{"id":106338,"date":"2026-08-04T17:32:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:32:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lucifer\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:33:06","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:33:06","slug":"lucifer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/lucifer\/","title":{"rendered":"Lucifer"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106338\" class=\"elementor elementor-106338 elementor-1019\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer, zeul tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aduc\u0103torul de lumin\u0103 c\u0103zut, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerul<\/span> trufiei.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/crestinism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 cu \u00eengerii, demonii \u0219i fiin\u021bele sale mistice.\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/anti-zei\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Puteri ale haosului \u0219i adversari cosmici, oponen\u021bi \u00een dualismul istoriei religiilor.\">Anti-zeu<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1567\" alt=\"Luzifer - G\u00f6tter aus der Christentum-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lucifer este zeul tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine.<\/p><p>Lucifer este \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 figura \u00eengerului c\u0103zut suprem. Identificarea cu Satan este medieval\u0103; ini\u021bial, \u201eLucifer&#8221; (lat. \u201epurt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221;) este doar numele stelei de diminea\u021b\u0103 \u0219i este utilizat \u00een Isaia 14,12 ca imagine pentru un conduc\u0103tor c\u0103zut. P\u0103rin\u021bii Bisericii citesc acest pasaj ca scen\u0103 primordial\u0103 a c\u0103derii \u00eengerilor \u0219i creeaz\u0103 astfel figura central\u0103 a demonologiei medievale.<\/p><p>\u00cen epoca modern\u0103, Lucifer cunoa\u0219te o receptare complex\u0103: <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> al lui Milton \u00eei confer\u0103 demnitate \u0219i profunzime tragic\u0103; Mefistofel al lui Goethe este un descendent ironic; \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterism<\/span> \u0219i modernitate, Lucifer este interpretat par\u021bial pozitiv ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al revoltei \u00eempotriva autorit\u0103\u021bii heteronome.<\/p><div><p><strong>Isaia 14,12 ca text-cheie<\/strong><\/p><p>Figura lui Lucifer ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor pe o interpretare cre\u0219tin\u0103 t\u00e2rziantic\u0103 a lui Isaia 14,12. Versetul (<em>Cum ai c\u0103zut din ceruri, stea str\u0103lucitoare, fiu al dimine\u021bii<\/em>) se refer\u0103 \u00een contextul profetic originar la regele babilonian \u0219i este un bocet satiric asupra pr\u0103bu\u0219irii sale politice.<\/p><p>Interpretarea patristic\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Origen (<em>De principiis<\/em>, cca. 230) \u00eel \u00een\u021belege tipologic ca referire la c\u0103derea \u00eengerilor: hebr. <em>Helel ben Shahar<\/em> este tradus \u00een Vulgat\u0103 prin <em>Lucifer<\/em> (lat. \u201epurt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221;). Ieronim identific\u0103 versetul cu c\u0103derea pre-creatorie a \u00eengerilor \u0219i fixeaz\u0103 astfel tradi\u021bia mitologic\u0103 luciferic\u0103 pentru Evul Mediu latin.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00cenger<\/span> al luminii c\u0103zut<br>Origine: Interpretare cre\u0219tin\u0103 t\u00e2rzie antic\u0103 a Is 14<br>Texte: Is 14, Lc 10,18, Patristic\u0103, Milton<br>Perioad\u0103: Secolul IV p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Supranume: Purt\u0103torul luminii, Steaua dimine\u021bii, Fiul zorilor<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patristica sec. IV \u0219i V interpreteaz\u0103 Is 14,12 ca referire la c\u0103derea \u00eengerilor. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> medieval\u0103 (Toma de Aquino) dezvolt\u0103 construc\u021bia. Milton (sec. XVII) creeaz\u0103 figura literar\u0103 central\u0103. Romantismul \u0219i modernitatea redescoper\u0103 Lucifer ca figur\u0103 simbolic\u0103 a revoltei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spa\u021biul cultural cre\u0219tin \u00een ansamblu; deosebit de prezent \u00een iconografia \u0219i literatura vest-european\u0103. \u00cen modernitate, la nivel mondial prin literatur\u0103, pictur\u0103 \u0219i cultur\u0103 popular\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Is 14,12; Lc 10,18; 2 Cor 11,14; Patristic\u0103 (Origen, Ieronim, Augustin), Milton, Goethe, Byron, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> romantic\u0103, literatur\u0103 ezoteric-modern\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Latin\u0103:<\/strong> <em>Lucifer<\/em>, \u201epurt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221; (din <em>lux<\/em> + <em>ferre<\/em>).<br>Ebraic\u0103 (Is 14,12): <em>Helel ben Shahar<\/em>, \u201ecel str\u0103lucitor, fiul zorilor&#8221;.<br>Greac\u0103: <em>Phosphoros<\/em>, \u201eaduc\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221;.