{"id":106377,"date":"2026-08-04T17:40:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/glosar\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:40:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:40:37","slug":"glosar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/glosar\/","title":{"rendered":"Glosar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106377\" class=\"elementor elementor-106377 elementor-1922\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroff44d80 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"heroff44d80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimgea37f28 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimgea37f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3414\" alt=\"Glossar - illustrative Darstellung\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/service_glossar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-h1-1922 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-h1-1922\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-h1w-1922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-h1w-1922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glosar, termenii claselor de fiin\u021be explica\u021bi<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-restoreh-glossar e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"restoreh-glossar\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-restorei-glossar elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"restorei-glossar\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"442\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-1024x566.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2272\" alt=\"Hintergrund-Kachel f\u00fcr Goetter-Pages, 1200x661 als Tile\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-1024x566.webp 1024w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-300x166.webp 300w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym-768x424.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Goetter-1200x661-Hintergrund-sym.webp 1196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404b-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x404b-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glosar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404b-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404b-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x404b-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glosarul reune\u0219te termenii centrali utiliza\u021bi pe iWell Guard: clase de fiin\u021be, subcategorii, concepte metodologice \u0219i cei mai importan\u021bi termeni practici ai tradi\u021biei de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> \u0219i protec\u021bie. Este conceput ca instrument de referin\u021b\u0103, nu ca istorie a conceptelor; acolo unde termenii au semnifica\u021bii diferite \u00een tradi\u021bii diferite, este marcat\u0103 semnifica\u021bia valabil\u0103 pentru iWell Guard.<\/p><p>Cel care \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te un termen \u00eentr-un articol concret \u0219i nu \u0219tie ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219te aici defini\u021bia succint\u0103 cu trimitere la tratarea detaliat\u0103. Termenii sunt structura\u021bi dup\u0103 cele trei domenii: <strong>clase de fiin\u021be<\/strong>, <strong>subcategorii<\/strong> \u0219i <strong>practici<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Glosarul explic\u0103 termenii-cheie ai claselor de fiin\u021be.<\/p><div><h3>Pozi\u021bia metodologic\u0103 a glosarului<\/h3><p>Pe iWell Guard, glosarul nu este o simpl\u0103 list\u0103 de termeni, ci un instrument metodologic care permite sortarea comparativ-religioas\u0103 a fiin\u021belor \u0219i practicilor documentate. Fiecare termen \u00eendepline\u0219te o func\u021bie definitorie clar delimitabil\u0103: ofer\u0103 un cadru de clasificare \u00een care pot fi integrate paginile de detaliu individuale.<\/p><p>Formarea termenilor urmeaz\u0103 dou\u0103 principii: \u00een primul r\u00e2nd tradi\u021bia din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor (Burkert pentru religia greac\u0103, Bott\u00e9ro pentru cea mesopotamian\u0103, Schimmel pentru cea islamic\u0103, Eliade pentru conceptele comparative), \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd logica de clasificare specific\u0103 iWell Guard (clase de fiin\u021be, pastile de tradi\u021bie, straturi de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> protector).<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clase de fiin\u021be<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103:<\/strong> Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> unei culturi. Zeii au un nume propriu, atribu\u021bii definite (cerul, r\u0103zboiul, moartea, iubirea, crea\u021bia), atribute fixe (animale, plante, unelte) \u0219i se \u00eenscriu \u00eentr-o structur\u0103 ierarhic\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pe iWell Guard, conceptul de zeu este rezervat v\u00e2rfului fiec\u0103rei tradi\u021bii religioase; fiin\u021bele supranaturale de rang inferior sunt clasificate drept demoni, spirite sau fiin\u021be de lumin\u0103. Vezi prezentarea general\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zei<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">Demon<\/span>:<\/strong> Fiin\u021b\u0103 supranatural\u0103 de rang inferior zeilor, orientat\u0103 spre producerea de prejudicii \u00een sensul strict al istoriei religiilor. Termenul poart\u0103 o deplasare semantic\u0103: \u00een grecescul <em>daimonion<\/em>, ini\u021bial ambivalent sau neutru (\u0219i vocea interioar\u0103 a lui Socrate purta acest nume), \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i forma sa receptat\u0103 exclusiv negativ.