{"id":106253,"date":"2026-08-04T17:20:05","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:20:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/baal-hadad-zeul-furtunii-fenician\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:20:30","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:20:30","slug":"baal-hadad","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/baal-hadad\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hadad &#8211; Zeul furtunii fenician"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106253\" class=\"elementor elementor-106253 elementor-2624\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hadad, zeul furtunii \u0219i divinitatea suprem\u0103 fenician\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad este zeul suprem al furtunii \u00een religia fenician-canaanit\u0103 \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal din corpusul ugaritic. Ca zeu al furtunii, guverneaz\u0103 tunetele, ploaia, fertilitatea \u0219i lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii haotice <a href=\"\/ro\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> \u0219i a zeului mor\u021bii <a href=\"\/ro\/mot\/\">Mot<\/a>. Ca zeu al furtunii \u0219i divinitate suprem\u0103, Baal-Hadad st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te tunetele, ploaia \u0219i fertilitatea lumii fenician-canaanite. Aceast\u0103 prezentare \u00eel \u00eencadreaz\u0103 pe Baal-Hadad, zeul furtunii \u0219i divinitatea suprem\u0103 fenician\u0103, \u00een religia Orientului Apropiat despre ploaie \u0219i putere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeul furtunii din tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103.\">Zeul furtunii<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-feniciene\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Fenician<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123646\" alt=\"Baal Hadad - zei din tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span><\/strong> lui Baal-Hadad cuprinde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u00een Levant \u0219i Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad este zeul suprem al furtunii din panteonul fenician \u0219i se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia zeului furtunii nord-vest semitic Hadad, atestat \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada siriano-veche (mileniul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr.) la Alep, Mari, Ebla \u0219i Ugarit.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati a demonstrat \u00een <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1965, ed. german\u0103 1966) c\u0103 Baal-Hadad constituie centrul religiei \u00eenalte feniciene. \u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-feniciene\/\">tradi\u021biei feniciene<\/a>, el este de departe cea mai important\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> masculin\u0103.<\/p><p>Numele Baal este un apelativ semitic \u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201eDomn&#8221; sau \u201eSt\u0103p\u00e2n&#8221;; el este antepus multor ipostaze locale (Baal-\u0218amem, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Safon, Baal-Sidon). Baal-Hadad desemneaz\u0103 forma principal\u0103 cu numele personal Hadad, care evoc\u0103 tunetul.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet a prezentat \u00een mod cuprinz\u0103tor configura\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonului<\/span> fenician \u00een <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (2015); Mark Smith a analizat contextul istorico-religios \u00een <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Baal-Hadad este zeul-cheie nord-vest semitic pentru tipul zeului furtunii din Epoca Bronzului T\u00e2rziu \u0219i a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 Epocii Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epocii Fierului<\/span>. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> s\u0103u din Ciclul lui Baal de la Ugarit (secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr.) reprezint\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 compozi\u021bie mitologic\u0103 a lumii vest-semitice. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 Epocii Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epoca Fierului<\/span>, venerarea sa continu\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219ele-stat feniciene Tir, Sidon, Byblos, Arwad \u0219i \u00een coloniile lor mediteraneene.