{"id":106238,"date":"2026-08-04T17:15:24","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-judecatorul-mortilor\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:15:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:15:48","slug":"yama-budism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama-budism\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106238\" class=\"elementor elementor-106238 elementor-2015\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama budism, zeul tradi\u021biei budiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama budism este zeul tradi\u021biei budiste.<\/p><p><strong>Zeul budist al mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103torul sufletelor dup\u0103 moarte.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een budism ca judec\u0103tor al karmei \u0219i administrator al lumilor infernale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, zeit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite \u00eenfometate \u0219i paznici ai infernului.\">Budism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/totengottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i ai mor\u021bii, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai lumii de dincolo, judec\u0103tori ai mor\u021bilor, ghizi ai sufletelor.\">Zeitate a mor\u021bilor<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" 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\/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama budism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 budist\u0103 (Mahayana, Vajrayana), judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103zitor al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Budism (toate \u0219colile), preluat din Yama hinduist<br>Func\u021bie: judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor, p\u0103zitor al legit\u0103\u021bii karmei, \u00een tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 zeitate irate (wrathful deity)<br>Atribute principale: Cartea mor\u021bilor, Oglinda karmei, sabie (Khadga), lasou (Pasha), bivolul negru<br>Principalele centre de cult: m\u0103n\u0103stirile Gelug tibetane (dansul Cham), Japonia (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Forme diverse: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Japonia), Yeomra (Coreea), Yanluo (China)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este transmis \u00eempreun\u0103 cu budismul din India \u00een toate \u021b\u0103rile budiste (precursor vedic \u00een <em>Rigveda<\/em>, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 1200 \u00ee.Hr.). \u00cen tradi\u021bia Pali (Theravada) este examinatorul principal \u00een tribunalul mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen Mahayana cu un corpus propriu de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (de ex. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). \u00cen Tibet, din secolul al VIII-lea d.Hr., ca <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>, central \u00een panteonurile zeit\u0103\u021bilor irate ale tradi\u021biei Vajrayana. Perioada de \u00eenflorire maxim\u0103: \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirile Gelug tibetane p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, cu reprezenta\u021bii dramatice de dans Cham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult: <strong>m\u0103n\u0103stirile Gelug<\/strong> tibetane (Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Tashilhunpo, cu dansurile Cham ale lui Yama-Dharmaraja), <strong>Japonia<\/strong> ca Enma-O (\u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> funerar), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> ca Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00cen \u021b\u0103rile Theravada (Thailanda, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) ca prezen\u021b\u0103 cosmic\u0103 de fundal. \u00cen China ca <em>Yanluo<\/em> (pagin\u0103 separat\u0103).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (Pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (chinez\u0103), tibetanul <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (&#8222;Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor&#8221;, surs\u0103 clasic\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Yama-Dharmaraja), texte tantrice privind sadhana lui Yama-Dharmaraja. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama budist este reprezentat adesea cu cap de taur, coarne masive, fa\u021b\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare, piele neagr\u0103 sau albastru-\u00eenchis. Uneori are dou\u0103 sau patru bra\u021be. Poart\u0103 un <em>Damaru<\/em> (toiag din oase de mort) \u0219i un lasou din fr\u00e2nghia sufletelor.<\/p><p>\u00cen jurul s\u0103u danseaz\u0103 demoni \u0219i yaksha. Focul \u00eel \u00eenconjoar\u0103; s\u00e2nge picur\u0103 din gura sa. \u00cen arta tibetan\u0103, este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00eentr-o pe\u0219ter\u0103 sau \u00een palatul s\u0103u din Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi de caracter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura budist\u0103 nu reprezint\u0103 pedeapsa, ci oglinda. Judec\u0103torul Yama ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 automat: fiecare fapt\u0103 (<em>karma<\/em>) \u00ee\u0219i va purta consecin\u021ba. \u00cen practicile tantrice, Yama nu este implorat pentru \u00eendurare, ci vizualizat ca \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor al impermanen\u021bei.