<br>Medieval: Lucifer, identificat de obicei cu Satan.<\/p><p>Numele este astronomic: steaua dimine\u021bii (Venus). Isaia 14 este un bocet satiric \u00eempotriva unui rege babilonian care a c\u0103zut din cer ca \u201estea a dimine\u021bii&#8221;. Biserica primar\u0103 a citit aceasta tipologic ca referire la pr\u0103bu\u0219irea arhanghelului suprem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi caracteristice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Ini\u021bial cel mai frumos dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span>. Dup\u0103 c\u0103dere: \u00eentunecat \u0219i schimonosit (patristic\u0103) sau demn \u0219i tragic (Milton). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> modern\u0103 variaz\u0103 de la diavolul \u00eencoronat cu coarne p\u00e2n\u0103 la genialul romantic melancolic.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cenainte de c\u0103dere: cel mai \u00eenalt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> \u00een prezen\u021ba lui Dumnezeu. La c\u0103dere: vrea s\u0103 fie ca Dumnezeu, declan\u0219eaz\u0103 r\u0103scoala. Dup\u0103 c\u0103dere: ispititor, st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al iadului, totodat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al unei pierderi nem\u0103surate.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Cosmic, ca figur\u0103 central\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> c\u0103derii \u00eengerilor. Etic, ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al trufiei. Literar-cultural, ca piatr\u0103 de \u00eencercare a autoafirm\u0103rii umane.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Denumire astronomic\u0103 pentru Venus, \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 teologic prin Is 14 \u0219i nara\u021biunile neotestamentare ale c\u0103derii. Dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een patristic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la figura originar\u0103 a r\u0103ului.<\/p><div><p><strong>Ierarhia angelic\u0103 medieval\u0103 \u0219i Dante<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen ierarhia angelic\u0103 medieval\u0103 dup\u0103 Pseudo-Dionisie Areopagitul (<em>De caelesti hierarchia<\/em>, cca. 500), Lucifer apar\u021binea ini\u021bial corului suprem al Serafimilor, a c\u0103rui r\u0103scoal\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103dere constituie exemplul paradigmatic al trufiei (<em>superbia<\/em>).<\/p><p><em>Divina Commedia<\/em> a lui Dante (cca. 1308-1320) \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Lucifer \u00een al nou\u0103lea \u0219i cel mai ad\u00e2nc cerc al iadului (<em>Cocytus<\/em>), ca o creatur\u0103 cu trei capete \u0219i trei fe\u021be duble, care mestec\u0103 cei trei mari tr\u0103d\u0103tori ai omenirii: Iuda, Brutus \u0219i Cassius.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aceast\u0103 reprezentare face din Lucifer al lui Dante forma iconografic\u0103 standard pentru mai multe secole. Abia <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> al lui John Milton (1667) deplaseaz\u0103 axa simpatiei: Lucifer al s\u0103u este un tragic sublim, a c\u0103rui c\u0103dere \u00eel mi\u0219c\u0103 pe cititor; aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 modeleaz\u0103 receptarea romantic\u0103 a lui Lucifer (William Blake, <em>The Marriage of Heaven and Hell<\/em>, 1790; Lord Byron, <em>Cain<\/em>, 1821).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Lucifer \u00eentr-o privire de ansamblu. Detaliile privind numele, descrierea, ap\u0103rarea \u0219i paralelele se g\u0103sesc \u00een capitolele 2, 3, 5 \u0219i 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Lucifer<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Denumire a stelei dimine\u021bii (Venus); aplicat\u0103 tipologic c\u0103derii \u00eengerilor \u00een Is 14. \u00cen Evul Mediu identificat cu Satan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obiect al ac\u021biunii<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cei ambi\u021bio\u0219i, trufia\u0219ii, elita spiritual\u0103 (patristic); ca figur\u0103 literar\u0103: omul modern \u00een c\u0103utarea autodetermin\u0103rii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Lucifer<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai frumos dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span>; dup\u0103 c\u0103dere, \u00eentunecat. Lucifer al lui Milton: demn, tragic. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> variaz\u0103 de la figura diavolului p\u00e2n\u0103 la genialul melancolic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ispitire spre trufie \u0219i autoafirmare. Provoac\u0103 c\u0103derea \u00eengerilor. Totodat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al pierderii tragice a proximit\u0103\u021bii divine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca \u0219i \u00een cazul lui Satan: sacramente, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, invocare a sfin\u021bilor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>. Tradi\u021bia spiritual\u0103 recomand\u0103 \u00een mod special smerenia ca antidot la trufia luciferic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele ale lui Lucifer<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> lui Icar (antic), Prometeu (r\u0103scoala titanilor), Samael (iudaic), Iblis (islam), figuri moderne ale revoltei (Cain al lui Byron, Satan al lui Milton).