<\/p><p>Centralitatea lui Baal-Hadad se poate deduce \u0219i din faptul c\u0103 ipostazele sale reprezint\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> \u00een aproape fiecare ora\u0219-stat fenician.<\/p><p>La Tir domin\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a>, la Sidon Eshmun \u0219i Astarte, la Byblos Baal-\u0218amem; to\u021bi trei sunt, \u00een sensul cel mai larg, ipostaze sau fii ai lui Baal. Aceast\u0103 \u201ebaalizare&#8221; a panteonului fenician constituie una dintre structurile caracteristice din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 Epocii Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epocii Fierului<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele dublu Baal-Hadad este alc\u0103tuit din apelativul <em>ba\u02bfal<\/em> &#8216;domn, proprietar&#8217; \u0219i numele personal <em>Haddu<\/em> sau <em>Hadad<\/em>. R\u0103d\u0103cina <em>hdd<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 &#8216;a tuna&#8217; \u0219i apar\u021bine vocabularului semitic occidental pentru fenomene meteorologice. Daniel Schwemer a discutat pe larg bazele etimologice \u00een <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>\u00cen textele ugaritice apare ca <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> (Baal) sau <em>b\u02bfl hd<\/em> (Baal-Haddu); \u00een inscrip\u021biile feniciene din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 de dup\u0103 Epoca Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epoca Fierului<\/span> predomin\u0103 numele simplu Baal cu specific\u0103ri locale. \u00cen materialul listelor divine akkadiene este identificat cu Adad; \u00een cel hitit cu DU\/I\u0161kur, ceea ce a facilitat identificarea cu <a href=\"\/ro\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a>.<\/p><p>O form\u0103 particular\u0103 interesant\u0103 este Baal-Safon, &#8216;Domnul Muntelui Safon&#8217; (Mons Casius), muntele consacrat lui, situat la nord de Ugarit. Safonul este re\u0219edin\u021ba sa \u0219i corespunde din punct de vedere func\u021bional Hazziului hurrit sau Olimpului grec. Identificarea Baal-Hadad = Baal-Safon este f\u0103cut\u0103 \u00een mod explicit \u00een textele ugaritice.<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021biile luvite hieroglifice ale ora\u0219elor-state nord-siriene, Baal apare ca &#8216;Tarhunza al viei&#8217; sau &#8216;Tarhunza al muntelui&#8217;; identificarea cu zeul anatolian al furtunii constituie o m\u0103rturie a str\u00e2nsei \u00eempletiri istorice a Levantului din epoca t\u00e2rzie a bronzului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad apare \u00een iconografie ca un b\u0103rbat viguros, b\u0103rbos, \u00eentr-un \u0219or\u021b scurt, cu o secure de lupt\u0103 ridicat\u0103 sau un m\u0103nunchi de fulgere \u00eentr-o m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i o lance sau un sceptru cu spice \u00een cealalt\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p><p>Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 reprezentare este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau de lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> de la Ras Shamra (Ugarit, secolul al XIII-lea \u00ee.Hr.), care \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Baal \u00een schema clasic\u0103 a pasului de \u00eenaintare cu buzduganul ridicat; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau de lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la Luvru.<\/p><p>Animalul s\u0103u sacru este taurul; \u00een numeroase reliefuri st\u0103 sau p\u0103\u0219e\u0219te pe un taur sau al\u0103turi de un taur. Iconografia taurului \u00eel conecteaz\u0103 cu Hadad \u0219i cu tradi\u021biile siriene vechi ale zeului furtunii-taur. \u00cen contexte feniciene apare ocazional \u0219i vulturul ca animal \u00eenso\u021bitor, posibil sub influen\u021b\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103.<\/p><p>Pe monedele feniciene \u0219i pe stelele din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 Epocii Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epoca Fierului<\/span>, iconografia sa este ceva mai variabil\u0103; apare pe tron, \u00een mers sau ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitor cosmic pe un fond de stele. \u00cen coloniile din vestul Mediteranei (Cartagina, Sicilia), tradi\u021bia sa imagistic\u0103 se contope\u0219te cu cea a lui <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, care dezvolt\u0103 o figur\u0103 teologic\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare.<\/p><p>\u00cen stelele cartagineze din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> Tofet, Baal-Hammon apare frecvent ca un zeu b\u0103rbos pe tron, cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> \u201em\u00e2inii Tanit&#8221; deasupra, o formul\u0103 iconografic\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlaviei<\/span> punice t\u00e2rzii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 mitologic\u0103 este Ciclul ugaritic al lui Baal (KTU 1.1, 1.6), o compozi\u021bie \u00een \u0219ase t\u0103bli\u021be din secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr., editat\u0103 de Mark Smith \u00een <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (vol. I 1994, vol. II cu Wayne Pitard 2009).<\/p><p>Ciclul con\u021bine trei conflicte principale: Baal contra <a href=\"\/ro\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> (marea), Baal ca ziditor de templu \u0219i Baal contra <a href=\"\/ro\/mot\/\">Mot<\/a> (moartea).<\/p><p>\u00cen primul conflict, Yam revendic\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nirea \u0219i prime\u0219te acordul lui El; Baal lupt\u0103 cu dou\u0103 arme magice, confec\u021bionate de zeul-me\u0219te\u0219ugar Kothar-wa-Khasis, \u0219i \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe Yam. \u00cen al doilea conflict, Baal construie\u0219te, cu permisiunea zeului-tat\u0103 El \u0219i prin mijlocirea Athiratei, un palat pe Safon.<\/p><p>\u00cen al treilea conflict, Mot \u00eel ia pe Baal \u00een lumea de dincolo; <a href=\"\/ro\/anat-zeita-razboiului-feniciana\/\">Anat<\/a>, sora \u0219i tovar\u0103\u0219a lui Baal, \u00eel ucide pe Mot \u0219i \u00eel elibereaz\u0103 pe Baal, care \u00eenviaz\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 secven\u021b\u0103 \u201evictoria asupra haosului, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span>, moartea \u0219i \u00eenvierea&#8221; este una dintre schemele mitologice cu cea mai mare for\u021b\u0103 de influen\u021b\u0103 din religia Orientului Antic. Rede\u0219teptarea lui Baal prim\u0103vara era \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca semn al anotimpului: c\u00e2nd Baal tr\u0103ie\u0219te, plou\u0103; c\u00e2nd moare, domin\u0103 seceta. Din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> se \u00eenscrie \u00eentr-o serie al\u0103turi de Tarhunna-Illuyanka, Marduk-Tiamat, Teshub-Ullikummi \u0219i lupta greac\u0103 Zeus-Typhon.<\/p><p>O tradi\u021bie secundar\u0103 important\u0103 o constituie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> hurrito-hitit al \u201eC\u00e2ntecului M\u0103rii&#8221; (CTH 346), \u00een care <a href=\"\/ro\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a> lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii. Paralelele cu lupta Baal-Yam sunt at\u00e2t de str\u00e2nse, \u00eenc\u00e2t o leg\u0103tur\u0103 literar\u0103 direct\u0103 este probabil\u0103. Mary Bachvarova a trasat \u00een detaliu, \u00een <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016), c\u0103ile de circula\u021bie ale acestor nara\u021biuni despre lupta cu marea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult ale lui Baal-Hadad erau Ugarit (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificiu destinat vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\">Templu<\/span> pe movila tell), Tir (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificiu destinat vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\">Templu<\/span> al lui Baal-Safon), Sidon, Byblos (cu Baal-\u0218amem) \u0219i ora\u0219ul interior Alep. La Tir, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificiu destinat vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\">Templu<\/span> lui Baal-\u0218amem era asociat cu puterea regal\u0103; Hiram I al Tirului a construit, potrivit lui Iosephus, un magnific <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificiu destinat vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\">Templu<\/span> al lui Baal \u00een secolul al X-lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati a descris \u00een <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> arhitectura templelor feniciene \u0219i ritualistica acestora. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edificiu destinat vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\">Templu<\/span> erau \u00eenc\u0103peri alungite cu curte anterioar\u0103, sal\u0103 principal\u0103 \u0219i Sf\u00e2nta Sfintelor (Adyton), \u00een care se afla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00eentr-un templu sau sanctuar.\">Imagine de cult<\/span>. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrand\u0103 adus\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima recuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\">Jertf\u0103<\/span> cuprindeau arderi de tot, jertfe de t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u0219i lia\u021bii; un important ritual festiv era \u201etrezirea&#8221; anual\u0103 a lui Baal prim\u0103vara.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 succesorare a epocii bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\">Epoca fierului<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul practicilor religioase de venerare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau figuri sacre.\">Cult<\/span> lui Baal s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit odat\u0103 cu coloniile feniciene pe \u00eentreg cuprinsul Mediteranei: Cipru (Kition, Salamis), Sicilia (Motya, Lilybaeum), Sardinia (Tharros, Sulcis), Tunisia (Cartagina, Utica), Spania (Gades, Tartessos). Corinne Bonnet a documentat \u00een detaliu aceast\u0103 expansiune mediteranean\u0103 \u00een <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) \u0219i \u00een mai multe lucr\u0103ri ulterioare.<\/p><p>La Cartagina, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul practicilor religioase de venerare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau figuri sacre.\">Cult<\/span> lui Baal s-a dezvoltat \u00eentr-o tradi\u021bie istoric\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, cu <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> ca familie divin\u0103 suprem\u0103. Maria Eugenia Aubet a prezentat \u00een <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) transformarea cultului oriental al lui Baal \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Totalitatea zeilor apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unei religii sau culturi.\">Panteon<\/span> punic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad era zeul protector al regelui, al ora\u0219ului \u0219i al fertilit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen inscrip\u021biile feniciene este invocat ca garant al jur\u0103mintelor; textele de tratat dintre regii fenicieni \u0219i suveranii str\u0103ini \u00eencep cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> sa. Pe sigiliile regale apare imaginea sau numele s\u0103u ca formul\u0103 de protec\u021bie.<\/p><p>Practicile apotropaice foloseau frecvent taurul ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>; formele cornurilor de taur apar ca amulete \u0219i pe altare. \u00cen casele feniciene se amplasau statuete de bronz ale lui Baal, de obicei cu securea de lupt\u0103 ridicat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 a statuetelor \u201eBaal \u00een pas&#8221; este bine atestat\u0103 arheologic \u0219i face obiectul mai multor studii, printre care cele ale H\u00e9lenei Sader.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, func\u021bia de protec\u021bie a lui Baal-Hadad este legat\u0103 de ordinea imperial\u0103 \u0219i de fertilitate. El nu garanteaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd vindecarea individual\u0103, ci revenirea sezonului ploios, stabilitatea regalit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i victoria \u00een lupt\u0103. iWell Guard \u00eel consider\u0103 pe Baal-Hadad o figur\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 referin\u021be la promisiuni terapeutice actuale.<\/p><p>\u00cen formulele de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt feniciene din primul mileniu \u00ee.Hr., Baal apare \u00een mod regulat ca prim garant al jur\u0103mintelor; tratatele Ad\u00ea ale lui Esarhadon dintre marele rege asirian \u0219i suveranii vasali fenicieni (secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr.) constituie o m\u0103rturie important\u0103 \u00een acest sens.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad este str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit cu hurriteanul <a href=\"\/ro\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a>, cu hititul <a href=\"\/ro\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, cu mesopotamienii Adad\/I\u0161kur \u0219i cu urarteanul Tei\u0161eba. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> luptei cu dragonul prezint\u0103 paralele str\u00e2nse cu victoria lui Indra asupra lui Vrtra, cu victoria lui Marduk asupra lui Tiamat \u0219i cu lupta lui Zeus \u00eempotriva lui Typhon. Daniel Schwemer a tratat \u00een detaliu toate aceste paralele \u00een monografia sa.<\/p><p>\u00cen materialul ebraic, Baal apare ca marele adversar al lui Iahve; textele polemice din Vechiul Testament (\u00een special 1 Regi 18, Osea, Ieremia) \u00eel prezint\u0103 negativ.