<\/p><p>Folosim termenul \u00een sensul modern, consacrat \u0219tiin\u021bific, de fiin\u021b\u0103 orientat\u0103 spre prejudiciu, \u0219i facem explicit deplas\u0103rile de sens \u00een prezent\u0103rile individuale. Vezi prezentarea general\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/demoni\/\">Demoni<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spirit<\/span>:<\/strong> Fiin\u021b\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu defunc\u021bii, cu locuri ale naturii sau cu experien\u021be de prag. Spiritele sunt adesea legate de loc (izvor, p\u0103dure, cimitir) sau de timp (spirite ale orelor). Clasa cuprinde at\u00e2t apari\u021bii ale defunc\u021bilor (Yuurei, Edimmu, Preta), c\u00e2t \u0219i fiin\u021be ale naturii \u0219i elementale (Rusalka, Kappa, Kobold). Vezi prezentarea general\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/spirite\/\">Spirite<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Fiin\u021be de lumin\u0103:<\/strong> Figuri ajut\u0103toare spirituale ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterismului<\/span> occidental, ale corpusului teozofic \u0219i New Age: arhangheli, mae\u0219tri ascensiona\u021bi, fiin\u021be de \u00eenalt\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103. Clasa este t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor; elementele mai vechi (ierarhia iudeo-cre\u0219tino-islamic\u0103 a arhanghelilor) sunt tratate cu sursele complete, elementele mai noi (mae\u0219tri ai ascensiunii) cu indicarea explicit\u0103 a originii teozofic-moderne. Vezi prezentarea general\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/fiinte-de-lumina\/\">Fiin\u021be de lumin\u0103<\/a>.<\/p><div><h3>Defini\u021bii extinse ale claselor de fiin\u021be<\/h3><p><strong>Mae\u0219tri ascensiona\u021bi<\/strong>. Termen colectiv al tradi\u021biei teozofic-americane a lucr\u0103torilor cu lumina pentru figuri de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori transcenden\u021bi, elabora\u021bi ca clas\u0103 religioas\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea prin Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Charles Webster Leadbeater, Guy Ballard \u0219i Elizabeth Clare Prophet.<\/p><p>Cei mai importan\u021bi reprezentan\u021bi sunt Saint Germain, El Morya, Kuthumi, Sananda, Maitreya. Din punct de vedere istoric, clasa este modern\u0103; ea combin\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile bodhisattva orientale cu doctrina occidental\u0103 a \u00eengerilor \u0219i alchimia hermetic\u0103 \u00eentr-o sintez\u0103 proprie.<\/p><p><strong>Arhangheli<\/strong>. \u00cen tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tino-islamic\u0103, clasa superioar\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span> cu nume propriu. Cei patru canonici sunt Mihail, Gavriil, Rafail, Uriel; \u00een tradi\u021bia ortodox\u0103 r\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103 \u0219i copt\u0103 sunt num\u0103rate \u0219apte arhangheli (ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd pe Selafiel, Iegudiel, Varahiel).<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">mistica<\/span> iudaic\u0103, Metatron apare ca figur\u0103 special\u0103 deasupra clasei arhanghelilor. \u00cen tradi\u021bia magic-ritual\u0103, arhanghelii sunt asocia\u021bi celor patru puncte cardinale, conform tradi\u021biei Zorilor de Aur: Mihail Sudul, Gavriil Nordul, Rafail Estul, Uriel Vestul.<\/p><p><strong>Lwa \u0219i Orisha<\/strong>. Lwa sunt fiin\u021bele-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> ale tradi\u021biei Vodou haitiane, structurate \u00een panteonurile Rada (reci, de origine vest-african\u0103 Fon) \u0219i Petro (fierbin\u021bi, de origine creol\u0103). \u00cenrudite structural sunt Orisha ale tradi\u021biei Yoruba din Africa de Vest \u0219i adaptarea lor afro-brazilian\u0103 ca Orix\u00e1 \u00een tradi\u021bia Candombl\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Subcategorii (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s1-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s1-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme: Zeii de la v\u00e2rful unui panteon &#8211; Zeus \u00een sistemul olimpic, Odin \u00een cel germanic, An \u00een cel sumerian, Re sau Amun \u00een cel egiptean. Divnit\u0103\u021bile supreme sunt de regul\u0103 patrilineare, asociate atributelor cerului \u0219i tunetului, adesea cu func\u021bie creatoare sau ordonatoare.<\/p><p>Divinit\u0103\u021bi ale mor\u021bilor: Conduc\u0103torii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene &#8211; Hades, Osiris, Hel, Yama. Divnit\u0103\u021bile mor\u021bilor sunt deosebit de constante din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor; multe culturi disting \u00eentre o divinitate a mor\u021bilor (cu propria regalitate \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103) \u0219i spiritele mor\u021bilor (defunc\u021bii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i).<\/p><p>Divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare: Gardieni \u0219i ocrotitori ai persoanelor, locurilor, profesiilor: Bes ca zeu protector al gravidelor \u00een Egipt, Tyche\/Fortuna ca zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare a ora\u0219ului \u00een spa\u021biul elenistic-roman, Inari ca protector al cultivatorilor de orez \u00een Japonia.<\/p><p>Anti-zei: Puteri ale haosului \u0219i adversari, adesea ca pol opus al divinit\u0103\u021bilor supreme &#8211; Tiamat \u00een mitul crea\u021biei babilonian, Apophis ca \u0219arpe adversar al lui Re, Loki \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> germanic\u0103, Mara \u00een corpusul budist.<\/p><p>Spiritele mor\u021bilor: Spiritele defunc\u021bilor &#8211; Edimmu (mesopotamian), Yuurei (japonez), Preta (budist), Banshee (irlandez). Clasa este deosebit de larg documentat\u0103 la nivel intercultural.<\/p><p>Spirite ale apelor, spirite ale p\u0103durilor, metamorfi: Spirite ale naturii legate de loc. Spiritele apelor sunt adesea feminine (Rusalka, Nixe, Mami Wata), legate de izvoare, r\u00e2uri sau lacuri. Spiritele p\u0103durilor sunt centrale \u00een tradi\u021biile slave \u0219i germanice (Leshy, Holzfr\u00e4ulein); metamorfii sunt o categorie proprie, deosebit de diferen\u021biat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia celtic\u0103, japonez\u0103 \u0219i chinez\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00cengeri<\/span> \u0219i arhangheli: Mesageri \u0219i figuri ierarhice ale tradi\u021biei iudeo-cre\u0219tino-islamice; pe iWell Guard clasifica\u021bi ca fiin\u021be de lumin\u0103, cu cei patru arhangheli Mihail, Gavriil, Rafail, Uriel, precum \u0219i Metatron ca figuri centrale.<\/p><div><h3>Subcategorii extinse<\/h3><p><strong>Goetia<\/strong>. Tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoc\u0103rii<\/span> magic-rituale a 72 de demoni din Lemegeton (Mica Cheie a lui Solomon). Din punct de vedere istoric: european-timpuriu-modern, cu r\u0103d\u0103cini iudeo-apocrife, elenistice \u0219i arabe.