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de ap\u0103rare<\/strong><\/p><p>La fel ca ap\u0103rarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 general\u0103 \u00eempotriva demonilor. Accentuate \u00een mod deosebit \u00een mediul monastic \u0219i ascetic: smerenia ca virtute specific\u0103 \u00eempotriva trufiei, spovedania regulat\u0103, lectio ca practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie.<\/p><p><strong>Incanta\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Formulele de exorcism \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Lucifer de obicei \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Satan. Predicile \u0219i colec\u021biile de exemple medievale avertizeaz\u0103 \u00eempotriva <em>superbia luciferina<\/em> (\u201etrufia luciferic\u0103&#8221;).<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Reprezent\u0103rile Sf\u00e2ntului Mihail \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u00e2nd c\u0103derea lui Lucifer au o putere apotropaic\u0103 proprie. Medalia Sf\u00e2ntului Benedict cu \u201eVRS NSMV SMQL IVB&#8221;, clasica formul\u0103 latin\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva lui Satan\/Lucifer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografie<\/span> medieval\u0103:<\/strong> Dante \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Lucifer \u00een cel mai ad\u00e2nc cerc al iadului, \u00een ghea\u021b\u0103 ve\u0219nic\u0103. Pictura bisericilor medievale prezint\u0103 c\u0103derea ca topos vizual puternic; Mihail cu sabia \u00eempotriva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerului<\/span> de lumin\u0103 \u00een c\u0103dere.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Paradise Lost al lui Milton:<\/strong> Epopeea lui John Milton (1667) creioneaz\u0103 un Lucifer de m\u0103re\u021bie tragic\u0103: \u201eBetter to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.&#8221; Aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 modeleaz\u0103 receptarea literar\u0103 a modernit\u0103\u021bii.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Romantism, Simbolism, Modernitate:<\/strong> Byron, Baudelaire, Stefan George v\u0103d \u00een Lucifer un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al autoafirm\u0103rii umane. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterismul<\/span> modern (luciferianism), el este interpretat uneori pozitiv, o inversare care nu este \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de mainstream.<\/p><div><p><strong>Elaborare teologic\u0103 \u0219i literar\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 privind tradi\u021bia luciferic\u0103: Jeffrey Burton Russell, <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em> (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1984); Bernard McGinn, <em>Antichrist. Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil<\/em> (Harper, San Francisco 1994); Jonathan A. Glenn (ed.), <em>Lucifer in the Middle Ages<\/em> (1990).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Pentru elaborarea literar\u0103: Helen Gardner, <em>Religion and Literature<\/em> (Faber, London 1971); Christopher Ricks, <em>Milton&#8217;s Grand Style<\/em> (Clarendon, Oxford 1963).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Identificarea lui Lucifer cu Satan este standardizat\u0103 patristic, dar este discutat\u0103 sporadic \u00een teologie; unii teologi mai recen\u021bi (Avraham Yarmolinsky, Elaine Pagels, <em>The Origin of Satan<\/em>, 1995) pledeaz\u0103 pentru o separare mai critic\u0103 a tradi\u021biei iudaice a lui Satan de tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin-mitologic\u0103 a lui Lucifer.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b958d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4b958d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd88c54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd88c54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isaia 14: c\u0103derea stelei dimine\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee5ce79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee5ce79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp31210db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp31210db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Lucifer are o origine precis determinabil\u0103.<\/p><p>Provine din traducerea latin\u0103 a Bibliei realizat\u0103 de Ieronim, Vulgata, \u0219i se afl\u0103 acolo \u00een Cartea Isaia, capitolul 14, versetul 12. Cuv\u00e2ntul ebraic din acest loc este <em>helel ben shahar<\/em>, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 aproximativ \u201ecel str\u0103lucitor, fiul zorilor&#8221; \u0219i desemneaz\u0103 steaua dimine\u021bii, adic\u0103 planeta Venus pe cerul de diminea\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Ieronim l-a redat prin <em>lucifer<\/em>, \u201epurt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221;, un cuv\u00e2nt uzual \u00een latin\u0103 pentru steaua dimine\u021bii.