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere istoric, Baal-Hadad nu era pentru evreii antici un zeu str\u0103in, ci unul concurent, provenit din aceea\u0219i tradi\u021bie canaanit\u0103; anti-baalismul biblic este reac\u021bia teologic\u0103 la o vecin\u0103tate religioas\u0103 real\u0103. Mark Smith a tratat acest subiect pe larg \u00een <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Cu Zeus grecesc, Baal-Hadad a fost identificat \u00een perioada elenistic\u0103; Baal-\u0218amem corespunde lui Zeus Hypsistos, Baal-Safon lui Zeus Kasios. La Cartagina, din tradi\u021bia lui Baal se dezvolt\u0103 figura de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, cu o determinare func\u021bional\u0103 diferit\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia cartaginez\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, Baal-Hammon este identificat cu Saturn roman; aceast\u0103 \u201esaturnizare&#8221; a cultului fenician al lui Baal \u00een spa\u021biul nord-african a fost studiat\u0103 \u00een detaliu de Marcel Le Glay \u00een <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) \u0219i constituie un exemplu clasic de sincretisme istorico-religioase.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Baal este ast\u0103zi foarte avansat\u0103. Edi\u021bia standard a Ciclului lui Baal realizat\u0103 de Mark Smith \u0219i Wayne Pitard este lucrarea de referin\u021b\u0103; monografia lui Daniel Schwemer despre figurile zeilor furtunii reprezint\u0103 cea mai cuprinz\u0103toare sintez\u0103. Corinne Bonnet a prezentat \u00een mai multe lucr\u0103ri istoria religiei feniciene \u00een mod exhaustiv. Sabatino Moscati \u0219i Maria Eugenia Aubet sunt autorit\u0103\u021bi \u00een domeniul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii mediteraneene a religiei feniciene.<\/p><p>\u00cen receptarea popular\u0103, Baal este cunoscut mai ales prin polemica biblic\u0103; termenul \u201eBaal&#8221; are adesea o conota\u021bie peiorativ\u0103 \u00een limbajul modern. Prezent\u0103ri mai nuan\u021bate din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific se g\u0103sesc \u00een lucr\u0103rile de referin\u021b\u0103 men\u021bionate, precum \u0219i \u00een numeroase volume colective dedicate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 culturile trecute pe baza descoperirilor materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologiei<\/span> feniciene.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Direc\u021biile actuale de cercetare vizeaz\u0103 diferen\u021bierea hipostazelor lui Baal (Baal-\u0218amem, Baal-Safon, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Sidon etc.), r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103 a cultului \u0219i problema modului \u00een care Ciclul lui Baal era actualizat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. iWell Guard \u00eel consemneaz\u0103 pe Baal-Hadad ca membru central al unui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> istoric, nu ca destinatar actual al protec\u021biei. Promisiunile terapeutice sau efectul spiritual modern nu fac parte din aceast\u0103 prezentare.<\/p><p>O direc\u021bie nou\u0103 \u0219i interesant\u0103 de cercetare prive\u0219te persisten\u021ba iconografic\u0103 a lui Baal \u00een Orientul Apropiat elenistic \u0219i roman. Klaus St\u00e4hler \u0219i Andreas Kropp au studiat \u00een mai multe publica\u021bii tranzi\u021biile dintre tradi\u021biile imagistice feniciene, elenistice \u0219i romane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos cuprinde cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 pentru cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Baal-Hadad. Reune\u0219te edi\u021bii de texte, sinteze istorice \u0219i publica\u021bii arheologice. Edi\u021bia Ciclului lui Baal realizat\u0103 de Mark Smith constituie baza surselor primare; Schwemer, Bonnet \u0219i Moscati furnizeaz\u0103 contextualizarea istorico-religioas\u0103. Cei care doresc s\u0103 aprofundeze materialul vor g\u0103si la Aubet \u0219i Bonnet bibliografii excelente privind r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103 a cultului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23eb14dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23eb14dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd30715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2cd30715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lupta \u00eempotriva lui Yam \u00een Ciclul lui Baal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2885aeb7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2885aeb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23bca9d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp23bca9d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Episodul central al Ciclului ugaritic al lui Baal este confruntarea dintre Baal \u0219i Yam, marea divinizat\u0103. Pe t\u0103bli\u021ba desemnat\u0103 \u00een numerotarea KTU drept <em>1.2<\/em>, Yam cere \u00een fa\u021ba adun\u0103rii zeilor predarea lui Baal. B\u0103tr\u00e2nul rege al zeilor, El, dorind pacea, accept\u0103 ini\u021bial \u0219i \u00eel nume\u0219te pe Baal prizonierul lui Yam. Baal \u00eens\u0103 refuz\u0103.