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cele mai importante edi\u021bii sunt Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (Weyer 1577), Discoverie of Witchcraft (Scot 1584), The Goetia (Mathers\/Crowley 1904) \u0219i The Lesser Key of Solomon (Peterson 2001). O tratare detaliat\u0103 ofer\u0103 pagina-hub <a href=\"\/ro\/goetia\/\">\/goetia\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Vodou<\/strong>. Sintez\u0103 religioas\u0103 haitian\u0103 din tradi\u021biile vest-africane Fon \u0219i Yoruba cu elemente creol-caraibiene, dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een diaspora sclaviei timpuriu-moderne. \u00cenrudite structural sunt Santer\u00eda (Cuba), Candombl\u00e9 (Brazilia) \u0219i Lukum\u00ed (diaspora).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cea mai important\u0103 elaborare academic\u0103 este Maya Deren, <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em> (1953), Karen McCarthy Brown, <em>Mama Lola<\/em> (1991), Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, <em>Haiti and the Truth of Vodou<\/em> (2006). O tratare detaliat\u0103 ofer\u0103 pagina-hub <a href=\"\/ro\/vodou-loa\/\">\/vodou\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Goetia \/ Lemegeton<\/strong>. Important: Lemegeton desemneaz\u0103 \u00eentreaga lucrare colectiv\u0103 din cinci c\u0103r\u021bi (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria); Goetia desemneaz\u0103 \u00een sens strict doar prima parte. \u00cen recep\u021bia popular\u0103, ambii termeni sunt frecvent folosi\u021bi sinonim, ceea ce este inexact din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor.<\/p><p><strong>Schemhamphorasch<\/strong>. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> iudaic\u0103, numele divin format din 72 de litere, derivat din cele trei versete Exodul 14,19-21 (fiecare verset cu 72 de litere). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbala<\/span> medieval\u0103 (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh, Zohar), celor 72 de versete le sunt asocia\u021bi 72 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span>, care la r\u00e2ndul lor sunt plasa\u021bi \u00een tradi\u021bia magic-ritual\u0103 (Athanasius Kircher, Eliphas Levi, Zorii de Aur) ca strat protector fa\u021b\u0103 de cei 72 de demoni din Goetia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-glossar-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-s2-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-glossar-s2-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-glossar-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-glossar-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Goetia: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocare<\/span> a celor 72 de demoni ai lui Solomon dup\u0103 grimoire-ul premodern <em>Lemegeton<\/em>. Goetia este o practic\u0103 de magie ritual\u0103 care \u0219i-a c\u0103p\u0103tat forma sa actual\u0103 \u00een secolele XVI\/XVII; ea se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe modele mai vechi evreie\u0219ti \u0219i arabe. Vezi detaliat <a href=\"\/ro\/goetia\/\">Goetia<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Necromantie:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocare<\/span> a mor\u021bilor \u00een scopuri divinatorii sau de consultare. Practica este atestat\u0103 \u00een aproape toate culturile antice mediteraneene (Saul \u0219i femeia din Endor \u00een 1 Samuel, consultarea mor\u021bilor de c\u0103tre Odiseu \u00een Odiseea), traverseaz\u0103 transform\u0103ri medievale \u0219i este consemnat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> premoderne\u0103 ca art\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare.<\/p><p><strong>Vr\u0103jitorie d\u0103un\u0103toare:<\/strong> Practic\u0103 magic\u0103 popular\u0103 de influen\u021bare cu scopul de a provoca r\u0103u unei alte persoane. Reprezent\u0103rile sunt similare \u00een aproape toate culturile (blestem, leg\u0103tur\u0103, dorin\u021b\u0103 de a face r\u0103u prin practic\u0103 simpatetic\u0103); relevan\u021ba juridico-istoric\u0103 \u0219i social-istoric\u0103 este documentat\u0103 \u00een mod deosebit de dens \u00een cadrul complexului european al vr\u0103jitoriei.<\/p><p><strong>Vr\u0103jitorie amoroas\u0103:<\/strong> Practic\u0103 magic\u0103 popular\u0103 de influen\u021bare cu scopul de a determina o alt\u0103 persoan\u0103 la iubire sau la \u00eempreunare. \u0218i \u00een acest caz, practicile sunt similare transcultural (b\u0103utur\u0103, obiect legat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span>). Vezi prezentarea general\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/vrajitorie-de-dragoste\/\">Vr\u0103jitorie amoroas\u0103<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/paralizie-de-somn\/\">Paralizie de somn<\/a>:<\/strong> Fenomen fiziologic transmis transcultural, care \u00een interpretarea mediumnic\u0103 \u0219i a credin\u021bei populare este asociat cu apari\u021bii de incubus, succubus sau mahr. Trat\u0103m fenomenologia \u00een prezent\u0103rile individuale cu trimitere explicit\u0103 la explica\u021bia somnologic\u0103 \u0219i la tradi\u021bia istoric\u0103 a interpret\u0103rii. Vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/succub\/\">Succubus<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/incubus\/\">Incubus<\/a>, Mahr (\u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/zei-nordici\/\">Germanic<\/a>).<\/p><p><strong>Informa\u021bie mediumic\u0103:<\/strong> Pe iWell Guard, denumirea pentru con\u021binuturile perceptive care nu provin din surse istorice, ci au fost ob\u021binute de practicieni care lucreaz\u0103 mediumnic. Aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie este marcat\u0103 \u00een mod transparent ca atare \u0219i nu este niciodat\u0103 amestecat\u0103 cu afirma\u021biile din surse. Vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/informatie-mediala\/\">Informa\u021bie mediumic\u0103<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>Diagnostic\u0103 energetic\u0103:<\/strong> Procedeu metodic de examinare mediumic\u0103 a unei persoane, a unui loc sau a unui obiect. Descriem metoda la <a href=\"\/ro\/diagnosticare-energetica\/\">Examinare<\/a>; ea nu este validat\u0103 din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific natural, dar constituie un instrument consacrat \u00een cadrul practicii mediumice.<\/p><p>Amulet\u0103 de protec\u021bie: Obiect portabil pentru respingerea influen\u021belor d\u0103un\u0103toare. iWell Guard se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 categorie; obiecte similare exist\u0103 \u00een numeroase culturi (amulete Pazuzu \u00eempotriva lui Lamashtu \u00een Mesopotamia, amulete cu ochi \u00eempotriva deochiului \u00een spa\u021biul mediteranean, mezuza \u00een tradi\u021bia evreiasc\u0103). Vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/\">Despre iWell Guard<\/a>.