<\/p><p>Contextul pasajului este un bocet satiric. Isaia 14 este un oracol \u00eempotriva regelui Babilonului.<\/p><p>Textul batjocore\u0219te: \u201eCum ai c\u0103zut din ceruri, tu stea str\u0103lucitoare a dimine\u021bii.&#8221; Este vorba despre c\u0103derea unui conduc\u0103tor p\u0103m\u00e2ntesc arogant care a vrut s\u0103 se \u00eenal\u021be deasupra stelelor \u0219i este aruncat \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103. \u00cen sensul originar, nu este vorba despre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut.<\/p><p>Abia interpretarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 a asociat acest pasaj cu o reprezentare a c\u0103derii unui \u00eenger trufa\u0219. Teologi paleocre\u0219tini precum Origen au citit Isaia 14, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Ezechiel 28, un bocet despre regele Tirului, ca descriere cifrat\u0103 a c\u0103derii unui principe angelic. Din \u201esteaua dimine\u021bii&#8221; a bocetului satiric babilonian s-a format astfel numele propriu al unui \u00eenger c\u0103zut.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 istorie a interpret\u0103rii este bine documentat\u0103 \u0219i larg \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it\u0103 de cercetarea istorico-critic\u0103. Ea arat\u0103 c\u0103 Lucifer ca nume propriu nu este un dat biblic, ci rezultatul unui lung efort hermeneutic care a consolidat o imagine poetic\u0103 \u00eentr-o figur\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6947b00 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6947b00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ba27cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ba27cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer, Satan, Diavolul: trei concepte \u0219i fuziunea lor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7556b0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7556b0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpef87bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpef87bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen imaginarul popular, Lucifer, <a href=\"\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a> \u0219i diavolul sunt una \u0219i aceea\u0219i figur\u0103. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, este vorba despre trei termeni de origini diferite, care au fost asimila\u021bi unul altuia abia \u00een decursul timpului.<\/p><p><em>Satan<\/em> este un cuv\u00e2nt ebraic \u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201eadversar&#8221; sau \u201eacuzator&#8221;. \u00cen Cartea lui Iov, Satan este un membru al cur\u021bii cere\u0219ti, un acuzator \u00een slujba lui Dumnezeu, nu un zeu al r\u0103ului de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor.<\/p><p><em>Diavol<\/em> provine, prin intermediul grecescului <em>diabolos<\/em>, cu acela\u0219i sens de \u201ecalomniator, acuzator&#8221;, termen prin care traducerea greceasc\u0103 a Bibliei reda ebraicul <em>satan<\/em>. <em>Lucifer<\/em>, \u00een fine, este, dup\u0103 cum s-a ar\u0103tat, un cuv\u00e2nt latin din Isaia 14.<\/p><p>Cele trei filoane au fuzionat \u00een cadrul teologiei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplin\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 ce studiaz\u0103 divinitatea \u0219i doctrina de credin\u021b\u0103 a unei religii.\">Teologie<\/span> paleocre\u0219tine \u0219i medievale \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103. S-a ad\u0103ugat la aceasta nara\u021biunea c\u0103derii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\">\u00cenger<\/span> r\u0103zvr\u0103ti\u021bi, care se alimenta din aluzii biblice disparate \u0219i din literatura intertestamentar\u0103, precum Cartea lui Enoh etiopian\u0103.<\/p><p>Rezultatul a fost reprezentarea unitar\u0103: un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\">\u00cenger<\/span> odinioar\u0103 \u00eenalt, numit Lucifer, care s-a ridicat \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu, a fost pr\u0103bu\u0219it din ceruri \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alaiul s\u0103u \u0219i de atunci \u00eei ispite\u0219te pe oameni sub numele de Satan sau diavol.<\/p><p>Unele tradi\u021bii biserice\u0219ti disting p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, cu nuan\u021b\u0103, \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\">\u00cenger<\/span> dinaintea c\u0103derii, Lucifer, \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie influen\u021be malefice sau ambivalente.