<\/p><p>Hot\u0103r\u00e2tor este zeul-me\u0219te\u0219ugar Kothar-wa-Khasis. El forjeaz\u0103 dou\u0103 arme miraculoase cu numele <em>Yagru\u0219<\/em> \u0219i <em>Ayamur<\/em>, a c\u0103ror denumire este interpretat\u0103 ca \u201ecel care izgone\u0219te&#8221; \u0219i \u201ecel care alung\u0103&#8221;.<\/p><p>Cu prima, Baal \u00eel love\u0219te pe Yam \u00een um\u0103r, cu cea de-a doua \u00eentre ochi. Yam cade la p\u0103m\u00e2nt, iar Baal este proclamat st\u0103p\u00e2nitor. Astarte \u00eel opre\u0219te s\u0103-l sf\u00e2\u0219ie pe cel \u00eenfr\u00e2nt.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune apar\u021bine tipului larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit al luptei cu haosul, \u00een care un t\u00e2n\u0103r zeu al furtunii \u00eenfr\u00e2nge o putere acvatic\u0103 \u00eentruchip\u00e2nd haosul \u0219i asigur\u0103 astfel ordinea lumii.<\/p><p>Ceva similar se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een <em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> babilonian cu Marduk \u0219i Tiamat, precum \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> hitit al lui Illuyanka. Hermann Gunkel a semnalat astfel de paralele \u00een Orientul Antic \u00eenc\u0103 din 1895, cu mult \u00eenainte ca t\u0103bli\u021bele ugaritice s\u0103 fie cunoscute.<\/p><p>Ast\u0103zi, aluziile biblice la victoria lui Iahve asupra m\u0103rii, asupra lui Rahab \u0219i a Leviatanului sunt citite pe fundalul tocmai al acestei tradi\u021bii nord-vest-semitice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> Baal-Yam este astfel un text-cheie pentru \u00een\u021belegerea ideologiei regale a Orientului Antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274a5cdf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp274a5cdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2566e22a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2566e22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moartea lui Baal, lumea de dincolo \u0219i revenirea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a7bae2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21a7bae2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248db3f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp248db3f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al doilea mare arc narativ al Ciclului lui Baal \u00eel conduce pe zeul furtunii spre moarte. Mot, zeul secetei, al mor\u021bii \u0219i al lumii de dincolo, \u00eel invit\u0103 pe Baal \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa.<\/p><p>Baal accept\u0103 invita\u021bia, iar t\u0103bli\u021bele relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 coboar\u0103 \u00een gura lui Mot ca o bucat\u0103 de m\u00e2ncare \u00eenghi\u021bit\u0103. Vestea mor\u021bii sale ajunge la El, care coboar\u0103 de pe tron, \u00eembrac\u0103 ve\u0219minte de doliu, \u00ee\u0219i zg\u00e2rie pielea \u0219i \u00eel pl\u00e2nge pe Baal.<\/p><p>Urmeaz\u0103 c\u0103utarea surorii <a href=\"\/ro\/anat-zeita-razboiului-feniciana\/\">Anat<\/a>, care recupereaz\u0103 trupul lui Baal \u0219i \u00eel \u00eengroap\u0103 cu ajutorul zei\u021bei-soare \u0218apa\u0219. O vreme domne\u0219te un rege de \u00eenlocuire, dar p\u0103m\u00e2ntul se usuc\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, Baal \u00eei apare lui El \u00een vis viu, iar c\u00e2mpurile curg din nou de miere. \u00centr-o ultim\u0103 confruntare, Baal \u0219i Mot se lupt\u0103 ca ni\u0219te animale s\u0103lbatice, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd \u0218apa\u0219 mijloce\u0219te \u0219i Mot cedeaz\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea mai veche a interpretat aceast\u0103 secven\u021b\u0103 ca un simplu mit al anotimpurilor, ca reflex al usc\u0103rii verii \u0219i al sezonului ploios de toamn\u0103 de-a lungul coastei siriene. Lucr\u0103ri mai recente, precum comentariul lui Mark Smith \u0219i Wayne Pitard, consider\u0103 aceast\u0103 interpretare prea \u00eengust\u0103.