<\/p><p>C\u00e2mp informa\u021bional cosmic: Pe iWell Guard, denumirea pentru ansamblul rela\u021biilor perceptibile mediumnic \u00eentre persoane, locuri \u0219i fiin\u021be. Termenul nu trebuie \u00een\u021beles \u00een sens \u0219tiin\u021bific naturalist sau fizicalist, ci ca cadru metodic pentru \u00eencadrarea percep\u021biilor mediumnice. Vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/campul-informational-cosmic\/\">C\u00e2mp informa\u021bional cosmic<\/a>.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie: Termen colectiv pentru ansamblul activit\u0103\u021bilor prin care o persoan\u0103 se ap\u0103r\u0103 \u00eempotriva influen\u021belor d\u0103un\u0103toare, de la purtarea unei amulete, la stabilirea unor limite energetice \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la invocarea inten\u021bionat\u0103 a unor fiin\u021be protectoare. Trat\u0103m practica de protec\u021bie metodic \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 promisiuni terapeutice; relat\u0103rile de experien\u021be de la <a href=\"\/ro\/marturii-si-experiente\/\">Experien\u021be<\/a> documenteaz\u0103 diversitatea aplic\u0103rilor.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocare<\/span>: Practic\u0103 ritual\u0103 sau meditativ\u0103 de adresare direct\u0103 a unei fiin\u021be, fie c\u0103 este vorba de un zeu, un arhanghel, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> sau un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 necorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie ac\u021biune \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>. Invoc\u0103rile sunt un element central al aproape tuturor tradi\u021biilor religioase \u0219i al practicii de magie ritual\u0103. Le descriem fenomenologic, f\u0103r\u0103 a le recomanda sau evalua; practica lor este apanajul fiec\u0103rui practician \u00een parte.<\/p><p>Afirma\u021bie: Pe iWell Guard, denumirea pentru o auto-atribuire lingvistic\u0103 \u00een cadrul practicii de protec\u021bie (de exemplu: \u201eSunt protejat&#8221;, \u201eSunt purtat&#8221;). Termenul provine din psihologia modern\u0103 \u0219i este utilizat \u00een practica mediumic\u0103 ca instrument de orientare interioar\u0103. Vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/functii-de-protectie-si-affirmatii\/\">Afirma\u021bii<\/a>.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliografie selectiv\u0103 pentru Glosar:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Eliade, Mircea (Ed.)<\/strong>: <em>The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan, New York 1987 (16 vols.).<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"font-size:0.9em;opacity:0.85\"><em>Not\u0103:<\/em> Aceast\u0103 selec\u021bie serve\u0219te orient\u0103rii; articolele de detaliu urmeaz\u0103 o list\u0103 de surse proprie \u0219i curatorializat\u0103.<\/p><\/div><\/footer> <h2 id=\"fachbegriffe-und-methoden\">Termeni de specialitate \u0219i metode<\/h2>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 sec\u021biune completeaz\u0103 glosarul claselor de entit\u0103\u021bi cu aparatul metodologic, istorico-religios \u0219i terminologic cu care lucreaz\u0103 paginile de detaliu ale site-ului. Intr\u0103rile sunt structurate pe domenii tematice. Cel care \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te un termen \u00een textul unei pagini de detaliu afi\u0219at ca tooltip \u0219i dore\u0219te s\u0103 afle mai mult va g\u0103si aici intrarea detaliat\u0103 cu lucr\u0103rile de referin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i trimiterile \u00eencruci\u0219ate.<\/p> <h3 id=\"quellen-korpus\">Corpusul de surse<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Lemegeton<\/strong>. Lemegeton, cunoscut \u0219i ca <em>Mica Cheie a lui Solomon<\/em>, este un manuscris colectiv al tradi\u021biei magiei rituale din epoca modern\u0103 timpurie, dat\u00e2nd din secolul al XVII-lea.<\/p><p>Cuprinde cinci c\u0103r\u021bi: <em>Goetia<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocarea<\/span> celor 72 de demoni), <em>Theurgia-Goetia<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocarea<\/span> spiritelor intermediare ale punctelor cardinale), <em>Ars Paulina<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, un sol ceresc al lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magia<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerilor<\/span> dup\u0103 orele planetare), <em>Ars Almadel<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau puteri.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocarea<\/span> pe o t\u0103bli\u021b\u0103 de cear\u0103) \u0219i <em>Ars Notoria<\/em> (practic\u0103 mnemonic\u0103, cel mai vechi strat, din secolul al XIII-lea).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Edi\u021biile standard sunt Joseph Peterson, <em>The Lesser Key of Solomon<\/em> (Weiser, 2001), \u0219i Stephen Skinner \/ David Rankine, <em>The Goetia of Dr Rudd<\/em> (Golden Hoard Press, 2007). O prezentare detaliat\u0103 a p\u0103r\u021bii Goetia se g\u0103se\u0219te pe <a href=\"\/ro\/goetia\/\">\/goetia\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Pseudomonarchia Daemonum<\/strong>. Anex\u0103 la opera principal\u0103 a lui Johann Weyer, <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em> (Basel, 1577). Cea mai veche list\u0103 sistematic\u0103 a celor 72 de spirite, care a fost ulterior incorporat\u0103 \u00een Lemegeton.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Reginald Scot a tradus-o \u00een englez\u0103 \u00een 1584, \u00een lucrarea sa <em>Discoverie of Witchcraft<\/em>. Cercetarea istoric\u0103 (Owen Davies, <em>Grimoires<\/em>, Oxford 2009) identific\u0103 \u00een lista lui Weyer linia de leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> medieval\u0103 clerical\u0103 \u0219i cea a epocii moderne timpurii burgheze.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/malleus-maleficarum\/\">Malleus Maleficarum<\/a> (<a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/ro\/malleus-maleficarum\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Malleus Maleficarum (1486\/87) de Heinrich Kramer; manual al v\u00e2n\u0103torii de vr\u0103jitoare cu aproximativ 28 de edi\u021bii p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1669.