0165. Kto zomrie na uhryznutie upyrom, s\u00e1m sa st\u00e1va upyrom. Dediny postihnut\u00e9 upyrom trpia skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi s\u00e9riami \u00famrt\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Oblas\u0165 p\u00f4sobenia<\/strong><\/p><p>Vlastn\u00e1 dedina a okolit\u00e9 miesta. Niekedy sa m\u00f4\u017ee presun\u00fa\u0165 \u010falej, ke\u010f sa oblas\u0165 vypr\u00e1zdni. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 akt\u00edvny v hrani\u010dn\u00fdch d\u0148och (Jurjevden, Vianoce, Zjavenie P\u00e1na).<\/p><p><strong>Mytologick\u00e9 zaradenie<\/strong><\/p><p>Pod\u013ea \u013eudovej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej trad\u00edcie sa \u010dlovekom upyrom st\u00e1va ten, kto zomrie nekrsten\u00fd, samovra\u017edou, exkomunikovan\u00fd, prekliaty alebo ako \u010darodejnica. Za ohrozen\u00fdch sa pova\u017euj\u00fa aj \u013eudia naroden\u00ed s \u201edvomi srdcami\u201c alebo \u201edvomi du\u0161ami\u201c. V\u00fdvoj od slovansk\u00e9ho revenanta k modern\u00e9mu up\u00edrovi trv\u00e1 st\u00e1ro\u010dia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie aspekty upyra na jeden poh\u013ead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult\u00farny kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nekrsten\u00ed, samovrahovia, prekliati, exkomunikovan\u00ed alebo ako \u010darodejnice zosnul\u00ed \u013eudia. Vznik\u00e1 pri nespr\u00e1vnom pohrebe alebo mor\u00e1lnom pochyben\u00ed po\u010das \u017eivota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vz\u0165ahuje sa na<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najprv vlastn\u00e1 rodina, potom dedina. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto zomrie na uhryznutie upyrom, sa s\u00e1m st\u00e1va upyrom, epidemick\u00e9 \u0161\u00edrenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po exhum\u00e1cii: \u010derven\u00fd, opuchnut\u00fd, s nezrazenou krvou a dorasten\u00fdmi nechtami. V noci: temn\u00e1 postava, ako zviera (vlk, pes) alebo hmla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saje krv \u017eiv\u00fdch, sp\u00f4sobuje vy\u010derpanie, choroby, smr\u0165. Dedinsk\u00e9 s\u00e9rie \u00famrt\u00ed. \u0160\u00edri sa prenosom uhryznut\u00edm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana proti upyrovi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhum\u00e1cia a prebodnutie osikov\u00fdm kol\u00edkom, s\u0165atie hlavy, sp\u00e1lenie, op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 ulo\u017eenie do hrobu s tv\u00e1rou nadol. Cesnak, tymian, kr\u00ed\u017ee; ochrann\u00fd sp\u00f4sob pohrebu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace bytosti<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157578\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157596\">Striga<\/a>, draugr (germ\u00e1nsky), modern\u00e1 up\u00edrska postava (Stoker), rumunsk\u00fd strigoi, gr\u00e9cky vrykolakas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrana a boj proti up\u00edrom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Prevent\u00edvny pohreb<\/strong><\/p><p>Ten, kto je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za ohrozen\u00e9ho premenou na up\u00edra (samovra\u017eda, nepokrstenie, exkomunik\u00e1cia), sa pochov\u00e1va s obzvl\u00e1\u0161tnou starostlivos\u0165ou: tv\u00e1rou nadol, so zviazan\u00fdmi palcami na noh\u00e1ch, s \u00fastami vyplnen\u00fdmi kame\u0148om, hrob prekryt\u00fd kos\u00e1kom (ak by chcel vsta\u0165, mal by sa najprv s\u00e1m s\u0165a\u0165).<\/p><p><strong>Pri podozren\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p>Vlna \u00famrt\u00ed v obci vyvol\u00e1va po\u013eova\u010dku na up\u00edrov. Obec vykop\u00e1va podozriv\u00e9 hroby. Znaky up\u00edrskej \u010dinnosti: \u010derstv\u00e1 m\u0155tvola, \u010derven\u00e9 \u00fasta, nezrazen\u00e1 krv, narasten\u00e9 nechty. Nasleduje: prebodnutie osikov\u00fdm kolom, s\u0165atie hlavy, sp\u00e1lenie na otvorenom ohni, popol vhoden\u00fd do rieky. V niektor\u00fdch oblastiach sa srdce spa\u013eovalo samostatne.