<\/p><p>Calendarul ugaritic nu cunoa\u0219te o moarte anual\u0103 a lui Baal ca dat\u0103 ritual\u0103 fix\u0103, iar textul \u00eensu\u0219i vorbe\u0219te mai degrab\u0103 despre un ritm de \u0219apte ani. Episodul combin\u0103 legitimarea puterii, fertilitatea \u0219i experien\u021ba secetei, f\u0103r\u0103 a se fixa pe o singur\u0103 schem\u0103 interpretativ\u0103. El r\u0103m\u00e2ne unul dintre cele mai dezb\u0103tute texte din istoria religiilor Orientului Antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp269d2191 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp269d2191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2677d35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2677d35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hadad \u00een scrisorile de la Amarna \u0219i \u00een tradi\u021bia din epoca Mari<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2998a58b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2998a58b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2af41bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2af41bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zeul pe care ugariticii \u00eel numeau Baal purta numele propriu Hadad sau Haddu. Acest nume este cu mult mai vechi \u0219i mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit dec\u00e2t t\u0103bli\u021bele ugaritice. \u00cen arhivele de la Mari, de pe Eufratul mijlociu, dat\u00e2nd din secolul al XVIII-lea \u00ee.Hr., zeul furtunii din Alep, denumit Adad, apare ca o for\u021b\u0103 politic\u0103 semnificativ\u0103.<\/p><p>O scrisoare celebr\u0103 face ca un profet s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 \u00een numele zeului c\u0103tre regele Zimri-Lim, amintindu-i c\u0103 Adad l-a a\u0219ezat pe tronul tat\u0103lui s\u0103u \u0219i c\u0103 a\u0219teapt\u0103 \u00een schimb servicii corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>\u00cen scrisorile de la Amarna din secolul al XIV-lea, coresponden\u021ba diplomatic\u0103 a faraonilor egipteni cu principii Siriei \u0219i Palestinei, zeul apare \u00een nume de persoane \u0219i \u00een compara\u021bii.<\/p><p>Conduc\u0103torii locali descriu spaima inspirat\u0103 de faraon cu imagini \u00eemprumutate din tunetul lui Hadad. Aceste m\u0103rturii arat\u0103 c\u0103 Hadad era, cu mult \u00eenainte de epoca fenician\u0103, o divinitate imperial\u0103 central\u0103, str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de regalitate \u0219i de puterea militar\u0103.<\/p><p>Pentru religia fenician\u0103, aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103: Baal al ora\u0219elor feniciene este mo\u0219tenitorul t\u00e2rziu al unei tradi\u021bii multiseculare a zeului furtunii. La Tir, <a href=\"\/ro\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a> s-a impus ca zeu al ora\u0219ului, \u00een alte locuri titlul de Baal a r\u0103mas legat de Hadad.<\/p><p>Denumirea asirian\u0103 Adad \u0219i forma aramaic\u0103 Hadad atest\u0103 totodat\u0103 c\u0103 aceea\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> era venerat\u0103 dincolo de grani\u021bele lingvistice \u0219i imperiale. Sursele din Mari \u0219i Amarna sunt indispensabile pentru a situa istoric datele feniciene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27a103e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27a103e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2c9948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c2c9948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stela lui Baal au foudre \u0219i programul iconografic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b7dfef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26b7dfef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd9f9fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cd9f9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dintre descoperirile de la Ras Shamra se remarc\u0103 o stel\u0103 de calcar cunoscut\u0103 \u00een cercetare sub denumirea de <em>Baal au foudre<\/em>, adic\u0103 Baal cu fulgerul. A fost g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00een apropierea marelui templu al lui Baal de pe acropola Ugaritului \u0219i se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la Luvru.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe zeu \u00een pozi\u021bia pasului \u00eenainte, cu bra\u021bul drept ridicat, \u021bin\u00e2nd o m\u0103ciuc\u0103, \u00een timp ce m\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 \u021bine o lance al c\u0103rei v\u00e2rf indic\u0103 \u00een jos spre p\u0103m\u00e2nt, iar cap\u0103tul superior se ramific\u0103 \u00een forme vegetale.