{"id":106292,"date":"2026-04-27T10:39:20","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/golem-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:26:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:26:19","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106292\" class=\"elementor elementor-106292 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, spirit al tradi\u021biei iudaice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem este, \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 humanoid\u0103 creat\u0103 artificial din lut sau p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00eensufle\u021bit\u0103 prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> sau Cuv\u00e2ntul divin. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, el reprezint\u0103 mistica crea\u021biei iudaice, transgresiunea grani\u021bei dintre om \u0219i Dumnezeu, precum \u0219i practicismul t\u00e2rziei medievale al misticii rabinice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\">Kabbalah<\/span>. Golem este considerat spiritul tradi\u021biei iudaice \u0219i simbolizeaz\u0103 grani\u021ba dintre om \u0219i Dumnezeu. Aceast\u0103 prezentare \u00eencadreaz\u0103 Golem, spirit al tradi\u021biei iudaice, \u00een povestirile despre figura de lut, cuv\u00e2ntul rostit \u0219i ascultarea ei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/iudaism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia de credin\u021b\u0103 iudaic\u0103 de la Tanah p\u00e2n\u0103 la Kabbalah \u0219i mistica modern\u0103.\">Iudaism<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie iudaic\u0103 mistic\u0103 \u0219i cosmologic\u0103.\">Kabbalah<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123365\" alt=\"Golem - spirite din tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem este o figur\u0103 din lut sau p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00eensufle\u021bit\u0103 prin numele lui Dumnezeu sau prin practici magico-lingvistice. \u00cen cea mai celebr\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0103<\/span>, cea a Maharalului din Praga, rabinul Judah Loew a creat un Golem pentru a proteja comunitatea iudaic\u0103.<\/p><p>Golem este ascult\u0103tor, cu o for\u021b\u0103 supraomeneasc\u0103, dar \u0219i periculos \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 distrus. Mituri centrale: crea\u021bia biblic\u0103 a lui Adam ca model, golemii medievali ca fiin\u021be protectoare, interpret\u0103ri simbolico-psihologice ulterioare (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Nara\u021biunea despre Golem a luat na\u0219tere \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\">Kabbalah<\/span> medieval\u0103 \u0219i a epocii moderne timpurii (aprox. sec. XII-XVI). Surse centrale: Sefer Yetzirah (Cartea Crea\u021biei, sec. III-VI, dar referin\u021bele la Golem apar mai t\u00e2rziu), legendele medievale t\u00e2rzii despre Maharal (sec. XV-XVI), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\">Kabbalah<\/span> \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> a lui Scholem (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>R\u0103sp\u00e2ndire: Europa Central\u0103 (Boemia, Polonia, Germania), ulterior global \u00een literatur\u0103. Stadiul cercet\u0103rii: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoric al religiilor israelian (1897-1982); fondator al cercet\u0103rii moderne a Kabbalah.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0218i ast\u0103zi figura este vie, \u00eens\u0103 transformat\u0103: apare \u00een literatur\u0103, film \u0219i teatru, iar la Praga amintirea se leag\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre de Sinagoga Veche-Nou\u0103, pe al c\u0103rei pod Golem ar trebui s\u0103 se odihneasc\u0103, potrivit legendei.<\/p><h3>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/h3><p>Golem este, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios centrat pe experien\u021ba direct\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu; central \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i islamic\u0103.\">mistica<\/span> iudaic\u0103 \u0219i ulterior \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preocuparea cu for\u021be \u0219i practici ascunse, dincolo de \u0219tiin\u021ba recunoscut\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ocultismul<\/span> european, o fiin\u021b\u0103 animat\u0103, creat\u0103 artificial din lut. Cel mai celebru este cel al rabinului L\u00f6w din Praga. Nu este o fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, ci un construct magic, manifestare a puterii creatoare umane \u0219i avertisment.