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Ciocanul Vr\u0103jitoarelor<\/a>)<\/strong>. Cel mai important manual al v\u00e2n\u0103torii de vr\u0103jitoare din epoca modern\u0103 timpurie, redactat \u00een 1487 de Heinrich Kramer (Institoris) \u0219i Jakob Sprenger. Trei p\u0103r\u021bi: fundamentarea teoretic\u0103 a vr\u0103jitoriei, instruc\u021biuni practice de inchizi\u021bie \u0219i aparatul de sanc\u021biuni.<\/p><p>Cercetarea istoric\u0103 (Wolfgang Behringer, Brian Levack) a analizat \u00een detaliu impactul lucr\u0103rii asupra persecu\u021biilor din Europa Central-R\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103. Pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sucubului \u0219i incubului reprezint\u0103 un text-surs\u0103 central.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Sefer Yetzira<\/strong>. Scriere mistic\u0103 scurt\u0103 a tradi\u021biei iudaice, ap\u0103rut\u0103 probabil \u00eentre secolele al II-lea \u0219i al VI-lea d.Hr. Considerat\u0103 textul fondator al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice, cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cabalei<\/span>, introduce doctrina celor 22 de litere ebraice \u0219i a celor 10 Sefirot. Ariel Bension, Aryeh Kaplan \u0219i Gershom Scholem au tradus-o \u0219i comentat-o \u00een limbi moderne.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Apocrifonul lui Ioan<\/strong>. Scriere gnostic\u0103 din biblioteca de la Nag Hammadi (Codex II,1, Codex III,1, Codex IV,1, Codex Berolinensis 8502). Redactat\u0103 probabil \u00een secolul al II-lea d.Hr. Cea mai detaliat\u0103 prezentare a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> gnostice a arhon\u021bilor \u0219i a figurii Yaldabaoth.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Edi\u021bie: <em>Nag Hammadi Deutsch<\/em> (Schenke \/ Bethge \/ Kaiser, 2 volume, de Gruyter, 2001, 2003). O tratare a doctrinei arhon\u021bilor pe baza acestui text se g\u0103se\u0219te pe <a href=\"\/ro\/arhonti\/\">\/archonten\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Garuda Purana<\/strong>. Purana hindus\u0103 din secolele VIII-X. Considerat text central pentru topografia lumii mor\u021bilor, Yamaduta \u0219i sistemul karmic al infernurilor. Recitat \u00een practica ritual\u0103 hindus\u0103 \u00een procesele de trecere \u00een nefiin\u021b\u0103. Traducere standard: Ernest Wood \/ S. V. Subrahmanyam, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (Sacred Books of the Hindus, 1911).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Atharvaveda<\/strong>. Al patrulea Veda, cca. 1000 \u00ee.Hr. Cea mai veche colec\u021bie sistematic\u0103 de formule de protec\u021bie \u0219i desc\u00e2ntece ale tradi\u021biei indiene. Con\u021bine mantre de protec\u021bie, formule de vindecare \u0219i rituri \u00eempotriva demonilor bolilor. Maurice Bloomfield (<em>Hymns of the Atharva Veda<\/em>, 1897) \u0219i Klaus Mylius (<em>Geschichte der Literatur im alten Indien<\/em>, 1983) sunt referin\u021be standard.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Eyrbyggja Saga<\/strong>. Saga islandez\u0103 din secolul al XIII-lea. Una dintre cele mai importante surse ale tradi\u021biei Draugr, cu episoade detaliate despre revenirea mor\u021bilor. Saga trateaz\u0103 conflicte familiale din peninsula Sn\u00e6fellsnes a secolului al X-lea \u0219i descrie mai multe cazuri de mor\u021bi revenitori care trebuie rezolvate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios prestabilit.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> sau pe cale judiciar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Konjaku Monogatari<\/strong>. Culegere japonez\u0103 de povestiri din secolul al XII-lea (1120, 1140). Peste 1000 de nara\u021biuni din tradi\u021bia indo-budist\u0103, chinez\u0103 \u0219i japonez\u0103. Surs\u0103 timpurie central\u0103 pentru clasificarea Tengu, Yuurei \u0219i Yokai. Traducere standard \u00een german\u0103 de Klaus M\u00fcller (Iudicium, 2001).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span>, Mi\u0219na, Zohar<\/strong>. Trei straturi ale tradi\u021biei iudaice. <em>Mi\u0219na<\/em> (redactat\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 200 d.Hr. de Iehuda ha-Nasi) este cea mai veche codificare a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cele cinci c\u0103r\u021bi ale lui Moise, corpusul scripturistic fundamental al iudaismului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Torei<\/span> orale. <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span><\/em> \u00een versiunea babilonian\u0103 \u0219i cea ierusalemitean\u0103 o completeaz\u0103 cu comentariile Gemara (sec. IV-VI).<\/p><p><em>Zohar<\/em>ul (secolul al XIII-lea, Spania, atribuit lui Mose de Le\u00f3n) este opera principal\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios axat pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bii.\" tabindex=\"0\">misticii<\/span> iudaice medievale.<\/p> <h3 id=\"schluesselbegriffe-fachsprache\">Termeni-cheie ai limbajului de specialitate<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/teurgie\/\">Teurgie<\/a><\/strong>. Practic\u0103 ritual\u0103 magic\u0103 superioar\u0103 pentru conectarea cu zeii sau cu spiritele superioare. Iamblichos a delimitat-o \u00een <em>De mysteriis<\/em> (cca. 300 d.Hr.) fa\u021b\u0103 de <em>Goetia<\/em> inferioar\u0103. <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/ro\/teurgie\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Practic\u0103 magico-ritual\u0103 superioar\u0103 viz\u00e2nd unirea cu zeii sau spiritele \u00eenalte; \u00een neoplatonism (Iamblichos), termen opus magiei inferioare (goeteia).\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Teurgia<\/a> opereaz\u0103 cu formule de invoca\u021bie, puritate ritual\u0103 \u0219i o doctrin\u0103 a sferelor de ascensiune. Reluat\u0103 \u00een Rena\u0219tere de Marsilio Ficino \u0219i \u00een secolul al XIX-lea de Zorii de Aur.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/magie-sigiliilor\/\">Sigiliu<\/a><\/strong>. Semn grafic magic care condenseaz\u0103 vizual un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 necorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie ac\u021biune \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, o inten\u021bie sau o energie.<\/p><p>Cea mai veche atestare: literatura evreiasc\u0103 Hekhalot, elaborat\u0103 ulterior \u00een magia medieval\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, un sol ceresc al lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerilor<\/span> &#8211; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>. \u00cen tradi\u021bia Lemegeton, fiecare dintre cei 72 de spirite poart\u0103 propriul <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/ro\/magie-sigiliilor\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Semn magic care condenseaz\u0103 grafic un spirit sau o inten\u021bie; central \u00een Goetia, tradi\u021bia Spare \u0219i magia haosului.