\">Demon<\/span> de dup\u0103 c\u0103dere, Satan. Alte curente folosesc numele \u00een mod sinonim. Pentru o \u00een\u021belegere precis\u0103 este important s\u0103 se aib\u0103 \u00een vedere originile diferite ale acestor termeni, \u00een loc s\u0103 se considere de la sine \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 fuziunea lor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa39bbe1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa39bbe1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a230c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26a230c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mo\u0219tenirea paleocre\u0219tin\u0103: de ce Lucifer a fost \u0219i un nume de sf\u00e2nt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b5e939 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1b5e939\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2ca524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc2ca524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O constatare adesea trecut\u0103 cu vederea arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de t\u00e2rziu s-a produs fixarea negativ\u0103 a numelui. \u00cen cre\u0219tinismul latin al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichit\u0103\u021bii t\u00e2rzii<\/span>, <em>Lucifer<\/em> era un nume personal obi\u0219nuit, care nu avea nimic suspect.<\/p><p>Cel mai cunoscut purt\u0103tor este Lucifer de Cagliari, un episcop al Sardiniei din secolul al IV-lea, care a ap\u0103rut ca adversar intransigent al arianismului. El este men\u021bionat \u00een unele ramuri ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> chiar ca sf\u00e2nt.<\/p><p>De asemenea, \u00een poezia cre\u0219tin\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichit\u0103\u021bii<\/span>, <em>lucifer<\/em> putea fi folosit f\u0103r\u0103 re\u021bineri ca denumire a stelei dimine\u021bii, uneori chiar \u00eentr-un sens pozitiv, raportat la Hristos. \u00cen <em>Exsultet<\/em>, imnul de laud\u0103 al nop\u021bii pascale, se vorbe\u0219te despre Hristos ca adev\u0103rat\u0103 stea a dimine\u021bii; textul latin folose\u0219te aici cuv\u00e2ntul <em>lucifer<\/em> \u00een sensul s\u0103u originar, inofensiv.<\/p><p>Abia \u00een Evul Mediu s-a impus definitiv numele ca denumire a \u00eengerului c\u0103zut, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t a devenit imposibil ca nume personal. Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un proces \u00een care interpretarea teologic\u0103 a lui Isaia 14 a \u00eenlocuit treptat semnifica\u021bia uzual\u0103 a cuv\u00e2ntului.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 constatare este revelatoare din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor. Ea atest\u0103 c\u0103 identitatea \u201eLucifer egal Diavol&#8221; nu a fost stabilit\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput, ci s-a conturat de-a lungul secolelor. Cel care aude ast\u0103zi numele se g\u00e2nde\u0219te inevitabil la Diavol; un cre\u0219tin din Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie s-ar fi g\u00e2ndit mai \u00eent\u00e2i la steaua dimine\u021bii sau la un episcop.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75fe370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75fe370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d0a0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3d0a0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer al lui Milton \u0219i Romantismul: ascensiunea unei figuri literare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b17e71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b17e71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd18aa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfd18aa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cariera literar\u0103 a lui Lucifer este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de epopeea lui John Milton <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> (1667). Milton descrie c\u0103derea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerilor<\/span> \u0219i face din figur\u0103, pe care o nume\u0219te de obicei <a href=\"\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, protagonistul dramatic al primelor c\u0103r\u021bi.<\/span><\/p><p>Satan-ul s\u0103u este elocvent, voinic \u0219i tragic; celebra fraz\u0103 c\u0103 este mai bine s\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u00een iad dec\u00e2t s\u0103 sluje\u0219ti \u00een cer \u00eei rezum\u0103 sfidarea.<\/p><p>Milton nu a vrut cu siguran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 deseneze un erou, \u00eens\u0103 efectul a fost ambivalent. \u00cenc\u0103 din secolul al XVIII-lea \u0219i mai ales \u00een cel de-al XIX-lea, poe\u021bi \u0219i critici romantici au citit Satan-ul lui Milton ca o figur\u0103 fascinant\u0103, aproape admirabil\u0103, a revoltei. William Blake a formulat teza provocatoare c\u0103 Milton era \u201ede partea Diavolului, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u0219tie&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen Romantism, figura de lumin\u0103 c\u0103zut\u0103 a devenit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al rebelului, al celui care caut\u0103 libertatea, al celui care se ridic\u0103 \u00eempotriva unei ordini percepute ca tiranice. Lord Byron, Percy Shelley \u0219i al\u021bii au preluat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span>. Aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 \u201esimpatetic\u0103&#8221; a lui Lucifer este o construc\u021bie literar\u0103 care se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 mult de datele teologice.