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety a ochrana domu<\/strong><\/p><p>Cesnak na okn\u00e1ch a dver\u00e1ch. Kadidlo v dome. Strieborn\u00fd kr\u00ed\u017eik pri posteli. Deti chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 \u010derven\u00fdmi ni\u0165ami na z\u00e1p\u00e4stiach. V obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 rizikov\u00fdch \u010dasoch (po vlne \u00famrt\u00ed v obci): \u010dlenovia rodiny spia spolu, s ochrann\u00fdmi amuletmi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od upyra k up\u00edrovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Habsbursk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy z 18. storo\u010dia<\/strong><\/p><p>V roku 1732 vy\u0161etruje Johann Fl\u00fcckinger v mene rak\u00faskej arm\u00e1dy pr\u00edpad Arnoda Paole v Srbsku a p\u00ed\u0161e spr\u00e1vu <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. Dokument zoznamuje s up\u00edrskym fenom\u00e9nom Viede\u0148, Par\u00ed\u017e a Lond\u00fdn. Vo vzdelaneckom svete osvietenstva vypuk\u00e1 debata o up\u00edroch.<\/p><p><strong>Liter\u00e1rny zrod<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori v diele <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) prin\u00e1\u0161a t\u00fato postavu do sal\u00f3nnej literat\u00fary. Sheridan Le Fanuova <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) etabluje \u017eensk\u00fa up\u00edrku. Dracula (1897) Brama Stokera sa st\u00e1va \u00fastrednou postavou modernej up\u00edrskej literat\u00fary, v\u00fdslovne zasadenou na rumunsko-slovansk\u00e9 pomedzie.<\/p><p><strong>Modern\u00e9 pokra\u010dovanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Up\u00edr\u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opakuj\u00faci sa obsahov\u00fd prvok v umen\u00ed alebo rozpr\u00e1van\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edv<\/span> zost\u00e1va akt\u00edvny v rumunskej, po\u013eskej a slovanskej literat\u00fare (Olga Tokarczukov\u00e1, <em>Knihy Jakubove<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows a nespo\u010detn\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie adapt\u00e1cie stavaj\u00fa priamo \u010di nepriamo na slovanskej p\u00f4vodnej postave, \u010dasto bez uznania tohto p\u00f4vodu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr v najstar\u0161\u00edch p\u00edsomn\u00fdch dokladoch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdraz <em>upyr<\/em> patr\u00ed medzi najstar\u0161ie zaznamenan\u00e9 slov\u00e1 slovanskej viery v up\u00edrov. \u010casto citovan\u00fd doklad sa nach\u00e1dza v starorus\u00edckom rukopise, kde je pis\u00e1r ozna\u010den\u00fd prez\u00fdvkou <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, \u010do znamen\u00e1 pribli\u017ene &#8222;zl\u00fd Upir&#8220;.<\/p><p>Datovanie tohto dokladu do 11. storo\u010dia je vo v\u00fdskume diskutovan\u00e9, av\u0161ak pova\u017euje sa za jeden z najstar\u0161\u00edch d\u00f4kazov toho, \u017ee slovo bolo u\u017e skoro be\u017en\u00e9 vo v\u00fdchodoslovanskom priestore.<\/p><p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm dokladom je staroslovienska k\u00e1ze\u0148 proti pohansk\u00fdm zvykom, ktor\u00e1 kritizuje obetovanie <em>upyrom<\/em> a <em>beregin\u00e1m<\/em>. Tento text zara\u010fuje upyra do radu in\u00fdch duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm jednoduch\u00fd \u013eud prin\u00e1\u0161al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017estvu na vyjadrenie v\u010faky, prosby alebo \u00facty.\" tabindex=\"0\">obete<\/span>.<\/p><p>Z toho mo\u017eno us\u00fadi\u0165, \u017ee upyr p\u00f4vodne nebol len krv nas\u00e1vaj\u00facim revenantom neskor\u0161ej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1vanie vedomost\u00ed a pr\u00edbehov cez gener\u00e1cie.\" tabindex=\"0\">trad\u00edcie<\/span>, ale bol s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ieho spektra duchovn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm sa preukazovala kultov\u00e1 \u00facta.<\/p><p>Tieto skor\u00e9 doklady s\u00fa jazykovo pozoruhodn\u00e9, ale obsahovo skromn\u00e9. Uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa slovo, av\u0161ak bytos\u0165 takmer nepopisuj\u00fa. Podrobn\u00fd obraz upyra ako revenanta, ktor\u00fd v noci op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a svoj hrob, poch\u00e1dza z v\u00fdrazne mlad\u0161\u00edch prame\u0148ov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z ranej novoveku a z folkloristick\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov 19. storo\u010dia.