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem nu a fost limitat la o anumit\u0103 regiune sau localitate, ci era cunoscut \u0219i venerat, sau respectuos temut, \u00een \u00eentreaga lume iudaic\u0103. Fie \u00een mari centre urbane, fie \u00een regiuni rurale periferice, fie \u00een r\u00e2ndul elitei sociale, fie \u00een r\u00e2ndul oamenilor de r\u00e2nd, semnifica\u021bia spiritual\u0103 sau cultural\u0103 a acestei entit\u0103\u021bi era unanim recunoscut\u0103.<\/p><p>Nara\u021biunea despre Golem a c\u0103l\u0103torit odat\u0103 cu comunit\u0103\u021bile iudaice prin Europa, p\u0103str\u00e2ndu-\u0219i tr\u0103s\u0103turile fundamentale: figura din lut, inscrip\u021bia care d\u0103 via\u021b\u0103, creatorul erudit. Faptul c\u0103 varianta cea mai cunoscut\u0103 s-a legat tocmai de Praga \u0219i de rabinul L\u00f6w arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns era legat subiectul de identitatea comunit\u0103\u021bii locale, care vedea \u00een Golem un protector \u00een vremuri de restri\u0219te. Prin tip\u0103rituri \u0219i transmitere oral\u0103, versiunea praghez\u0103 s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit cu mult dincolo de Boemia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sursele primare sunt Sefer Yetzirah (text antic, interpret\u0103ri ale Golemului \u00een sec. XII, XVI), legendele despre Maharal (orale\/scrise \u00een Shevet Judah, Tzemach David al lui David Gans, sec. XVI, XVII), scrierile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mistic\u0103 iudaic\u0103 cu opere principale Sefer Yetzirah, Zohar \u0219i \u0219coala lurianic\u0103.\">Kabbala<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, sec. XIII, XVI). Perioada: sec. III-XVII (stratificare conceptual\u0103).<\/p><p>Spa\u021biul lingvistic: ebraic\u0103, ulterior german\u0103, idi\u0219. Geografic: Europa Central\u0103 (Boemia, Polonia), ulterior literatur\u0103 la nivel global. Cercet\u0103tori: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoric al religiilor israelian (1897-1982); fondator al cercet\u0103rii moderne a Kabbalei.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (Golem-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios cu accent pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mistic\u0103<\/span> \u00een Europa Central\u0103), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem este reprezentat \u00een diferite surse \u0219i tradi\u021bii artistice prin anumite elemente iconografice recurente, care r\u0103m\u00e2n relativ constante de-a lungul deceniilor \u0219i al diverselor spa\u021bii geografice. Aceste elemente nu sunt pur decorative sau alese \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor, ci sunt profund codificate simbolic \u0219i poart\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie deosebit\u0103.<\/p><p>La Golem, fiecare element al nara\u021biunii are semnifica\u021bie: lutul trimite la crearea lui Adam din p\u0103m\u00e2nt, inscrip\u021bia de pe frunte emet (adev\u0103r) este totodat\u0103 comut\u0103torul existen\u021bei sale, c\u0103ci \u0219tergerea primei litere transform\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul \u00een met (mort), \u00eencheind \u00eensufle\u021birea. Cine cuno\u0219tea literele ebraice \u0219i interpretarea lor kabbalistic\u0103 citea \u00een povestea Golemului o \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 despre puterea limbajului \u0219i limitele crea\u021biei umane. Mutismul, for\u021ba \u0219i supunerea figurii sunt, de asemenea, tr\u0103s\u0103turi stabile, transmise prin tradi\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi esen\u021biale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem era central \u00een practica religioas\u0103, \u00een ritualurile cotidiene \u0219i \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea de zi cu zi din cadrul iudaismului. Oamenii se \u00eendreptau spre aceast\u0103 entitate \u00een situa\u021bii critice sau specifice ale vie\u021bii ori \u00een anumite perioade rituale ale anului, prin ritualuri structurate, adesea elaborate, rug\u0103ciuni sau ofrande.<\/p><p>Crearea unui Golem nu era considerat\u0103 niciodat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103 o simpl\u0103 improviza\u021bie, ci o practic\u0103 erudit\u0103: presupunea studiul Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i cunoa\u0219terea combina\u021biilor kabbalistice ale literelor. \u00cen legenda praghez\u0103, tocmai de aceea nu un me\u0219te\u0219ugar oarecare, ci rabinul L\u00f6w, un recunoscut talmudist al secolului al XVI-lea, \u00eensufle\u021be\u0219te figura de lut conform regulilor transmise prin tradi\u021bie.