{"id":106363,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/preta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T20:40:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T20:40:38","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106363\" class=\"elementor elementor-106363 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, spirit al tradi\u021biei budiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> al tradi\u021biei budiste.<\/p><p><strong>Spirit al foamei cu g\u00e2t c\u00e2t un ac, figur\u0103 karmic\u0103 a l\u0103comiei.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i paznici ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/spirite-ale-mortilor\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Defunc\u021bi ale c\u0103ror spirite continu\u0103 s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze \u00een lumea aceasta, spirite ale casei, str\u0103mo\u0219i, mor\u021bi nelini\u0219titi.\">Spirit al mor\u021bilor<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123434\" alt=\"Preta - spirite din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta (\u00een pali: Peta) este una dintre figurile cele mai pregnante ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> budiste. Un spirit al foamei cu abdomenul balonat \u0219i cu g\u00e2tlejul sub\u021bire c\u00e2t urechea acului, capabil s\u0103 vad\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 doreasc\u0103, dar incapabil s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce sau s\u0103 bea.<\/p><p>Figura a devenit imagine a consecin\u021belor l\u0103comiei karmice: cel care \u00een via\u021b\u0103 a refuzat daruri, a fost zg\u00e2rcit, a sustras milostenie, se rena\u0219te \u00een lumea pretelor \u0219i sufer\u0103 lipsa corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele Petavatthu (parte a Canonului Pali), mae\u0219tri budi\u0219ti relateaz\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lniri cu prete care \u00ee\u0219i m\u0103rturisesc faptele trecute. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Sutra<\/span> Ullambana (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eMarele Vehicul\"; una dintre cele trei tradi\u021bii principale ale budismului, cu idealul bodhisattva \u0219i o reflec\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103.\">Mahayana<\/span>) poveste\u0219te cum Maudgalyayana \u00ee\u0219i vede mama decedat\u0103 \u00een starea de preta \u0219i o poate salva numai prin for\u021ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfei<\/span> colective a Sanghei.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune se dezvolt\u0103 Festivalul Sufletelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde, s\u0103rb\u0103torit la nivel mondial (Ullambana, \u00een chinez\u0103 Yulanpen, \u00een japonez\u0103 Obon). Figura este astfel, spre deosebire de mul\u021bi al\u021bi demoni, str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de practica ritual\u0103 a calendarului anual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Spirit al foamei, rena\u0219tere budist\u0103<br>Origine: Consecin\u021b\u0103 karmic\u0103 a zg\u00e2rceniei, invidiei, l\u0103comiei, abuzului de pomeni<br>Texte: Petavatthu (Pali), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Jatakas<br>Perioad\u0103: Secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Festival central: Hungry Ghost Festival \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elaborat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia recunoscut\u0103 ca autoritar\u0103 a scrierilor sacre ale unei religii.\">Canon<\/span>-ul Pali \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. prin Petavatthu. Extindere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Marele vehicul; una dintre cele trei principale tradi\u021bii ale budismului, bazat\u0103 pe idealul bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span> prin intermediul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, text doctrinar de form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Sutra<\/span>-ului Ullambana (era cre\u0219tin\u0103 timpurie, tradus \u00een chinez\u0103 \u00een secolul al III-lea d.Hr.). Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde se stabile\u0219te \u00een China \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada Tang, \u00een Japonia ca Obon \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada Nara. Modernitatea ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Thailanda, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodgia (acolo legat de cultele locale ale str\u0103mo\u0219ilor). Mahayana: China, Coreea, Japonia, Vietnam (acolo deosebit de activ). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Vehiculul de Diamant'; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a budismului Mahayana, \u00een principal \u00een Tibet, cu practica Yidam \u0219i tehnica mantra \u00een centru.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Tibet, Mongolia. Comunit\u0103\u021bi budiste maghiare, mongole, kazahe. Comunit\u0103\u021bi moderne din diaspor\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (Pali, parte a Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (ca parte complementar\u0103), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Sanskrit\/Chinez\u0103), Jataka, tradi\u021biile tibetane ale C\u0103r\u021bii Mor\u021bilor, etnografie modern\u0103 privind Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanscrit\u0103:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; Pali <em>peta<\/em>; feminin <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Chinez\u0103: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, \u201espirit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">fl\u0103m\u00e2nd<\/span>&#8222;).<br>Japonez\u0103: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetan\u0103: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>Etimologie: de la <em>pra-i<\/em> \u201ea merge \u00eenainte&#8221;, ini\u021bial \u201edefunct&#8221;, ulterior specializat pentru categoria spiritelor foamei.<\/p><p>Termenul ilustreaz\u0103 foarte bine evolu\u021bia: \u00een epoca vedic\u0103, <em>preta<\/em> desemna pur \u0219i simplu defunctul \u00een faza intermediar\u0103 dinaintea rena\u0219terii. Budismul specific\u0103: anumi\u021bi mor\u021bi devin spirite ale foamei, \u00een func\u021bie de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, budism \u0219i jainism, legea consecin\u021belor faptei: orice ac\u021biune se r\u0103sfr\u00e2nge asupra existen\u021belor ulterioare.\">karma<\/span> lor. Din aceast\u0103 specializare ia na\u0219tere clasa pretelor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Abdomen enorm \u0219i umflat, gur\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i g\u00e2t sub\u021bire c\u00e2t un ac, membre firave. Privire fl\u0103m\u00e2nd\u0103 \u0219i lacom\u0103, adesea cu gura \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri (orice b\u0103utur\u0103 se transform\u0103 \u00een foc). 36 de clase de prete conform demonologiei clasice, fiecare cu suferin\u021be specifice.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Caut\u0103 necontenit hran\u0103, dar nu poate m\u00e2nca. Blestemat s\u0103 fie mereu fl\u0103m\u00e2nd. Vede apa transform\u00e2ndu-se \u00een puroi; vede m\u00e2ncarea arz\u00e2nd. Se apropie de mirosul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span>lor.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Propria Pretaloka (lumea pretelor) \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budist\u0103, \u00eemparte spa\u021biul cu lumea uman\u0103, dar o percepe diferit. Adesea \u00een apropierea locurilor de via\u021b\u0103 anterioare. \u00cen China, tradi\u021bional \u201eeliberate&#8221; din lumea de dincolo \u00een a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 lunar\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Nu o crea\u021bie, ci o consecin\u021b\u0103 a rena\u0219terii. Cauzat\u0103 de zg\u00e2rcenie, invidie, furtul de pomeni, abuzul de daruri religioase. Durata existen\u021bei de preta este determinat\u0103 de greutatea karmic\u0103, adesea foarte lung\u0103; unele texte vorbesc de kalpa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale pretei dintr-o privire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rena\u0219tere karmic\u0103 din zg\u00e2rcenie, invidie, abuz de daruri. Nu o crea\u021bie, ci o form\u0103 de existen\u021b\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budist\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cei viza\u021bi de prete<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fo\u0219ti oameni cu acumul\u0103ri karmice negative. \u00cen tradi\u021biile ulterioare, lega\u021bi \u0219i de anumite locuri \u0219i familii (prete-str\u0103mo\u0219i).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abdomen umflat, gur\u0103 mic\u0103, g\u00e2t sub\u021bire c\u00e2t un ac, membre firave. Gur\u0103 \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u00een unele descrieri. 