{"id":106230,"date":"2026-08-04T17:14:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:14:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:14:59","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106230\" class=\"elementor elementor-106230 elementor-1997\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, zeu al tradi\u021biei hinduiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este zeu al tradi\u021biei hinduiste.<\/p><p><strong>Primul muritor, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103torul sufletelor.<\/strong> Yama este una dintre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi indiene, nu o for\u021b\u0103 malefic\u0103, ci inevitabil\u0103 ca moartea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i. Ca primul om care a murit, a devenit st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de dincolo, <em>Yamadharma<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, datorie \u0219i ordine cosmic\u0103; \u00een budism, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura lui Buddha.\">Dharma<\/span> mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>Cu toiagul s\u0103u (<em>Danda<\/em>) \u0219i bivolul s\u0103u credincios <em>Nandi<\/em>, Yama str\u0103bate lumea, preia sufletele muritorilor \u0219i le aduce \u00een fa\u021ba judec\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen hinduism, el nu este un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, ci o for\u021b\u0103 necesar\u0103 a ordinii cosmice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumile zeilor, asurelor \u0219i protec\u021biei hinduiste, de la epoca vedic\u0103 la cea tantric\u0103.\">Hinduism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-ale-mortii\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei ai lumii de jos \u0219i ai mor\u021bii, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai lumii de dincolo, judec\u0103tori ai mor\u021bilor, c\u0103l\u0103uze ale sufletelor.\">Divinitate a mor\u021bilor<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123487\" alt=\"Yama - zei din tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate suprem\u0103 hindu-budist\u0103, judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii de dincolo<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Totalitatea zeit\u0103\u021bilor dintr-o religie sau cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Hinduism, Buddhism (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Func\u021bie: Primul muritor care a experimentat moartea; acum judec\u0103tor al tuturor mor\u021bilor, st\u0103p\u00e2n al Narak\u0103i<br>Atribute principale: Bivol negru ca animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie, buzdugan (Danda), la\u021b (Pasha), cartea mor\u021bilor<br>Locuri de cult principale: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> Yama \u00een Tamil Nadu, m\u0103n\u0103stiri tibetane (dansul Cham), Japonia (Enma-O)<br>Identificare budist\u0103: Yamaraja (inclusiv \u00een Tibet), Enma-O (Japonia), Yeomra (Coreea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este atestat \u00een <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200-900 \u00ee.Hr.) ca primul muritor, cel care a parcurs primul calea spre lumea mor\u021bilor \u0219i care domne\u0219te acolo. \u00cen tradi\u021bia epic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) devine judec\u0103torul sever al mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Preluat \u00een budism ca <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, cu un cosmos infernal extins. \u00cen Tibet, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din secolul al VIII-lea d.Hr., ca Yama-Dharmaraja \u00een panteonurile divinit\u0103\u021bilor furioase. \u00cen Asia de Est ca Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, fiecare cu adapt\u0103ri locale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen India, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templele<\/span> dedicate lui Yama sunt rare, judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor este temut, nu venerat \u00een cult. Cele mai importante: templul Yamadharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> din Tamil Nadu, Yama-Mandirele din Nepal. \u00cen Tibet, este central \u00een reprezenta\u021biile dansului Cham ale m\u0103n\u0103stirilor Gelug (\u00een special Drepung, Gand\u00e4n, Sera). \u00cen Japonia, \u00een fiecare cimitir budist sub forma unei statui Enma-O. \u00cen Coreea: Yeomra \u00een tradi\u021bia \u0219amanic\u0103 Mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14-18 (Yama ca primul mort), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (Cartea I, Sabha-Parva: descrierea Yama-Sabhei), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (descrieri ale infernului). Budi\u0219ti: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, tibetanul <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este reprezentat ca un b\u0103rbat cu pielea verde sau ro\u0219iatic\u0103, adesea \u00een armur\u0103 regal\u0103. Poart\u0103 un toiag (<em>Danda<\/em>), atribut al pedepsei \u0219i ordinii, \u0219i frecvent un la\u021b (<em>Pasha<\/em>), cu care prinde sufletele.