<\/p><p>Reprezentarea despre Golem poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 de la Sefer Yetzirah, trec\u00e2nd prin comentariile medievale, p\u00e2n\u0103 la legenda praghez\u0103 a secolului al XVI-lea, ceea ce arat\u0103 c\u0103 ideea unei figuri \u00eensufle\u021bite prin arta literelor a fost transmis\u0103 \u00een mod continuu \u00een literatura iudaic\u0103. Func\u021biile figurii s-au schimbat \u00een acest timp: \u00een textele kabbalistice, crearea Golemului servea drept dovad\u0103 a m\u0103iestriei mistice; \u00een nara\u021biunea praghez\u0103, Golem protejeaz\u0103 comunitatea iudaic\u0103 de calomnii \u0219i atacuri, \u00eendeplinind totodat\u0103 munci simple ca slujitor al casei.<\/p><h3>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/h3><p>Golem este reprezentat ca masiv \u0219i dispropor\u021bionat, format din p\u0103m\u00e2nt sau lut, humanoidal, dar imperfect. Uneori este inscrip\u021bionat cu numele lui Dumnezeu. Fa\u021ba sa este lipsit\u0103 de expresie. Prin \u0219tergerea unei litere, Emet devine Met (moarte). For\u021ba \u0219i imobilitatea sunt semnele sale distinctive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fi\u0219a de identificare a Golemului examineaz\u0103 originea sa cosmic\u0103 (mistica Crea\u021biei<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios cu accent pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mistic\u0103<\/span>), func\u021bia sa de fiin\u021b\u0103 magic\u0103 protectoare, morfologia sa (figur\u0103 din lut, adesea mut\u0103), practicile de \u00eensufle\u021bire a sa (magia literelor<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magie<\/span>, Sefer Yetzirah), grupurile sociale care au creat Golem \u0219i paralelele culturale cu Homunculus \u0219i via\u021ba artificial\u0103 din alte tradi\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golemul a ap\u0103rut temporal \u00een cadrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios cu accent pe experien\u021ba direct\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu; central \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i islamic\u0103.\">misticii<\/span> kabbalistice din secolele XII-XIII, cu \u00eenfloriri ulterioare \u00een secolele XV-XVI (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span> Maharal). Origine geografic\u0103: Europa Central\u0103, \u00een special Boemia (Praga), Polonia, regiunile renane germane.<\/p><p>Origine cultural\u0103: Kabbalah iudaic\u0103, idei platonice despre crea\u021bie (Demiurg), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios cu accent pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">mistica<\/span> practic\u0103 a Sefer Yetzirah, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> rabinic\u0103 aplicat\u0103. Primele atest\u0103ri databile: Sefer Hasidim (Cartea Evlavio\u0219ilor, aprox. 1200), apoi pove\u0219tile despre Maharal (documentate literar din secolul al XVI-lea al XVII-lea, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XIX-lea). Evolu\u021bie istoric\u0103: de la abstrac\u021biune (Kabbalah timpurie: Golemul cosmic) la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0103<\/span> (Golemul din Praga ca figur\u0103 concret\u0103).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raportat la<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Crearea Golemului era practica rabinilor, kabbali\u0219tilor \u0219i a savan\u021bilor \u00een magie, magi de elit\u0103, nu laici. Ocazii: ap\u0103rarea comunit\u0103\u021bii (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0103<\/span>: pogromuri antisemite), demonstrarea miracolelor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Primire ritual\u0103 \u00eentr-un ordin religios sau esoteric; adesea cu moarte \u0219i rena\u0219tere simbolice.\">ini\u021biere<\/span> mistic\u0103 (studierea Sefer Yetzirah = capacitate de \u00eensufle\u021bire), semn al maturit\u0103\u021bii spirituale. Context social: persecu\u021bie \u0219i c\u0103utare de protec\u021bie, cultura de legitimare rabinic\u0103, suferin\u021ba iudaic\u0103 ca enigm\u0103 mistic\u0103 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teologic\u0103 a compatibilit\u0103\u021bii atotputerniciei \u0219i bun\u0103t\u0103\u021bii lui Dumnezeu cu existen\u021ba r\u0103ului.\">teodiceea<\/span>). Golem era psihologic: o fantasm\u0103 de protec\u021bie supraomeneasc\u0103 \u00eentr-o lume nedreapt\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem este descris ca humanoidal, din lut sau p\u0103m\u00e2nt, adesea mut sau lipsit de expresie, cu ochi mari \u0219i rigizi sau cu fruntea f\u0103r\u0103 inscrip\u021bie. Atribute: uneori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bia<\/span> \u201eEmet&#8221; (Adev\u0103r) pe frunte sau o pecete cu numele lui Dumnezeu.