36 de clase cu suferin\u021bele lor specifice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ve\u0219nic fl\u0103m\u00e2nd, incapabil s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce. Urm\u0103re\u0219te viii din l\u0103comie, se apropie de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span>. Poate provoca boli \u00een casele care \u00ee\u0219i neglijeaz\u0103 str\u0103mo\u0219ii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daruri \u0219i ritualul Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> (pentru prete comemorate nominal), recitarea Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, oferirea de ap\u0103 \u0219i orez. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vehiculul de diamant; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a buddhismului Mahayana, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd \u00een Tibet, cu practica Yidam \u00een centru.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: ritualul Tsok-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite tuturor fiin\u021belor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele ale pretei<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (chinez\u0103), Gaki (japonez\u0103), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, figuri din Purgatoriul cre\u0219tin ca suflete de tranzi\u021bie \u00eenrudite structural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritual \u0219i festival<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 lunar\u0103 (de obicei august), dup\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\">Tradi\u021bie<\/span>, por\u021bile lumii de dincolo se deschid, iar Pretele vin \u00een lume. Credincio\u0219ii aduc ofrande de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrand\u0103 adus\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima recuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\">Jertf\u0103<\/span>, recit\u0103 sutre, \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 altare. Tradi\u021biile budiste \u0219i daoiste se \u00eembin\u0103 \u00eentr-una dintre cele mai mari s\u0103rb\u0103tori ale evlaviei populare din Asia de Est.<\/p><p><strong>Obon \u00een Japonia<\/strong><\/p><p>Str\u0103mo\u0219ii sunt primi\u021bi \u00een timpul perioadei Obon (de obicei 13-16 august). Dansuri Bon-Odori, focuri la u\u0219ile caselor, vizite la morminte. Leg\u0103tura cu tema eliber\u0103rii figurii materne (Mulian\/Maudgalyayana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\">Mit<\/span>) este puternic \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 emo\u021bional.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\">Ritual<\/span> \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen Theravada: oferirea de ap\u0103 Pretelor la masa Pindapata. \u00cen Vajrayana: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrand\u0103 adus\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima recuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\">jertf\u0103<\/span> de fum Sur, \u201ehr\u0103nirea zilnic\u0103 a Pretelor&#8221; ca parte a practicii ofrandelor. \u00cen Mahayana: depunerea numelor rudelor decedate la m\u0103n\u0103stiri pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, text doctrinar de form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Sutra<\/span>-recitarea periodic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i modernitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Spirite ale foamei \u00een perspective interculturale<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (China), Gaki (Japonia) sunt traduceri directe \u0219i aceea\u0219i figur\u0103 \u00een varianta est-asiatic\u0103. Pishacha (hinduism) \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> foamei cu specificul de devorator de cadavre. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> \u0219i Lemures romani sunt suflete de tranzi\u021bie \u00eenrudite structural.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretare psihologic\u0103 \u0219i ecologic\u0103:<\/strong> \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori budi\u0219ti moderni (Thich Nhat Hanh) interpreteaz\u0103 pretele \u0219i psihologic: starea de insatisfac\u021bie perpetu\u0103 \u00een ciuda posesiunilor materiale. Din perspectiv\u0103 ecologic\u0103, preta este citit ca imagine a consumului nes\u0103\u021bios, o figur\u0103 didactic\u0103 deosebit de eficace \u00een contemporaneitate.