<\/p><p>\u00cen cultura popular\u0103 modern\u0103 sunt prezente ambele: Diavolul amenin\u021b\u0103tor al tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine \u0219i Lucifer carismatic, ambivalent, al liniei literare. Serialele de televiziune, romanele \u0219i benzile desenate se inspir\u0103 mai ales din cea de-a doua. Din perspectiva cercet\u0103rii \u0219tiin\u021bifice este important s\u0103 se separe acest strat de receptare de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> biblic\u0103 \u0219i paleocre\u0219tin\u0103, \u00een loc de a le amesteca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/crestinism\/\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a> (adesea identificat)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/azazel\/\">Azazel<\/a> (preistorie)<\/li><li>C\u0103derea \u00eengerilor \u0219i tradi\u021bia apocaliptic\u0103<\/li><li>Milton, Paradise Lost<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de lucr\u0103ri centrale despre Lucifer:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Russell, Jeffrey Burton: <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em>. Ithaca 1984.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Forsyth, Neil: <em>The Satanic Epic<\/em>. Princeton 2003 (despre Milton).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kelly, Henry Ansgar: <em>Satan. A Biography<\/em>. Cambridge 2006.<\/span><\/li><li>Schrock, Chad: <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em>. Recenzie.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pagels, Elaine: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/originofsatan00page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Origin of Satan<\/a><\/em>. New York 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 (Cre\u0219tinism):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f696167 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f696167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17ff7e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17ff7e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Lucifer<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este Lucifer \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103?<\/h3><p>Lucifer (latinescul <em>Lucifer<\/em>, purt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103) desemneaz\u0103 ini\u021bial steaua dimine\u021bii, Venus, cea mai str\u0103lucitoare stea \u00eenainte de r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui. Abia \u00een traducerea Vulgatei a lui Isaia 14,12 conceptul a fost aplicat unui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> pr\u0103bu\u0219it din ceruri.<\/p><p>\u00cen Evul Mediu cre\u0219tin, Lucifer s-a contopit cu figura lui Satan \u00een arhanghel c\u0103zut, care s-a revoltat \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu din trufie. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterismul<\/span> modern (teosofie, antroposofie), Lucifer este interpretat mai nuan\u021bat ca for\u021b\u0103 spiritual\u0103 luciferic\u0103 a m\u00e2ndriei \u0219i a autosupraaprecierii.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Lucifer \u0219i Satan?<\/h3><p>Istoric, sunt dou\u0103 figuri diferite. Satan provine din ebraic\u0103 (acuzator) \u0219i apare ini\u021bial \u00een Vechiul Testament \u00eentr-un mod neutru.<\/p><p>Lucifer este o denumire latin\u0103 pentru steaua dimine\u021bii, care a fost asociat\u0103 printr-o traducere a pasajului Isaia 14,12 cu o figur\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut. Abia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> medieval\u0103 i-a contopit pe ambii \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103. Curentele teologice \u0219i ezoterice moderne le disting adesea din nou.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Lucifer \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Lucifer (latinescul Lucifer, purt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103) desemneaz\u0103 ini\u021bial steaua dimine\u021bii, Venus, cea mai str\u0103lucitoare stea \u00eenainte de r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui. 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Identificarea cu Satan este medieval\u0103; ini\u021bial, \u201eLucifer&#8221; (lat. \u201epurt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103&#8221;) este doar numele stelei de diminea\u021b\u0103 \u0219i este utilizat \u00een Isaia 14,12 ca imagine pentru un conduc\u0103tor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1567,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lucifer","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lucifer - Zeul tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lucifer, \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00eengerul c\u0103zut suprem. Identificarea cu Satan este medieval\u0103; ini\u021bial, numele (lat. \"purt\u0103tor de lumin\u0103\") desemna steaua de diminea\u021b\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106338","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lucifer - Zeul tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lucifer, \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00eengerul c\u0103zut suprem. 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