<\/p><p>\u00cen legend\u0103, Golem-ul din Praga este brun-\u00eenchis, uria\u0219 (supraomenesc), nemi\u0219cat p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eensufle\u021bire, apoi automat-ascult\u0103tor. \u00cen arta modern\u0103 (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E.T.A. Hoffmann) apare mai degrab\u0103 tragic: o creatur\u0103 izolat\u0103, nu un monstru. Culoare: maro, gri, nuan\u021be de p\u0103m\u00e2nt. F\u0103r\u0103 aur\u0103 supranatural\u0103, mai degrab\u0103 o materialitate opac\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong><p>Golem ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd ca figur\u0103 protectoare \u0219i instrument magic. Istoric, golemii sunt atesta\u021bi ca g\u0103rzi de corp \u00een Praga secolului al XVI-lea, sub rabinul Jehuda Loew ben Bezalel, \u00een special pentru respingerea pogromurilor.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia Sefer Yetzirah descrie crearea prin litere \u0219i nume divine ca principiu cosmogonic; Golem \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 modelarea materiei prin limbaj. \u00cen sistemele kabbalistice ulterioare, Golem simbolizeaz\u0103 grani\u021ba dintre creator \u0219i creat: un lucru con\u0219tient f\u0103r\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103, un automat din lut \u0219i scriere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem nu poate fi exorcizat ca demonii, deoarece nu este o fiin\u021b\u0103 malefic\u0103, ci un instrument. Protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva utiliz\u0103rii abuzive a Golemului: control rabinic \u0219i discern\u0103m\u00e2nt (inten\u021bie corect\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> corect\u0103 a cuv\u00e2ntului), limitare etic\u0103 (distrugerea Golemului \u00een Sabat sau la \u00eendeplinirea sarcinii), con\u0219tientizarea riscului (Golem devine instrument al haosului dac\u0103 nu mai poate fi controlat).<\/p><p>Practic: \u00eendep\u0103rtarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021biei<\/span> sau dizolvarea leg\u0103turii prin nume. Teologic: respectul fa\u021b\u0103 de limita crea\u021biei (numai Dumnezeu creeaz\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat; omul doar imit\u0103).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figuri comparabile sunt Homunculus din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leg\u0103tur\u0103 premodern\u0103 \u00eentre filozofia naturii \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021ba simbolurilor; opereaz\u0103 cu transformarea materiei ca transformare interioar\u0103.\">alchimia<\/span> european\u0103 (Paracelsus, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span> lui Faust), golemii din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> hindus\u0103 (crea\u021bii ale lui Shakti), r\u0103zboinicii chinezi din lut (terracota din epoca Qin), Adam cel biblic (lut + Cuv\u00e2ntul divin) \u0219i golemii din science-fiction modern (Frankenstein ca post-Golem literar). Toate au \u00een comun: \u00eensufle\u021bire artificial\u0103, creare prin mijloace magice sau \u0219tiin\u021bifice, ambivalen\u021b\u0103 moral\u0103, for\u021b\u0103 supraomeneasc\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Ritualuri de evocare \u0219i legare<\/h3><p>Metoda Sefer Yetzirah necesit\u0103 combina\u021bii ale celor 22 de litere ebraice, precum \u0219i medita\u021bii permutative asupra numelor divine. Procedeul lui Maharal utiliza combina\u021bii de litere \u0219i Shem ha-Meforasch (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\">Magie<\/span> cu 72 de nume). \u0218tergerea lui Aleph final din \u201eEmet&#8221; (Adev\u0103r) \u2192 \u201eMet&#8221; (Moarte) era considerat\u0103 mecanismul de dezactivare. Tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de obicei despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\">Legend\u0103<\/span> de la Praga documenteaz\u0103 formule transmise oral; m\u0103rturiile scrise istorice sunt fragmentare.<\/p><h3>Magia scrierii \u0219i a numelor<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport dur.\">Inscrip\u021bie<\/span> de pe fruntea Golemului, de obicei \u201eEmet&#8221; (Adev\u0103r), se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe mistica cabalistic\u0103 a literelor. Sursele rabinice indic\u0103 tehnici permutative care apar \u0219i \u00een Bahir \u0219i \u00een Zohar. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\">Ritual<\/span> apar\u021bine Cabalei practice, documentat\u0103 de Gedaliah ibn Yahya \u00een secolul al XVI-lea.