<\/p><p>Riturile mortuare din budismul tibetan i se adreseaz\u0103 direct lui Yama, cu rug\u0103mintea de a deschide sufletului un drum favorabil \u00een <em>Bardo<\/em>. Practican\u021bii \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 pe Yama f\u0103r\u0103 team\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Yama budism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Yama (budism) dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este preluat \u00een budism din Yama hinduist (primul mort vedic), p\u0103str\u00e2nd func\u021bia de judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor, dar reinterpretat \u00een cheie budist\u0103: nu judec\u0103tor arbitrar, ci mediator-oglind\u0103 al karmei.<\/p><p>\u00cen sistemul tibetan al Bardo Thodol apare defunctului \u00een starea de Bardo, dintre moarte \u0219i rena\u0219tere; oglinda sa \u00eei arat\u0103 mortului propria karma, f\u0103r\u0103 ca Yama \u00eensu\u0219i s\u0103 judece. Pedeapsa rezult\u0103 din propria reac\u021bie karmic\u0103. \u00cen form\u0103 irate ca Yama-Dharmaraja: protector al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> \u00eempotriva tuturor amenin\u021b\u0103rilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sfera de competen\u021b\u0103 a lui Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u00een starea de Bardo. P\u0103zitor al legit\u0103\u021bii karmei. \u00cen tradi\u021bia tantric\u0103 Vajrayana, Yidam protector (divinitate de medita\u021bie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">zeitate<\/span>) \u00eempotriva tuturor amenin\u021b\u0103rilor interioare \u0219i exterioare, mai ales \u00eempotriva fricii de moarte. Patron al practicii examin\u0103rii (vederea sincer\u0103 a propriilor fapte). \u00cen dansurile Cham tibetane, reamintire ritual\u0103 a mortalit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen majoritatea tradi\u021biilor asiatice, antropomorf ca un func\u021bionar sever cu Cartea mor\u021bilor \u0219i condei. \u00cen tradi\u021bia Vajrayana tibetan\u0103 ca <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: figur\u0103 irate albastru-\u00eenchis sau neagr\u0103 cu cap de bivol, trei ochi, p\u0103r \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri, aureol\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri.<\/p><p>Ornamente din oase, \u0219or\u021b din blan\u0103 de tigru. \u00cen m\u00e2ini: cup\u0103 din craniu (Kapala), Khatvanga (sceptru cu craniu), lasou (Pasha), sabie. C\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te un bivol negru care calc\u0103 \u00een picioare un om. \u00censo\u021bit de sora sa Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ac\u021biunea lui Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Yama este a\u0219teptat \u00een tibetanul Bardo Thodol ca apari\u021bie \u00een starea de Bardo; muribunzii sunt preg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu el. \u00cen dansurile Cham tibetane, confruntare ritual\u0103 cu judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor (cu m\u0103\u0219ti dramatice). \u00cen practica tantric\u0103, meditat ca Yidam protector. \u00cen riturile funerare Theravada \u0219i Mahayana, ca mediator de fundal al karmei. \u00cen Japonia, ca Enma-O, central \u00een fiecare cimitir budist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloacele de ap\u0103rare fa\u021b\u0103 de Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cartea mor\u021bilor, Oglinda karmei (Karma-Darpana), sabie (Khadga), lasou (Pasha), bivol negru (animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie), Khatvanga (sceptru cu craniu), Kapala (cup\u0103 din craniu), cap de bivol (\u00een forma irate tibetan\u0103), al treilea ochi, p\u0103r \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri. Plante sacre: niciuna specific\u0103. Direc\u021bie sacr\u0103: sudul (\u00een tradi\u021bia indian\u0103).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelele lui Yama budism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hinduism, r\u0103d\u0103cina), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hinduism \/ budism), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, forma irate Vajrayana), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonia), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Coreea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, primul dintre cei Zece Regi ai Infernului), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grecia), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egipt, \u00eenso\u021bitor \u0219i judec\u0103tor), <em>Hel<\/em> (germanic), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztec). Yama este unul dintre conceptele divine cu cea mai larg\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire la nivel mondial (din India prin \u00eentreaga Asie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Japonia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de ap\u0103rare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de ap\u0103rare<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritualul budist de ap\u0103rare \u00eempotriva lui Yama &#8211; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>: recitarea textelor dharani \u0219i invocarea bodhisattva-ilor \u00een perioade de pericol (procesul mor\u021bii, experien\u021be de aproape de moarte). Ritualurile Goma cu foc (jertfe tibetane prin foc) sunt \u00eendreptate \u00eempotriva pedepsirii de c\u0103tre Yama. Tradi\u021biile de c\u00e2ntare utilizeaz\u0103 mantre ale zeit\u0103\u021bilor compasiunii pentru a atenua sentin\u021bele judec\u0103torului Yama. Practica popular\u0103 chino-budist\u0103: bilete de h\u00e2rtie la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span>l \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad, pentru a-i \u00eembl\u00e2nzi pe judec\u0103torii Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u021bii \u0219i chem\u0103ri<\/strong><\/p><p>Mantrele lui Jizo (Bodhisattva al Infernului) \u0219i invoc\u0103rile lui Avalokiteshvara sunt considerate mijloace de ap\u0103rare \u00eempotriva pedepsirii de c\u0103tre Yama. Se recit\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Marii Compasiuni (Karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>). \u00cen tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103: vizualizarea lui Yamantaka \u00een Guhyasamaja-Tantra, reprezent\u00e2nd \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea agresiv\u0103 a lui Yama de c\u0103tre \u201eSupunatorul de Demoni Yamantaka&#8221;. Textul original \u00een sanscrit\u0103: \u201eOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, doctrina \u0219i ordinea corect\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Statuile lui Jizo ca simboluri de protec\u021bie \u00een templele chino-japoneze. Br\u0103\u021bara budist\u0103 (Mala) cu 108 m\u0103rgele, legat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios prestabilit.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de \u00eembl\u00e2nzirea paznicilor Infernului. Dovezi arheologice: stele budiste din secolul al VII-lea \u00een China \u0219i Coreea, care \u00eei \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe judec\u0103torii Yama fa\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 cu salvatorii bodhisattva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama budism, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama budist seam\u0103n\u0103 cu Yama hinduist, dar este mai pu\u021bin &#8222;judec\u0103tor&#8221; \u0219i mai mult &#8222;\u00eentruchipare a legii&#8221;. Cu moartea cre\u0219tin\u0103 (<em>Thanatos<\/em> sau <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) \u00eemparte inevitabilitatea.<\/p><p>\u00cen contextul tibetan, Yama este un Dharmapala, un &#8222;protector al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>&#8222;, similar cu Kali sau Bhairava \u00een hinduism. Culoarea neagr\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area s\u0103lbatic\u0103 sunt universale pentru zeii mor\u021bii.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama \u00eentre mo\u0219tenirea vedic\u0103 \u0219i reinterpretarea budist\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura budist\u0103 a lui Yama nu a ap\u0103rut \u00een mod independent, ci s-a dezvoltat dintr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">zeitate<\/span> indian\u0103 mai veche. \u00cen India vedic\u0103, \u00een imnurile <em>Rigveda<\/em>, Yama este primul om care a murit \u0219i, prin aceasta, regele mor\u021bilor care a g\u0103sit drumul spre lumea de dincolo.<\/p><p>El domne\u0219te peste un t\u0103r\u00e2m luminos \u00een care se adun\u0103 str\u0103mo\u0219ii defunc\u021bi \u0219i este mai degrab\u0103 un primitor binevoitor al mor\u021bilor dec\u00e2t un judec\u0103tor aspru.<\/p><p>Budismul l-a preluat pe Yama, dar i-a transformat considerabil func\u021bia. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budist\u0103, Yama devine st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i judec\u0103torul care decide rena\u0219terea defunc\u021bilor, \u00een special cine intr\u0103 \u00een sferele infernale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 deplasare de la primitorul ferici\u021bilor la judec\u0103torul vinova\u021bilor este legat\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura budist\u0103 central\u0103 despre <em>karma<\/em>: soarta dup\u0103 moarte rezult\u0103 din fapte, iar Yama devine instan\u021ba care reprezint\u0103 aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103.<\/p><p>Important din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor este faptul c\u0103, \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea budist\u0103 strict\u0103, Yama nu judec\u0103 dup\u0103 propria voin\u021b\u0103. Textele subliniaz\u0103 repetat c\u0103 <em>karma<\/em> \u00eens\u0103\u0219i determin\u0103 rena\u0219terea, iar Yama \u00eei pune mai degrab\u0103 defunctului propriile fapte \u00een fa\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>O parabol\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 din <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> a canonului Pali \u00eel las\u0103 pe Yama s\u0103 arate defunctului mesagerii divini, b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bea, boala \u0219i moartea, \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eentrebe dac\u0103 nu le-a observat ca avertismente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama \u00een budismul tibetan \u0219i roata vie\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen budismul tibetan, Yama a dob\u00e2ndit o semnifica\u021bie iconografic\u0103 \u0219i ritual\u0103 deosebit de pronun\u021bat\u0103. Aici apare de obicei ca <em>Shinje<\/em>, \u00een \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare, cu cap de taur, coroan\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u0219i atributele unui judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor, st\u00e2nd adesea pe un taur.