<\/p><p><strong>Cultura popular\u0103:<\/strong> Anime \u0219i manga japoneze citeaz\u0103 frecvent motivele Gaki. Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde este comercializat, dar r\u0103m\u00e2ne important din punct de vedere religios. \u00cen fantezia occidental\u0103, pretele sunt adaptate ca monstru de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fundamentul existen\u021bei pretei \u00een g\u00e2ndirea karmic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rena\u0219terea ca <em>preta<\/em> (Pali <em>peta<\/em>) este considerat\u0103 \u00een cosmosul budist consecin\u021ba unui set clar definit de ac\u021biuni. Texte precum <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, o colec\u021bie de cincizeci \u0219i una de pove\u0219ti cu fantome din Khuddaka Nikaya al Canonului Pali, atribuie na\u0219terea \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul spiritelor foamei \u00eendeosebi zg\u00e2rceniei, avara\u021biei, refuzului de a da pomeni \u0219i \u021binerii m\u00e2nc\u0103rii departe de cei nevoia\u0219i.<\/p><p>Pedeapsa oglinde\u0219te fapta: cel care \u00een via\u021b\u0103 nu a d\u0103ruit nimic sufer\u0103 ca fiin\u021b\u0103 cu g\u00e2t sub\u021bire c\u00e2t un ac \u0219i p\u00e2ntece uria\u0219, care nu se poate satura niciodat\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 simetrie nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, ci exprim\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura budist\u0103 conform c\u0103reia efectul karmic corespunde naturii cauzei. <em>Petavatthu<\/em> poveste\u0219te despre femei care au servit oaspe\u021bilor m\u00e2ncare stricat\u0103 \u0219i care acum trebuie s\u0103 consume puroi \u0219i fecale, sau despre un b\u0103rbat care i-a insultat pe c\u0103lug\u0103ri \u0219i acum r\u0103t\u0103ce\u0219te cu gura putrezind\u0103.<\/p><p>Comentariul lui Dhammapala, <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, atribuie fiec\u0103rei pove\u0219ti o vin\u0103 concret\u0103, transform\u00e2nd astfel colec\u021bia \u00eentr-un manual moral.<\/p><p>Important\u0103 este limitarea temporal\u0103. Spre deosebire de o na\u0219tere \u00een iad, care cuprinde perioade extraordinar de lungi, dar tot finite, existen\u021ba de preta este considerat\u0103 o stare ce poate fi scurtat\u0103 prin karma bun\u0103 r\u0103mas\u0103 sau prin transferul de merite de la cei vii.<\/p><p>Astfel, t\u0103r\u00e2mul spiritelor foamei ocup\u0103 o pozi\u021bie intermediar\u0103 \u00een cele \u0219ase sfere de existen\u021b\u0103, \u00eentre fiin\u021bele din iad \u0219i animale. Este un loc al lipsei, nu al torturii active.<\/p><p>Etica budist\u0103 extrage din aceasta o dubl\u0103 lec\u021bie. Pe de o parte, imaginea pretelor serve\u0219te la descurajarea zg\u00e2rceniei. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, fundamenteaz\u0103 practica central\u0103 a d\u0103ruirii (<em>dana<\/em>): generozitatea este calea care nu duce tocmai \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul spiritelor foamei.<\/p><p>Preta este astfel mai pu\u021bin o imagine \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, c\u00e2t o figur\u0103 didactic\u0103 prin care devine vizibil raportul dintre fapt\u0103 \u0219i consecin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Festivalul fantomelor \u0219i transferul de merite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cengrijirea ritual\u0103 a spiritelor foamei se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite practici ale budismului. Fundamentul s\u0103u canonic se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> din Khuddaka Nikaya, \u00een care Buddha explic\u0103 c\u0103 darurile oferite comunit\u0103\u021bii monahale \u00een numele rudelor decedate le pot fi de folos celor ren\u0103scu\u021bi ca prete.<\/p><p>Mecanismul se nume\u0219te transfer de merite (<em>pattidana<\/em>): cel viu genereaz\u0103 merite printr-o fapt\u0103 bun\u0103 \u0219i le dedic\u0103 \u00een mod explicit defunctului, care se bucur\u0103 de acestea \u0219i este astfel u\u0219urat.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 idee s-a dezvoltat \u00een Asia de Est marele festival al fantomelor.