<\/p><h3>Simboluri de protec\u021bie \u0219i amulete<\/h3><p>Golemul \u00eensu\u0219i este un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect purtat c\u0103ruia i se atribuie o proprietate protectoare \u0219i de \u00eendep\u0103rtare a relelor.\">Amulet\u0103<\/span> ambulant, corpul s\u0103u purt\u00e2nd semnul eficace. Ca obiect al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\">Magie<\/span>, Golemul apare \u00een colec\u021biile de noti\u021be cabalistice drept model pentru manifestarea material\u0103. Practici de protec\u021bie paralele sunt Serfen (formule de legare) \u0219i folosirea Yichudim (combina\u021bii de nume) pe pergamente.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia ebraic\u0103:<\/strong> Golemul este \u00een \u00eentregime ebraic; nicio alt\u0103 tradi\u021bie ebraic\u0103 nu se poate concepe f\u0103r\u0103 el. \u00cens\u0103 Adam biblic este precursorul s\u0103u direct: \u201eDumnezeu l-a modelat pe Adam din \u021b\u0103r\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i i-a suflat via\u021b\u0103&#8221; (Geneza 2:7).<\/p><p>Misticii au interpretat aceasta ca model al crea\u021biei pentru Golemi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mistic\u0103 iudaic\u0103 ale c\u0103rei opere principale sunt Sefer Ye\u021bira, Zohar \u0219i \u0219coala lurianic\u0103.\">Cabal\u0103<\/span> subliniaz\u0103 for\u021ba literelor, \u00een special cele trei litere ale Numelui lui Dumnezeu, ca principiu vivificator. Etica rabinic\u0103: Golemul este un instrument, nu o persoan\u0103; dar cu implica\u021bii puternice \u00een materie de responsabilitate.<\/p><p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103:<\/strong> Demiurgul lui Platon (zeul-me\u0219te\u0219ugar) creeaz\u0103 lumea material\u0103, prin analogie cu crearea Golemului. Prometeu modeleaz\u0103 oameni din lut (un ecou grecesc al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\">Mit<\/span> al crea\u021biei din lut). Hefaistos creeaz\u0103 oameni mecanici (automatele de aur). Nicio continuitate direct\u0103, dar asem\u0103nare structural\u0103: entit\u0103\u021bi create de om, imita\u021bie a divinului.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Enuma Elish: Marduk creeaz\u0103 oamenii din s\u00e2ngele demonului \u00eenvins, crea\u021bie magic\u0103 dintr-o materie primordial\u0103. Niciun Golem de lut, dar producere magic\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 artificial\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i credin\u021ba unei religii.\">Teologie<\/span> similar\u0103: via\u021ba uman\u0103 ca instrument magic al zeilor.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bia unei culturi.\">Mitologie<\/span> hindus: Durga sau Shiva creeaz\u0103 manifest\u0103ri Shakti prin voin\u021b\u0103\/energie, similar \u00eensufle\u021birii Golemului. Figurile Kali sunt auto-\u00eensufle\u021bite, f\u0103r\u0103 o creare extern\u0103. Yidamii budi\u0219ti sunt divinit\u0103\u021bi vizualizate, nematerializate fizic precum Golemii. Magia tibetan\u0103: Tulpas (forme mentale de g\u00e2ndire, \u00eensufle\u021bite prin concentrare) reprezint\u0103 poate cea mai apropiat\u0103 paralel\u0103, dar sunt imateria \u00een loc de lut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cuv\u00e2ntul Golem: de la Biblie la figura din lut<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cuv\u00e2ntul ebraic <em>golem<\/em> apare \u00een Biblia ebraic\u0103 o singur\u0103 dat\u0103, \u00een Cartea Psalmilor, unde desemneaz\u0103 o mas\u0103 neformat\u0103 sau o stare incomplet\u0103, raportat\u0103 aici la corpul \u00eenc\u0103 nedezvoltat. Din aceast\u0103 semnifica\u021bie fundamental\u0103 a incompletului, a crudului, a nedes\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219itului s-a dezvoltat utilizarea ulterioar\u0103 a termenului.<\/p><p>\u00cen literatura rabinic\u0103, <em>golem<\/em> este folosit \u00een diverse contexte, de exemplu pentru un om needucat sau spiritual imatur, ori pentru un obiect care nu a dob\u00e2ndit \u00eenc\u0103 forma sa final\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00centr-un pasaj mult discutat din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinit, cu interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> babilonian se poveste\u0219te c\u0103 un \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat ar fi creat un om \u0219i l-ar fi trimis la un alt \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat, care i-a vorbit creaturii, dar nu a primit niciun r\u0103spuns, drept pentru care a transformat-o \u00eenapoi \u00een praf.