<\/p><p>V\u00fdskum preto vyz\u00fdva k opatrnosti: neskor\u0161\u00ed, plne vyvinut\u00fd obraz up\u00edra sa nesmie nekritick\u00fd premieta\u0165 do stredovek\u00fdch dokladov. Ist\u00e9 je len to, \u017ee slovo je star\u00e9 a od po\u010diatku ozna\u010dovalo ob\u00e1van\u00fa bytos\u0165 spojen\u00fa s kultom m\u0155tvych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymol\u00f3gia sporn\u00e9ho slova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4vod slova <em>upyr<\/em> patr\u00ed medzi nevyrie\u0161en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky slovanskej jazykovedy. Existuje viacero v\u00fdkladov, bez toho, aby sa niektor\u00fd z nich definit\u00edvne presadil.<\/p><p>Be\u017en\u00fd n\u00e1vrh rozklad\u00e1 slovo na z\u00e1porn\u00fa alebo zosil\u0148uj\u00facu predponu a kme\u0148 spojen\u00fd s letom alebo per\u00edm, \u010do by upyra vysvet\u013eovalo ako letu schopn\u00fa alebo trepotaj\u00facu sa bytos\u0165.<\/p><p>In\u00fd n\u00e1vrh sp\u00e1ja kme\u0148 so slovom pre naf\u00faknutos\u0165 alebo opu\u010danie, \u010do by zodpovedalo folkloristicky dobre zdokumentovan\u00e9mu obrazu napchat\u00e9ho, nerozlo\u017een\u00e9ho up\u00edrskeho tela.<\/p><p>Vysvetlenie komplikuje skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee slovo sa vyskytuje takmer vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch jazykoch, v\u017edy v hl\u00e1skovo obmenenej podobe.<\/p><p>Juhoslovansk\u00e1 podoba <em>vampir<\/em> je t\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 sa v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom nem\u010diny a franc\u00faz\u0161tiny dostala do z\u00e1padoeur\u00f3pskych jazykov a stala sa medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdm v\u00fdrazom pre cel\u00fa triedu bytost\u00ed. Po\u013esk\u00e9 <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, ukrajinsk\u00e9 <em>upyr<\/em>, rusk\u00e9 <em>upyr<\/em> a \u010fal\u0161ie podoby patria k tomu ist\u00e9mu slovn\u00e9mu kme\u0148u.<\/p><p>Jazykovedn\u00fd v\u00fdskum vid\u00ed v tomto \u0161irokom roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed argument v prospech toho, \u017ee slovo a s n\u00edm spojen\u00fd koncept existovali u\u017e v praslovanskej dobe. Ktor\u00e1 z navrhovan\u00fdch etymol\u00f3gi\u00ed je spr\u00e1vna, zost\u00e1va otvoren\u00e9, a niektor\u00ed b\u00e1datelia dokonca pova\u017euj\u00fa slovo za v\u00fdpo\u017ei\u010dku z neslovansk\u00e9ho jazyka, \u010do situ\u00e1ciu e\u0161te komplikuje.<\/p><p>Pre religionistick\u00fd poh\u013ead je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznanie, \u017ee u\u017e samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zov je star\u00fdm, \u0165a\u017eko rozl\u00fa\u0161tite\u013en\u00fdm dedi\u010dstvom, a nie v\u00fdtvorom novodobej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradovan\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara so zvykmi, pr\u00edbehmi a pies\u0148ami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ry<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr a eur\u00f3pska debata o up\u00edroch v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slovansk\u00e1 viera vo up\u00edrov sa dostala do zorn\u00e9ho po\u013ea z\u00e1padoeur\u00f3pskej u\u010denosti v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed, a Upyr, respekt\u00edve jeho juhoslovansk\u00ed pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed, st\u00e1li pri tom v centre pozornosti. Spustili ju viacer\u00e9 rozruch vzbudzuj\u00face pr\u00edpady z habsbursk\u00fdch pohrani\u010dn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed na Balk\u00e1ne.<\/p><p>Osobitne zn\u00e1mym sa stal pr\u00edpad Arnolda Paola a pr\u00edpad Petara Blagojevi\u0107a v 20. a 30. rokoch 18. storo\u010dia, pri ktor\u00fdch rak\u00faske \u00farady a vojensk\u00ed lek\u00e1ri vypracovali \u00faradn\u00e9 vy\u0161etrovacie spr\u00e1vy o \u00fadajn\u00fdch up\u00edroch.<\/p><p>Tieto spr\u00e1vy boli v Eur\u00f3pe vytla\u010den\u00e9 a vyvolali \u0161irok\u00fa u\u010den\u00fa debatu. Lek\u00e1ri, teol\u00f3govia a filozofi diskutovali o tom, \u010di up\u00edri existuj\u00fa, ako vysvetli\u0165 nahl\u00e1sen\u00e9 javy a ak\u00fd postoj by mala zauja\u0165 cirkev a \u0161t\u00e1t.