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sigiliu<\/a>; \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> haosului, dup\u0103 Spare \u0219i Carroll, metoda sigiliului este utilizat\u0103 ca o canalizare con\u0219tient\u0103 a dorin\u021bei.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>Schemhamphorasch<\/em>. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice, cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cabal\u0103<\/span>, numele divin cu 72 de litere, ob\u021binut din trei versete ale Exodului 14,19 &#8211; 21 (fiecare verset con\u021bin\u00e2nd 72 de litere).<\/p><p>\u00cen mistica evreiasc\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios axat pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mistic\u0103<\/span> medieval\u0103, celor 72 de versete le sunt atribui\u021bi 72 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, un sol ceresc al lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span> (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh), care sunt pu\u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 cu cei 72 de demoni Goetia ca strat protector. Aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie este din punct de vedere istoric o sintez\u0103 secundar\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 este bine stabilit\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia lucr\u0103torilor de lumin\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Tetragramaton, Sefirot, Klipot<\/strong>. Trei termeni-cheie ai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios axat pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bii.\" tabindex=\"0\">misticii<\/span> evreie\u0219ti. <em>Tetragramatonul<\/em> JHWH este numele sf\u00e2nt al lui Dumnezeu format din patru litere. Cele zece <em>Sefirot<\/em> alc\u0103tuiesc arborele vie\u021bii cabalistic, de la Keter (Coroana) p\u00e2n\u0103 la Malkuth (Regatul). <em>Klipot<\/em> (cojile) din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice, cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cabala<\/span> lurian\u0103 sunt manifest\u0103ri ale energiei contaminate, care trebuie eliberate prin practica Tikkun.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Apofatic\u0103<\/strong>. Vorbire teologic\u0103 ce descrie Dumnezeu sau Absolutul exclusiv prin nega\u021bie (\u201eDumnezeu nu este Tat\u0103 \u00een sens uman&#8221;). Clasic la Pseudo-Dionisie Areopagitul (<em>De mystica theologia<\/em>), \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios axat pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mistica<\/span> german\u0103 a lui Meister Eckhart \u0219i \u00een apofatica evreiasc\u0103 a lui Maimonide. Termenul este important din punct de vedere fenomenologic-religios, deoarece denume\u0219te o \u00eentreag\u0103 metod\u0103 teologic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea de reprezent\u0103ri sau divinit\u0103\u021bi din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sincretism<\/span><\/strong>. Fuziunea elementelor apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unor religii sau culte diferite \u00een forme mixte noi. Exemple clasice: Vodou-ul haitian (Lwa \u0219i sfin\u021bii catolici), cultul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> marian latino-american cu stratul aztec al Tonantzinei, tradi\u021bia japonez\u0103 Shinbutsu-sh\u016bg\u014d cu dublu strat budist \u0219i shintoist. Neutru din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor; nu trebuie confundat cu eclectismul.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/paralizie-de-somn\/\">Paralizie de somn<\/a><\/strong>. Stare perceptiv\u0103 \u00een care con\u0219tiin\u021ba se treze\u0219te, dar corpul r\u0103m\u00e2ne paralizat din cauza atoniei REM. Este asociat\u0103 din punct de vedere istorico-cultural cu succubul, incubul, Mahr, Alp \u0219i fenomenul Old Hag.<\/p><p>David Hufford a documentat \u00een <em>The Terror that Comes in the Night<\/em> (1982) constan\u021ba fenomenologic\u0103 a acestora de-a lungul culturilor; Owen Davies (<em>Paranormal<\/em>, 2009) a tratat contextul folcloric pentru spa\u021biul anglofon.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Aretalogie<\/strong>. Text antic de laud\u0103 care enumer\u0103 realiz\u0103rile \u0219i minunile unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">zeit\u0103\u021bi<\/span>. Stabilit\u0103 ca form\u0103 de invoca\u021bie \u00een papirusurile magice elenistice. Din punct de vedere structural, orice aretalogie presupune c\u0103 vorbitorul cunoa\u0219te cu precizie func\u021biile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">zeit\u0103\u021bii<\/span>; ea este astfel un text didactic cu func\u021bie ritual\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Liminal, faza liminal\u0103<\/strong>. Concept antropologic (Arnold van Gennep, <em>Les rites de passage<\/em>, 1909; Victor Turner, <em>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Process<\/em>, 1969). Desemneaz\u0103 faza de prag din tranzi\u021bia dintre dou\u0103 st\u0103ri, de exemplu \u00eentre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, veghe \u0219i vis, copil\u0103rie \u0219i maturitate. Relevant din punct de vedere istoric pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trecere ritual\u0103 prin care cineva este primit \u00eentr-un nou statut sau comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">ini\u021biere<\/span>, \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare, dansul \u0219amanic.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Soteriologie<\/strong>. Doctrin\u0103 despre m\u00e2ntuirea sau eliberarea sufletului. \u00cen tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103, m\u00e2ntuirea prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrand\u0103 adus\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfa<\/span> lui Hristos; \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103, eliberarea din Samsara prin iluminare; \u00een tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103, Moksha prin cunoa\u0219tere (jnana), devo\u021biune (bhakti) sau fapte (karma). Enun\u021burile soteriologice formuleaz\u0103 premise despre scopul ultim al existen\u021bei.<\/p> <h3 id=\"personen-religionswissenschaft\">Personalit\u0103\u021bi din domeniul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 angajament confesional.