<\/p><p>\u00cen China se nume\u0219te <em>Yulanpen<\/em> \u0219i se celebreaz\u0103 \u00een a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 lunar\u0103, \u00een Japonia ca <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>La baz\u0103 se afl\u0103 <em>Sutra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Yulanpen<\/span><\/em>, care poveste\u0219te istoria c\u0103lug\u0103rului Maudgalyayana: el vede cu ochi supranaturali mama sa decedat\u0103 suferind ca spirit al foamei \u0219i nu o poate elibera singur, ci abia prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Darul concret sau m\u00e2ncarea oferit\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrandele<\/span> comune ale \u00eentregii comunit\u0103\u021bi monahale la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul retragerii de ploaie.<\/p><p>Festivalul \u00eembin\u0103 astfel pietatea filial\u0103 cu logica m\u00e2ntuirii budiste.<\/p><p>\u00cen practic\u0103, pe parcursul festivalului sunt puse m\u00e2nc\u0103ruri, b\u0103uturi \u0219i bani simbolici, se recit\u0103 sutre \u0219i se aprind l\u0103mpi. \u00cen lumea budismului theravada din Sri Lanka \u0219i Asia de Sud-Est exist\u0103 pomeni corespunz\u0103toare oferite c\u0103lug\u0103rilor \u00een numele mor\u021bilor, adesea \u00een a \u0219aptea zi, dup\u0103 trei luni \u0219i dup\u0103 un an.<\/p><p>Budismul tibetan cunoa\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> <em>sur<\/em>, o jertf\u0103 de fum din hran\u0103 ars\u0103, al c\u0103rei miros trebuie s\u0103 hr\u0103neasc\u0103 spiritele foamei, deoarece g\u00e2tul lor \u00eengust nu poate primi hran\u0103 solid\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceste ritualuri arat\u0103 c\u0103 preta nu este \u00een budismul tr\u0103it o figur\u0103 didactic\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103, ci o fiin\u021b\u0103 cu care exist\u0103 o rela\u021bie continu\u0103. Defunctul r\u0103m\u00e2ne parte a familiei, iar \u00eengrijirea sa este o obliga\u021bie a celor r\u0103ma\u0219i \u00een via\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentarea iconografic\u0103 \u00een roata vie\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 imagine a spiritelor foamei se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, roata vie\u021bii budist\u0103, care orneaz\u0103 intrarea multor m\u0103n\u0103stiri tibetane. Cercul este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een \u0219ase segmente, unul dintre ele reprezent\u00e2nd t\u0103r\u00e2mul pretelor.<\/p><p>Conven\u021bia iconografic\u0103 este fix\u0103: membre firave, abdomen umflat, g\u00e2t lung \u0219i sub\u021bire \u0219i gur\u0103 minuscul\u0103, adesea la fel de mic\u0103 ca urechea unui ac. Aceast\u0103 anatomie face vizibil\u0103 pedeapsa \u00een mod corporal: foamea este de nest\u0103vilit, deoarece corpul nu poate absorbi hrana.<\/p><p>Pictura arat\u0103 adesea un Buddha care apare pretelor \u0219i le ofer\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 vindec\u0103toare sau hran\u0103. Aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 este de obicei reprezentat\u0103 ca o form\u0103 ro\u0219ie sau galben\u0103 \u0219i indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u0219i \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul spiritelor foamei calea spre eliberare nu este complet \u00eenchis\u0103.<\/p><p>Peisajul t\u0103r\u00e2mului pretelor apare ca o c\u00e2mpie uscat\u0103 \u0219i secat\u0103, uneori cu r\u00e2uri care se transform\u0103 \u00een puroi, s\u00e2nge sau foc la orice tentativ\u0103 de a bea din ele.<\/p><p>Textele tibetane diferen\u021biaz\u0103 spiritele foamei \u00een continuare. O clasificare curent\u0103 distinge pretele cu obstacole exterioare, care pur \u0219i simplu nu g\u0103sesc hran\u0103, pretele cu obstacole interne, al c\u0103ror corp \u00eempiedic\u0103 absorb\u021bia, \u0219i pretele a c\u0103ror hran\u0103 este ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i sursa chinului. Aceast\u0103 sistematic\u0103 se g\u0103se\u0219te, de pild\u0103, \u00een <em>Podoaba de bijuterii a eliber\u0103rii<\/em> a lui Gampopa din secolul al XII-lea.<\/p><p>\u00cen arta est-asiatic\u0103, spiritele foamei apar \u0219i \u00een afara ro\u021bii vie\u021bii. Sulul pictat japonez <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> din epoca Heian, ast\u0103zi \u00een muzee din Tokyo \u0219i Kyoto, prezint\u0103 \u00eentr-o serie de scene spirite ale foamei care se afl\u0103 \u00een cimitire, latrine \u0219i locuri de ofrande \u0219i tr\u0103iesc printre oameni normali neobservate.