<\/p><p>Acest detaliu este gr\u0103itor. Lancea, care este \u00een acela\u0219i timp fulger \u0219i plant\u0103 ce \u00eencol\u021be\u0219te, condenseaz\u0103 cele dou\u0103 sfere de ac\u021biune ale zeului furtunii: violen\u021ba distrug\u0103toare a furtunii \u0219i for\u021ba d\u0103t\u0103toare de via\u021b\u0103 a ploii.<\/p><p>Sub picioarele zeului, liniile ondulate sugereaz\u0103 mun\u021bii sau marea. O mic\u0103 figur\u0103 uman\u0103 la margine este interpretat\u0103 \u00een general ca regele Ugaritului, care se pune sub protec\u021bia lui Baal.<\/p><p>Casca cu coarne pe care o poart\u0103 zeul este un semn al rangului divin \u00een Orientul Antic. \u00centreaga compozi\u021bie urmeaz\u0103 un tip iconografic r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit din spa\u021biul anatolian p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Egipt, unde apare \u00een reprezent\u0103rile zeului furtunii asociat cu Seth.<\/p><p>Marguerite Yon a descris pe larg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> \u00een monografia sa despre Ugarit \u0219i a subliniat semnifica\u021bia ei ca leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>, regalitate \u0219i imaginea divin\u0103. Pentru iconografia lui Baal fenician, ea reprezint\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 m\u0103rturie p\u0103strat\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 provine, strict vorbind, din Ugarit \u0219i nu dintr-un ora\u0219 fenician.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (San Francisco 1990)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca divinitate suprem\u0103 fenician\u0103, Baal-Hadad controleaz\u0103 vremea, adic\u0103 furtuna, ploaia \u0219i vegeta\u021bia; \u00een textele ugaritice el biruie asupra lui Yam \u0219i Mot \u0219i asigur\u0103 ordinea cosmic\u0103 a panteonului fenician.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Baal-Hadad fenicieni zeul furtunii Ciclul lui Baal Safon Ugarit Alep Yam Mot.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hadad\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-feniciene\/\">fenician\u0103<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baal-Hadad, zeul furtunii \u0219i divinitatea suprem\u0103 fenician\u0103 Baal-Hadad este zeul suprem al furtunii \u00een religia fenician-canaanit\u0103 \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal din corpusul ugaritic. Ca zeu al furtunii, guverneaz\u0103 tunetele, ploaia, fertilitatea \u0219i lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii haotice Yam \u0219i a zeului mor\u021bii Mot. Ca zeu al furtunii \u0219i divinitate suprem\u0103, Baal-Hadad st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te tunetele, ploaia \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2845,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hadad fenicieni zeul furtunii","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hadad - Zeul furtunii fenician, mit, cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hadad este zeul furtunii fenician-canaanit \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mitologie \u0219i cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106253","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hadad - Zeul furtunii fenician, mit, cult<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hadad este zeul furtunii fenician-canaanit \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mitologie \u0219i cult.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Baal-Hadad - Zeul furtunii fenician\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Baal-Hadad este zeul furtunii fenician-canaanit \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mitologie \u0219i cult.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T17:20:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/\",\"name\":\"Baal-Hadad - Zeul furtunii fenician, mit, cult\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T17:20:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T17:20:30+00:00\",\"description\":\"Baal-Hadad este zeul furtunii fenician-canaanit \u0219i eroul Ciclului lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mitologie \u0219i cult.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Zei din tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/baal-hadad\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Baal-Hadad &#8211; 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