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/span><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Mircea Eliade (1907, 1986)<\/strong>. Istoric al religiilor rom\u00e2no-american. Opere principale: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218amanismul<\/span> \u0219i tehnicile arhaice ale extazului<\/em> (1951), <em>Tratatul de istorie a religiilor<\/em> (1949), <em>Istoria credin\u021belor \u0219i ideilor religioase<\/em> (4 volume, 1976, 1991). Eliade a modelat metoda fenomenologiei religioase cu conceptele sale cheie: hierofanie, axis mundi, illud tempus. \u00cen perioada recent\u0103, opera sa a fost supus\u0103 unei analize critice din cauza implic\u0103rilor sale politice de natur\u0103 fascist\u0103 din anii 1930.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Walter Burkert (1931, 2015)<\/strong>. Istoric al religiilor \u0219i filolog clasic german. Opere principale: <em>Religia greac\u0103 a epocii arhaice \u0219i clasice<\/em> (Kohlhammer, 1977), <em>Homo Necans<\/em> (1972), <em>Antropologia sacrificiului religios<\/em> (1984). Referin\u021b\u0103 standard pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. - 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise de o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> \u0219i religie \u00een limba german\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Carl Gustav Jung (1875, 1961)<\/strong>. Psiholog elve\u021bian al ad\u00e2ncurilor, fondator al psihologiei analitice. Opere principale privind arhetipurile (<em>Despre arhetipurile incon\u0219tientului colectiv<\/em>, 1934), umbra (<em>Aion<\/em>, 1951), individua\u021bia \u0219i sincronicitatea. R\u0103m\u00e2ne o referin\u021b\u0103 autoritar\u0103 pentru interpretarea fenomenologico-religioas\u0103 a viselor, viziunilor \u0219i experien\u021belor mediumnice.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Wouter Hanegraaff (n. 1961)<\/strong>. Cercet\u0103tor neerlandez al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen colectiv pentru doctrine care revendic\u0103 un \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezotericului<\/span>, titular al catedrei de \u201eHistory of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents&#8221; la Universitatea din Amsterdam. Opere principale: <em>New Age Religion and Western Culture<\/em> (Brill, 1996), <em>Esotericism and the Academy<\/em> (Cambridge UP, 2012). Cofondator al ESSWE (European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831, 1891)<\/strong>. Ezoteric\u0103 ruso-american\u0103, cofondatoare a Societ\u0103\u021bii Teosofice (New York, 1875). Opere principale: <em>Isis Unveiled<\/em> (1877), <em>The Secret Doctrine<\/em> (1888). Fondatoarea sintezei teosofic-ezoteriste moderne, care \u00eembin\u0103 \u00een\u021belepciunea oriental\u0103, <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/ro\/spiritism\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrin\u0103 \u0219i practic\u0103 a comunic\u0103rii cu defunc\u021bii prin intermediul mediumurilor; ap\u0103rut \u00een 1848 la Hydesville\/SUA, codificat de Allan Kardec.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">spiritismul<\/a> \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preocuparea cu for\u021be \u0219i practici ascunse, dincolo de \u0219tiin\u021ba recunoscut\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ocultismul<\/span> occidental.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Aleister Crowley (1875, 1947)<\/strong>. Magician, scriitor \u0219i alpinist britanic. Fondator al tradi\u021biei thelemite (<em>Liber AL vel Legis<\/em>, 1904) \u0219i editor al edi\u021biei engleze a Goetiei (1904, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Mathers). Figur\u0103 extrem de controversat\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen colectiv pentru doctrine care revendic\u0103 un \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezotericului<\/span> occidental, cu o personalitate disputat\u0103 \u0219i o influen\u021b\u0103 considerabil\u0103 asupra tradi\u021biei ritualmagice ulterioare.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Jeffrey Burton Russell (n. 1934)<\/strong>. Istoric al religiilor american. Studiu \u00een patru volume privind istoria diavolului: <em>The Devil. Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity<\/em> (1977), <em>Satan. The Early Christian Tradition<\/em> (1981), <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em> (1984), <em>Mephistopheles. The Devil in the Modern World<\/em> (1986). Tratare de referin\u021b\u0103 a demonologiei cre\u0219tine.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Annemarie Schimmel (1922, 2003)<\/strong>. Islamolog\u0103 german\u0103. Oper\u0103 principal\u0103: <em>Dimensiunile mistice ale islamului<\/em> (Diederichs, 1985, traducere german\u0103 a lucr\u0103rii <em>Mystical Dimensions of Islam<\/em>, 1975). Principala cercet\u0103toare a sufismului din spa\u021biul german, cu o \u00eendelungat\u0103 activitate didactic\u0103 la Bonn \u0219i Harvard.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Yanagita Kunio (1875, 1962)<\/strong>. Folclorist japonez, fondator al folcloristicii japoneze moderne (<em>minzokugaku<\/em>). Oper\u0103 principal\u0103: <em>Tono Monogatari<\/em> (1910), culegere de povestiri populare din regiunea Tono. Clasificator al tradi\u021biei yokai, cu lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 privind distribu\u021bia regional\u0103 a fiin\u021belor Kappa, Tengu, Yuurei \u0219i a altora.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Lafcadio Hearn (1850, 1904)<\/strong>. Scriitor irlandezo-american, stabilit \u00een Japonia din 1890. A cules \u0219i a transpus literar pove\u0219ti japoneze cu fantome \u00een <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things<\/em> (1904). A marcat durabil percep\u021bia occidental\u0103 asupra lui Yuki-Onna, Yuurei \u0219i a esteticii japoneze a supranaturalului.<\/span><\/p> <h3 id=\"esoterische-schulen\">\u0218coli \u0219i curente ezoterice<\/h3>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Societatea Teosofic\u0103<\/strong>. Fondat\u0103 \u00een 1875 la New York de Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott \u0219i William Quan Judge. Trei obiective declarate: formarea unui nucleu al fraternit\u0103\u021bii universale, studiul religiei \u0219i filozofiei comparate, cercetarea legilor naturale inexplicabile \u0219i a for\u021belor latente ale omului.