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Benedikt\u00edn Augustin Calmet vydal v roku 1746 hojne \u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 pojednanie, v ktorom zhroma\u017edil materi\u00e1l a kriticky ho presk\u00famal, bez toho, aby dospel k jednozna\u010dn\u00e9mu z\u00e1veru. Osvietensk\u00e1 filozofia reagovala ostrej\u0161ie a vyu\u017e\u00edvala vieru vo up\u00edrov ako pr\u00edklad povery a cirkevnej d\u00f4ver\u010divosti.<\/span><\/p><p>Pre religionistick\u00fd poh\u013ead je t\u00e1to epiz\u00f3da v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 v dvoch oh\u013eadoch. Po prv\u00e9, poskytla niektor\u00e9 z najpodrobnej\u0161\u00edch a najstar\u0161\u00edch detailn\u00fdch popisov slovanskej predstavy o up\u00edrovi, vr\u00e1tane prakt\u00edk vykop\u00e1vania hrobov a napichovania na k\u00f4l.<\/p><p>Po druh\u00e9, ukazuje moment, v ktorom sa region\u00e1lna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 predstavy a zvyky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u013eudov\u00e1 viera<\/span> stala celoeur\u00f3pskou t\u00e9mou diskusie a t\u00fdm sa vydala na cestu do literat\u00fary a nakoniec do modernej popul\u00e1rnej kult\u00fary. Liter\u00e1rny up\u00edr 19. storo\u010dia, od poviedky Johna Polidoriho a\u017e po <em>Draculu<\/em> Brama Stokera, by bol bez tejto debaty 18. storo\u010dia nemyslite\u013en\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00favisiace odkazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 intern\u00e9 odkazy:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157608\">Slovansk\u00fd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157629\">Baba Jaga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157630\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=158084\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157631\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157578\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157596\">Striga<\/a> (predchodca)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157620\">Draugr<\/a> (germansk\u00fd revenant)<\/li><li>Modern\u00e9: Bram Stoker, up\u00edrska literat\u00fara<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odborn\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>V\u00fdber z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c o Upyrovi\/up\u00edrovi:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1van\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara so zvykmi, pr\u00edbehmi a pies\u0148ami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania.&#8220; In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Odovzd\u00e1van\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara so zvykmi, pr\u00edbehmi a pies\u0148ami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Viede\u0148 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Viede\u0148 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>\u010eal\u0161ie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 diela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/?page_id=157722\">zozname literat\u00fary<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Tu pop\u00edsan\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 prax je vedeck\u00fdm zaraden\u00edm historick\u00fdch trad\u00edci\u00ed. iWell Guard nadv\u00e4zuje na t\u00fato kult\u00farno-historick\u00fa linku prenosn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch predmetov a predstavuje jej s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa formu. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Viac o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr - Slovansk\u00fd revenant","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, slovansk\u00fd revenant a prapredok modernej up\u00edrskej postavy: pohrebn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, ochrann\u00e9 opatrenia a hist\u00f3ria my\u0161lienky up\u00edra.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"slawisch","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-157632","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Upyr - Slovansk\u00fd revenant<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Upyr, slovansk\u00fd revenant a prapredok modernej up\u00edrskej postavy: pohrebn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, ochrann\u00e9 opatrenia a hist\u00f3ria my\u0161lienky up\u00edra.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sk\/upyr\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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