<\/p><p>Acest sul este considerat o capodoper\u0103 a picturii japoneze medievale \u0219i atest\u0103 c\u00e2t de concret era ancorat\u0103 reprezentarea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103d\u0103cini prebudiste \u0219i preta vedic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul <em>preta<\/em> nu are origine budist\u0103, ci provine din vocabularul religios mai vechi al Indiei. La propriu \u00eenseamn\u0103 cel care a mers \u00eenainte sau cel plecat, format din prefixul <em>pra<\/em> \u0219i o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 cu sensul de a merge.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele vedice \u0219i hinduse timpurii, <em>preta<\/em> desemneaz\u0103 ini\u021bial pur \u0219i simplu defunctul recent, aflat \u00eentr-o stare intermediar\u0103 \u00eenainte de a deveni, prin ritualurile funerare, un <em>pitr<\/em>, un str\u0103mo\u0219.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tranzi\u021bie este reglementat\u0103 precis \u00een ritualistica hindus\u0103. Riturile <em>shraddha<\/em>, ofrandele de hran\u0103 pentru mor\u021bi, trebuie s\u0103 transfere preta nelini\u0219tit \u00een comunitatea ordonat\u0103 a str\u0103mo\u0219ilor.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 acestea sunt omise sau dac\u0103 cineva moare o moarte rea, defunctul poate r\u0103m\u00e2ne ca preta nelini\u0219tit. \u00cen aceast\u0103 concep\u021bie, preta nu este deci o sfer\u0103 de existen\u021b\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, ci o faz\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie periculoas\u0103 care trebuie \u00eencheiat\u0103 prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> corect.<\/p><p>Budismul a preluat termenul, dar l-a reformulat. Din starea intermediar\u0103 temporar\u0103 a devenit una dintre cele \u0219ase sfere fixe de existen\u021b\u0103 ale ciclului rena\u0219terii, \u00een care cineva se na\u0219te complet prin anumit karma.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura cu ritualurile funerare s-a p\u0103strat, dar s-a deplasat de la obliga\u021bia de a crea un str\u0103mo\u0219 la posibilitatea de a transfera merite unei fiin\u021be care sufer\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 comun\u0103 explic\u0103 de ce practica funerar\u0103 hindus\u0103 \u0219i cea budist\u0103 se aseam\u0103n\u0103 adesea \u0219i sunt greu de separat \u00een religiozitatea tr\u0103it\u0103 din Asia de Sud.<\/p><p>Arat\u0103, de asemenea, c\u0103 preta budist nu a ap\u0103rut din nimic, ci a integrat o idee indian\u0103 veche \u00eentr-un sistem cosmologic nou. Cine vrea s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 figura trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 \u00een vedere aceast\u0103 stratificare: preistoria vedic\u0103 \u0219i reinterpretarea budist\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103sp\u00e2ndire \u0219i transformare \u00een culturile budiste ale Asiei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea budismului, reprezentarea spiritului foamei a c\u0103l\u0103torit \u0219i ea, adapt\u00e2ndu-se condi\u021biilor locale. \u00cen \u021b\u0103rile Theravada, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailanda, Laos \u0219i Cambodgia, referin\u021ba la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie a scrierilor sacre ale unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonul<\/span> Pali \u0219i la <em>Petavatthu<\/em> a r\u0103mas puternic\u0103.<\/p><p>Aici, reprezentarea pretei s-a contopit par\u021bial cu credin\u021bele locale \u00een spirite, precum <em>phi<\/em> din Thailanda, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t spiritul foamei budist nu este \u00eentotdeauna separat net de al\u021bi mor\u021bi nelini\u0219titi.<\/p><p>\u00cen China, ideea a \u00eent\u00e2lnit o cultur\u0103 a str\u0103mo\u0219ilor deja foarte dezvoltat\u0103. Spiritul foamei, chinez\u0103 <em>egui<\/em>, a fost acolo str\u00e2ns legat de grija fa\u021b\u0103 de mor\u021bii neglija\u021bi sau f\u0103r\u0103 urma\u0219i. Cel care nu are descenden\u021bi care s\u0103 aduc\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> risc\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> fl\u0103m\u00e2nd.<\/p><p>Festivalul fantomelor din a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 a devenit unul dintre cele mai importante s\u0103rb\u0103tori ale anului, \u00een care por\u021bile lumii de dincolo se deschid \u0219i spiritele r\u0103t\u0103cesc. Aici \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura budist\u0103 a m\u00e2ntuirii s-a unit cu elemente taoiste \u0219i de religie popular\u0103.