<\/span><\/p><p>Activ\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent cu sec\u021biuni la nivel mondial, cel mai mare sediu afl\u00e2ndu-se la Adyar (India). Din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor, a jucat un rol decisiv \u00een transmiterea tradi\u021biilor de \u00een\u021belepciune orientale c\u0103tre Occident.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Aurora de Aur (Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn)<\/strong>. Ordin secret fondat \u00een 1887\/88 la Londra de Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, William Wynn Westcott \u0219i William Robert Woodman. A integrat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice, cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cabala<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> enochian\u0103 a lui John Dee, Tarotul, misterele egiptene \u0219i alchimia \u00eentr-un complex sistem de ini\u021biere.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Dintre membri au f\u0103cut parte William Butler Yeats, Arthur Machen, Aleister Crowley \u0219i Dion Fortune. \u00cen pofida sciziunilor timpurii (1900), Aurora de Aur r\u0103m\u00e2ne cea mai influent\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103 de magie ritual\u0103 a secolului al XX-lea.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magia<\/span> haosului<\/strong>. Curent britanic de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1970, fondat de Peter Carroll \u0219i Ray Sherwin. Texte centrale: Carroll, <em>Liber Null<\/em> (1978) \u0219i <em>Psychonaut<\/em> (1982).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Metodologic radical-pluralist\u0103: practican\u021bii alterneaz\u0103 \u00een mod con\u0219tient \u00eentre paradigme \u0219i lucreaz\u0103 cu sigilii, servitori, invocare \u0219i schimbarea convingerilor. Precursor este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> sigiliilor a lui Austin Osman Spare (1886, 1956). Organiza\u021bie: <em>Illuminates of Thanateros<\/em> (IOT, 1978).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Vajrayana \u0219i Mahayana<\/strong>. Dou\u0103 dintre cele trei ramuri principale ale budismului. <em>Mahayana<\/em> (Marele Vehicul) a ap\u0103rut \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul I \u00ee.Hr., promov\u00e2nd idealul Bodhisattva \u0219i o reflec\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103 (Madhyamaka, Yogacara).<\/p><p><em>Vajrayana<\/em> (Vehiculul de Diamant) este forma tantric\u0103, cu sediul principal \u00een Tibet, ce include practica Yidam, tehnica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantrei<\/span> \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura celor patru clase de tantra. Padmasambhava (sec. VIII) este considerat transmi\u021b\u0103torul Vajrayana \u00een Tibet.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B\u00f6n<\/strong>. Tradi\u021bie religioas\u0103 prebudist\u0103 a Tibetului. Opereaz\u0103 cu clasificarea Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc ca ierarhie a fiin\u021belor din lumea non-uman\u0103. Suprapus par\u021bial de budism \u00een secolele VII-XI, a fost totodat\u0103 continuat ca tradi\u021bie independent\u0103. Recunoscut ast\u0103zi institu\u021bional sub denumirea de \u201eYungdrung B\u00f6n&#8221;, cu structuri monastice proprii.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Sufismul<\/strong>. Curent mistic al islamului. Lucreaz\u0103 cu <em>Dhikr<\/em> (pomenirea lui Dumnezeu), <em>Sama<\/em> (muzica de ascultare) \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura c\u0103ii de la ucenic sub un <em>Sheikh<\/em>. Opere principale: Rumi (<em>Mathnawi<\/em>, sec. XIII), Ibn Arabi (<em>Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya<\/em>, sec. XIII), al-Hallaj. Annemarie Schimmel a deschis \u00een mod decisiv aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie pentru spa\u021biul lingvistic german.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"\/ro\/gnoza\/\">Gnoza<\/a> \u0219i neoplatonismul<\/strong>. Dou\u0103 curente filozofico-religioase <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ sec. III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00e2trzii antice<\/span>, care au coexistat \u0219i s-au influen\u021bat reciproc \u00een secolele II \u0219i III d.Hr.<\/p><p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios t\u00e2rziu-antic care propov\u0103duia m\u00e2ntuirea printr-o cunoa\u0219tere special\u0103 a m\u00e2ntuirii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gnoza<\/span><\/em> (\u00een special \u00een \u0219coala setian\u0103 \u0219i cea valentinian\u0103) propov\u0103duie\u0219te o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u021bia despre structura \u0219i ordinea lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> dualist\u0103 cu arhon\u021bi inferiori \u0219i o cunoa\u0219tere eliberatoare (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios t\u00e2rziu-antic care propov\u0103duia m\u00e2ntuirea printr-o cunoa\u0219tere special\u0103 a m\u00e2ntuirii.\" tabindex=\"0\">gnosis<\/span>). <em>Neoplatonismul<\/em> (Plotin, Iamblichos, Proclus) \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o emana\u021bie graduat\u0103 din Unu \u0219i integreaz\u0103 practica teurgic\u0103 drept metod\u0103 de ascensiune.<\/p>\n\n<hr \/>\n\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 suplimentare \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glosar, termenii claselor de fiin\u021be explica\u021bi Glosar Glosarul reune\u0219te termenii centrali utiliza\u021bi pe iWell Guard: clase de fiin\u021be, subcategorii, concepte metodologice \u0219i cei mai importan\u021bi termeni practici ai tradi\u021biei de magie \u0219i protec\u021bie. Este conceput ca instrument de referin\u021b\u0103, nu ca istorie a conceptelor; acolo unde termenii au semnifica\u021bii diferite \u00een tradi\u021bii diferite, este marcat\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3414,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"glosar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Glosar - Termeni ai claselor de fiin\u021be \u0219i practici","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Glosar iWell Guard: clase de fiin\u021be, subcategorii \u0219i practici magice explicate concis - de la Goetia la paralizia somnului, cu trimiteri \u00eencruci\u0219ate.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106377","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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