<\/p><p>\u00cen acela\u0219i pasaj se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 doi \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi se ocupau \u00een mod regulat cu crearea unui vi\u021bel. Aceste scurte noti\u021be sunt cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri ale ideii c\u0103 b\u0103rba\u021bii \u00een\u021belep\u021bi pot da na\u0219tere vie\u021bii prin cunoa\u0219terea lor.<\/p><p>Saltul de la aceast\u0103 scurt\u0103 aluzie talmudic\u0103 la reprezentarea elaborat\u0103 a unei fiin\u021be formate din lut, \u00eensufle\u021bite prin litere sau un nume divin, s-a realizat abia \u00een Evul Mediu.<\/p><p>Reprezentarea nu este deci prezent\u0103 de la \u00eenceput ca o nara\u021biune \u00eenchis\u0103, ci se contureaz\u0103 de-a lungul secolelor din elemente disparate. Pentru \u00een\u021belegerea Golemului este important s\u0103 se \u021bin\u0103 seama de aceast\u0103 dezvoltare, \u00een loc s\u0103 se presupun\u0103 o tradi\u021bie unitar\u0103 \u0219i veche.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i practica medieval\u0103 a crea\u021biei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un rol central \u00een istoria ideii despre Golem \u00eel joac\u0103 <em>Sefer Yetzirah<\/em>, Cartea Crea\u021biei, o scriere concis\u0103, greu de datat, care pune apari\u021bia lumii \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu literele alfabetului ebraic \u0219i cu numerele.<\/p><p>Savan\u021bii iudei medievali, \u00een special din spa\u021biul askenaz, au citit aceast\u0103 lucrare \u0219i ca un ghid. Cel care st\u0103p\u00e2nea corect combina\u021biile literelor putea, conform acestei concep\u021bii, s\u0103 participe la for\u021ba creatoare care rezid\u0103 \u00een limbaj.<\/p><p>Din acest mediu provin primele descrieri mai detaliate despre modul \u00een care se realizeaz\u0103 un Golem. Se poveste\u0219te despre modelarea unei figuri asem\u0103n\u0103toare omului din p\u0103m\u00e2nt, despre \u00eenconjur\u0103ri, despre rostirea sau scrierea combina\u021biilor de litere \u0219i a numelor.<\/p><p>Aceste descrieri se afl\u0103 adesea \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie de tensiune: ele descriu o practic\u0103 posibil\u0103, subliniind totodat\u0103 pericolul ei sau umilin\u021ba pe care un astfel de act o cere. Omul care creeaz\u0103 un Golem imit\u0103 actul crea\u021biei \u0219i se apropie astfel de o limit\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea, \u0219i aici trebuie men\u021bionat\u0103 mai ales investiga\u021bia fundamental\u0103 a lui Gershom Scholem despre ideea Golemului, a demonstrat c\u0103 Golem-ul din aceste texte este ini\u021bial mai pu\u021bin un servitor util, c\u00e2t un obiect de cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i devo\u021biune.<\/p><p>Crearea servea studiului mistic, retr\u0103irii actului crea\u021biei, nu unor scopuri practice. Golemul ca ajutor muncitor \u0219i ca protector al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi este o form\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a subiectului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golemul din Praga \u0219i rabinul L\u00f6w: geneza unei legende<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 nara\u021biune despre Golem ast\u0103zi este cea despre Golemul din Praga, care ar fi fost creat de savantul Jehuda L\u00f6w ben Bezalel, numit Maharalul din Praga, \u00een secolul al XVI-lea, pentru a proteja comunitatea iudaic\u0103.<\/p><p>Remarcabil este faptul c\u0103 aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 a subiectului Golem cu persoana istoric\u0103 a Maharalului nu este atestabil\u0103 \u00een sursele din secolul al XVI-lea \u0219i al XVII-lea. Maharalul a fost un savant important, \u00eens\u0103 m\u0103rturiile contemporane nu \u00eel asociaz\u0103 cu un Golem.<\/p><p>Cercetarea dateaz\u0103 formarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendei<\/span> prageze abia \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea t\u00e2rziu \u0219i mai ales \u00een secolul al XIX-lea.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 au ap\u0103rut culegeri \u0219i prelucr\u0103ri care au legat Golemul definitiv de Praga \u0219i de rabinul L\u00f6w, \u00eenzestr\u00e2nd nara\u021biunea cu motive precum biletelul care d\u0103 via\u021b\u0103 \u00een gura Golemului, deconectarea s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nal\u0103 \u00een Sabat \u0219i creatura care, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, scap\u0103 de sub control.