<\/p><p>Budismul tibetan a sistematizat spiritele foamei \u00een textele sale de etape ale c\u0103ii \u0219i a dezvoltat cu jertfa de fum <em>sur<\/em> o form\u0103 ritual\u0103 proprie. Figura <em>yidak<\/em>, cum este numit preta \u00een tibetan\u0103, este ferm ancorat\u0103 \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, deoarece roata vie\u021bii este vizibil\u0103 la intrarea fiec\u0103rei m\u0103n\u0103stiri.<\/p><p>\u00cen Japonia, \u00een fine, spiritul foamei a primit prin <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> o expresie cu semnifica\u021bie \u00een istoria artei \u0219i a r\u0103mas prezent \u00een festivalul Obon. Termenul <em>gaki<\/em> a devenit chiar \u00een japoneza modern\u0103 un cuv\u00e2nt argotic pentru un copil lacom sau neascult\u0103tor, o dovad\u0103 a c\u00e2t de ad\u00e2nc a p\u0103truns reprezentarea religioas\u0103 \u00een limbajul cotidian.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 diversitate cultural\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 preta nu a r\u0103mas o figur\u0103 didactic\u0103 rigid\u0103, ci a devenit un element viu \u0219i adaptabil al lumii budiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\">Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, Yamaduta, <a href=\"\/ro\/pazitori-naraka\/\">Paznicii Narakai<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>E <a href=\"\/ro\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (China), <a href=\"\/ro\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a> (hinduism), paralele<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu ca motiv precursor)<\/li><li>Festivalul Ullambana \/ Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale privind Preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce sunt pretele \u00een budism?<\/h3><p>Preta (sanscrit\u0103 pentru cei pleca\u021bi, \u00een tibetan\u0103 Yi-dvags) sunt \u00een budism spiritele foamei, una dintre cele \u0219ase sfere de existen\u021b\u0103 ale rena\u0219terii. Sunt fiin\u021be cu stomac uria\u0219 \u0219i gur\u0103 minuscul\u0103 sau g\u00e2t sub\u021bire ca un ac: nu se pot s\u0103tura niciodat\u0103, deoarece orice hran\u0103 se preface \u00een cenu\u0219\u0103 de \u00eendat\u0103 ce le atinge gura.<\/p><p>\u00cen Bhavachakra (roata vie\u021bii tibetan\u0103) sunt reprezentate tipic iconografic. Cauza karmic\u0103: zg\u00e2rcenia, l\u0103comia, egoismul \u00een timpul vie\u021bii; cel care \u00een via\u021b\u0103 a refuzat altora hrana se va rena\u0219te \u00een existen\u021ba urm\u0103toare ca preta fl\u0103m\u00e2nd.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce este Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde din budism?<\/h3><p>Festivalul Fantomelor Fl\u0103m\u00e2nde (chinez\u0103 Yulanpen, japonez\u0103 Obon, coreean\u0103 Baekjung) este unul dintre cele mai importante festivaluri de budism popular din Asia de Est, \u00een a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 lunar\u0103. Are la baz\u0103 povestea lui Maudgalyayana, un discipol al lui Buddha, care \u00ee\u0219i g\u0103se\u0219te mama \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul pretelor \u0219i nu o poate hr\u0103ni direct.<\/p><p>Buddha \u00eel \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 ofrandele transmise prin Sangha (comunitatea monahal\u0103) la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul retragerii de ploaie ajung la spiritele foamei. Din aceasta s-a n\u0103scut marele festival est-asiatic cu ofrande pentru defunc\u021bi, spectacole de dans (Bon Odori) \u0219i plutirea simbolic\u0103 a lanternelor.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce sunt pretele \u00een budism?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (sanscrit\u0103 pentru cei pleca\u021bi, \u00een tibetan\u0103 Yi-dvags) sunt \u00een budism spiritele foamei, una dintre cele \u0219ase sfere de existen\u021b\u0103 ale rena\u0219terii. 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Un spirit al foamei cu abdomenul balonat \u0219i cu g\u00e2tlejul sub\u021bire c\u00e2t urechea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - Spirit al tradi\u021biei budiste","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Preta (Pali: Peta) este una dintre cele mai memorabile figuri ale cosmologiei budiste. 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