<\/p><p>Deosebit de cunoscut\u0103 este reprezentarea sa pe a\u0219a-numita roat\u0103 a vie\u021bii, <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. Pe aceast\u0103 compozi\u021bie imagistic\u0103 larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103, care orneaz\u0103 zona de intrare a multor m\u0103n\u0103stiri, o fiin\u021b\u0103 mare, cu din\u021bii ar\u0103ta\u021bi, \u021bine roata celor \u0219ase sfere de existen\u021b\u0103 \u00een gheare \u0219i din\u021bi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 fiin\u021b\u0103 care str\u00e2nge roata este interpretat\u0103 de obicei ca Yama, ca \u00eentruchipare a impermanen\u021bei \u0219i a mor\u021bii c\u0103rora le sunt supuse toate formele de existen\u021b\u0103 condi\u021bionat\u0103. Imaginea exprim\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura c\u0103 fiecare sfer\u0103 de rena\u0219tere, inclusiv cerurile, este supus\u0103 mor\u021bii \u0219i, prin aceasta, str\u00e2nsoarei lui Yama.<\/p><p>\u00cen plus, tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 cunoa\u0219te figura meditativ\u0103 a lui Yamantaka, al c\u0103rui nume \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00eenvingatorul lui Yama sau cel care pune cap\u0103t mor\u021bii. Yamantaka este considerat manifestarea irate a bodhisattva Manjushri \u0219i \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 \u00een\u021belepciunea care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te moartea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie se eviden\u021biaz\u0103 pozi\u021bia ambivalent\u0103 a lui Yama: el este st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bii \u0219i totodat\u0103 o putere care poate fi dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103 \u00een trezire. Cercetarea vede \u00een bogata <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> tibetan\u0103 a lui Yama o fuziune a modelelor indiene cu reprezent\u0103rile tibetane locale despre zeit\u0103\u021bi ale mun\u021bilor \u0219i ale mor\u021bilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama \u00een Asia de Est: de la zeul indian la judec\u0103torul infernului Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea budismului \u00een China, Coreea \u0219i Japonia, Yama a migrat \u0219i el, fiind integrat profund \u00een reprezent\u0103rile locale despre lumea de dincolo. \u00cen China, figura indian\u0103 s-a contopit cu reprezent\u0103rile unei lumi subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene organizate birocratic \u0219i a devenit Yanluo Wang, Regele Yanluo, unul dintre zece regi ai infernului care conduc fiecare c\u00e2te un tribunal al lumii de dincolo.<\/p><p>Ace\u0219ti Zece Regi ai Lumii Subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u00eei examineaz\u0103 pe defunc\u021bi \u00een instan\u021be succesive, iar mortul le parcurge pe r\u00e2nd \u00eenainte ca despre existen\u021ba sa urm\u0103toare s\u0103 fie decis\u0103. Yanluo Wang ocup\u0103 \u00een general pozi\u021bia celui de-al cincilea rege. \u00centregul sistem reflect\u0103 experien\u021ba cu ierarhia birocratic\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, cu registre, sentin\u021be \u0219i pedepse.<\/p><p>\u00cen Japonia, aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 a fost preluat\u0103 ca Enma sau Enma-\u014d, \u00een Coreea ca Yeomra. <a href=\"\/ro\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> este o figur\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 \u00een religia popular\u0103 japonez\u0103, adesea reprezentat cu fa\u021ba \u00eenro\u0219it\u0103, acoper\u0103m\u00e2nt de cap judec\u0103toresc \u0219i o t\u0103bli\u021b\u0103 de scris sau o oglind\u0103 \u00een care faptele defunctului devin vizibile.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span> subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 formele est-asiatice dep\u0103\u0219esc cu mult modelul indian, iar Yama a devenit acolo o component\u0103 stabil\u0103 a reprezent\u0103rilor populare despre lumea de dincolo, care \u00eembin\u0103 elemente budiste, taoiste \u0219i ale religiei populare. Transformarea de la figura luminoas\u0103 vedic\u0103, prin judec\u0103torul budist indian, p\u00e2n\u0103 la birocratul infernal est-asiatic este un exemplu emblematic de transfer cultural religios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yama\/\">Yama (hinduism), r\u0103d\u0103cina<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, form\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japonez\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma coreean\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo, forma chinez\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\">Budism, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/totengottheiten\/\">Zeit\u0103\u021bi ale mor\u021bilor, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (numeroase traduceri, de ex. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articolul \u201eYama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama budism, zeul tradi\u021biei budiste Yama budism este zeul tradi\u021biei budiste. Zeul budist al mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103torul sufletelor dup\u0103 moarte. Yama ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een budism ca judec\u0103tor al karmei \u0219i administrator al lumilor infernale. ZeuBudismZeitate a mor\u021bilor Cuprins Yama budism Privire de ansamblu: Yama budism Tip: Divinitate principal\u0103 budist\u0103 (Mahayana, Vajrayana), judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103zitor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama budism","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor budist \u0219i judec\u0103torul karmei","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama \u00een budism: cap de taur, judec\u0103tor \u00een Bardo \u0219i aplicarea karmei. 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