<\/p><p>O culegere deosebit de influent\u0103 a fost publicat\u0103 la \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea \u0219i a dat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendei<\/span> forma sa curent\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre.<\/p><p>Astfel, Golemul din Praga este un exemplu de tradi\u021bie mai recent\u0103 dec\u00e2t se prezint\u0103 ea.<\/p><p>Ea une\u0219te un subiect mistic medieval cu o personalitate istoric\u0103 a epocii moderne timpurii, \u00eens\u0103 leg\u0103tura \u00een sine apar\u021bine modernit\u0103\u021bii. Aceasta nu diminueaz\u0103 efectul ei cultural; dimpotriv\u0103: tocmai \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, literar\u0103, Golemul a devenit o component\u0103 stabil\u0103 a culturii narative europene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare: de la romanul de groaz\u0103 la simbol al tehnologiei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, Golemul a devenit un subiect mult prelucrat \u00een literatur\u0103, film \u0219i art\u0103. Romanul <em>Der Golem<\/em> de Gustav Meyrink, ap\u0103rut \u00een 1915, folose\u0219te figura mai pu\u021bin ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 activ\u0103, c\u00e2t ca un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> atmosferic \u0219i psihologic \u00een cartierul evreiesc al Prag\u0103i.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e2\u021biva ani mai t\u00e2rziu au ap\u0103rut mai multe filme mute, dintre care ecranizarea lui Paul Wegener din 1920 este cea mai cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i a marcat durabil imaginea vizual\u0103 a Golemului ca figur\u0103 masiv\u0103, de culoarea lutului.<\/span><\/p><p>Dincolo de aceste opere, Golemul a devenit un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult originea sa religioas\u0103. El este adesea interpretat ca precursor al reprezent\u0103rilor moderne despre omul artificial, de la figura mecanic\u0103, trec\u00e2nd prin monstrul din <em>Frankenstein<\/em> al lui Mary Shelley, p\u00e2n\u0103 la robot \u0219i inteligen\u021ba artificial\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103, Golemul reprezint\u0103 \u00eentrebarea despre ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd omul creeaz\u0103 ceva viu sau activ care \u00eei scap\u0103 de sub control. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> creaturii care devine periculoas\u0103 deoarece \u00ee\u0219i \u00eendepline\u0219te sarcina prea ad litteram sau nu mai poate fi oprit\u0103 este central \u00een aceast\u0103 interpretare.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span> atrage aten\u021bia aici asupra necesit\u0103\u021bii de a face distinc\u021bie. Golemul popular ca figur\u0103 de avertizare fa\u021b\u0103 de tehnologie este o interpretare modern\u0103, care a l\u0103sat \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103 sensul mistic mai vechi, crearea ca act de studiu \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O scurt\u0103 medita\u021bie religioas\u0103 personal\u0103 sau comunitar\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">devo\u021biune<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ambele straturi apar\u021bin istoriei subiectului, \u00eens\u0103 nu trebuie confundate. Reprezent\u0103ri \u00eenrudite despre cel creat prin cunoa\u0219tere se reg\u0103sesc \u0219i \u00een alte tradi\u021bii ale <a href=\"\/ro\/iudaism\/\">iudaismului<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoric al religiilor israelian (1897-1982); fondator al cercet\u0103rii moderne a Kabbalah.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Golem, spirit al tradi\u021biei iudaice Golem este, \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 humanoid\u0103 creat\u0103 artificial din lut sau p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00eensufle\u021bit\u0103 prin magie sau Cuv\u00e2ntul divin. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, el reprezint\u0103 mistica crea\u021biei iudaice, transgresiunea grani\u021bei dintre om \u0219i Dumnezeu, precum \u0219i practicismul t\u00e2rziei medievale al misticii rabinice Kabbalah. Golem este considerat spiritul tradi\u021biei iudaice [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - Spirit al tradi\u021biei iudaice","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tradi\u021bia scris\u0103 despre Golem se \u00eentinde cu c\u00e2teva secole \u00een trecut","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106292","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Golem - Spirit al tradi\u021biei iudaice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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