<\/p><p>Bivolul s\u0103u <em>Nandi<\/em> este animalul s\u0103u cel mai important; uneori c\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te \u0219i cai sau se amestec\u0103 printre cei vii. \u00cen textele iconografice t\u00e2rzii are o fa\u021b\u0103 verde sau gri-neagr\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este judec\u0103torul necontestat. Nicio \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciune nu \u00eei scap\u0103. C\u00e2nd timpul vie\u021bii se \u00eencheie, Yama vine personal, sau trimisul s\u0103u Chitragupta \u021bine registrul pentru a prelua sufletul. Sufletul este adus apoi \u00een <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, unde faptele sale (<em>Karma<\/em>) sunt c\u00e2nt\u0103rite.<\/p><p>\u00cen func\u021bie de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, budism \u0219i jainism, legea consecin\u021belor faptelor: orice ac\u021biune \u00ee\u0219i exercit\u0103 efectul asupra existen\u021belor ulterioare.\">Karma<\/span> urmeaz\u0103 pedeapsa (<em>Naraka<\/em>) sau r\u0103splata (<em>Swarga<\/em>) \u00eenainte de urm\u0103toarea re\u00eencarnare. Ritualurile pentru cei deceda\u021bi (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) au menirea de a-l \u00eembuna pe Yama \u0219i de a conduce sufletele mai repede spre via\u021ba urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Yama, dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama este fiul divinit\u0103\u021bii solare Vivasvat (Surya) \u0219i al Saranyei, fratele geam\u0103n al lui Yami. \u00cen cel mai vechi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, primul om care g\u0103se\u0219te moartea, de aceea cel care a parcurs primul calea spre lumea mor\u021bilor \u0219i care acum domne\u0219te \u00een ea.<\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021biile ulterioare, c\u0103s\u0103torit cu Dhumorna, are dou\u0103 c\u00e2ini (urma\u0219i ai Saramei) ca paznici ai drumului. Casa sa se afl\u0103 \u00een Sud.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniul lui Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primul mort, de aceea rege al mor\u021bilor. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (Regele Datoriei), judec\u0103tor care hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te dup\u0103 karma fiec\u0103rui defunct. Administrator al celor 21 de infernuri (Naraka) \u0219i al r\u0103spl\u0103\u021bilor cere\u0219ti. \u00cen budism, p\u0103str\u0103tor formal al legii cosmice (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) \u00een raport cu logica consecin\u021belor faptelor. \u00cen Tibet, ca divinitate furioas\u0103, \u0219i protector al tradi\u021biei \u0219colare \u00eempotriva negativului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia hinduist\u0103: figur\u0103 cu pielea \u00eenchis\u0103 (verde-albastru-neagr\u0103), \u00eempodobit\u0103 cu podoabe colorate, \u021bin\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 <em>Danda<\/em> (buzduganul judec\u0103\u021bii) \u0219i <em>Pasha<\/em> (la\u021bul cu care prinde sufletele), c\u0103lare pe un bivol negru.<\/p><p>Ve\u0219m\u00e2nt ro\u0219u. \u00cen Tibet, ca <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: cap de bivol, trei ochi, aureol\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri, ornamente de oase, coroan\u0103 de p\u0103r arcuit\u0103, \u021bine un potir din craniu \u0219i o sabie. \u00censo\u021bit de sora sa Yami \u0219i de o oaste de servitori.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Yama este rar invocat direct \u00een India pentru protec\u021bie, este temut ca cel Sever. \u00cen ritualurile mortuare are \u00eens\u0103 un rol central, rudele \u00eel roag\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eel trateze cu bl\u00e2nde\u021be pe defunct.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen budismul tibetan, starea de tranzi\u021bie dintre dou\u0103 existen\u021be; Bardo Th\u00f6dol descrie faza de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Cartea Tibetan\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor) \u00eei apare defunctului \u00een starea de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen budismul tibetan, starea de tranzi\u021bie dintre dou\u0103 existen\u021be; Bardo Th\u00f6dol descrie faza de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo<\/span> ca figur\u0103 examinatoare. \u00cen Japonia, Enma-O este figura central\u0103 a ritualurilor mortuare budiste populare \u0219i este prezent \u00een fiecare cimitir. \u00cen dansurile Cham din Tibet, ca purt\u0103tor de masc\u0103 \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bivol negru (animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie), Danda (buzdugan), Pasha (la\u021b), Cartea Mor\u021bilor, Oglinda Karmei (Karma-Darpana), potir din craniu (tibetan), cap de bivol (tibetan), aureol\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri, al treilea ochi. Plante: asfodel negru. Direc\u021bie sacr\u0103: Sudul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Entit\u0103\u021bi comparabile<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (budism), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonia), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Coreea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, primul dintre cei zece regi ai infernului), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grecia, rege al lumii de jos), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egipt, c\u0103l\u0103uz\u0103 a mor\u021bilor + judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanic, st\u0103p\u00e2na lumii de jos), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Aztec). R\u0103d\u0103cina indo-european\u0103 este recognoscibil\u0103 \u00een tulpina Yama-Yima-Yumis (Yama vedic, Yima avestic, Yumis baltic).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de venerare<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama este venerat \u00een ritualurile casnice vedice prin ofrande (Havis): lapte, unt, cereale la festivit\u0103\u021bile de pomenire a str\u0103mo\u0219ilor (Pinda-Daan). Rigveda 10.14 documenteaz\u0103 formule de venerare pentru o moarte demn\u0103. \u00cen ritualul funerar hinduist, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> lui Yama este recitat\u0103 \u00eenainte de incinerare. Practica modern\u0103: medita\u021bii la patul muribundului sau la festivit\u0103\u021bile de pomenire a str\u0103mo\u0219ilor \u00een cinstea regelui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u021bii \u0219i chem\u0103ri<\/strong><\/p><p>Invoca\u021bia clasic\u0103 a lui Yama din Rigveda 10.14.1-2: \u201eYame pathivratah &#8230;&#8221;, \u201eMerg\u00e2nd cu Yama \u00een sensul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>&#8230;&#8221;. Mantre pentru dep\u0103\u0219irea fricii de moarte se g\u0103sesc \u00een Katha-Upanishad (dialogul lui Nachiketas cu Yama). Tantrologia tibetan\u0103 integreaz\u0103 Yamantaka (\u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Yama) \u00een invoca\u021biile dep\u0103\u0219irii totale.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Simbolurile lui Yama sunt rareori prezente ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect purtat c\u0103ruia i se atribuie o func\u021bie protectoare \u0219i de respingere a r\u0103ului.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet\u0103<\/span> purtabil\u0103; leg\u0103tura este mai degrab\u0103 conceptual\u0103. Scarabeii istorici din Egipt, care poart\u0103 analogii cu zeul mor\u021bilor Anubis, atest\u0103 suprapuneri culturale. Dovezile arheologice ale vener\u0103rii lui Yama se g\u0103sesc \u00een textele rituale vedice \u0219i \u00een inscrip\u021bii din temple indiene dat\u00e2nd din secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr., nu ca amulete-obiect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu Hades al grecilor, cu Dis Pater al romanilor \u0219i cu Osiris al Egiptului, to\u021bi zei ai lumii de jos \u0219i ai judec\u0103\u021bii.<\/p><p>Prin Chitragupta, contabilul s\u0103u, Yama aminte\u0219te de reprezentarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 a Sf\u00e2ntului Petru cu cartea sufletelor. Spre deosebire de zeii mor\u021bii din Occident, Yama nu este \u00eens\u0103 un adversar malefic, ci un func\u021bionar cosmic al c\u0103rui verdict este drept \u0219i inevitabil.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitul primului muritor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai vechi strat al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> indiene nu \u00eel cunoa\u0219te pe Yama ca judec\u0103tor pedepsitor, ci ca primul om care a murit. A zecea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram\u0103 circular\u0103 care \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism reprezint\u0103 cosmosul.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandal\u0103<\/span> din <em>Rigveda<\/em> con\u021bine mai multe imnuri care sus\u021bin aceast\u0103 reprezentare.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14, Yama este invocat ca cel care a g\u0103sit primul calea spre lumea de dincolo \u0219i a deschis-o astfel tuturor urma\u0219ilor. Este considerat acolo fiu al zeului solar Vivasvant \u0219i, prin urmare, \u00eenrudit cu neamul omenesc \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p>Un imn deosebit de discutat este <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, dialogul dintre Yama \u0219i sora sa geam\u0103n\u0103 Yami. Yami \u00eel preseaz\u0103 pe Yama s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103 cu ea pentru ca neamul omenesc s\u0103 d\u0103inuiasc\u0103, iar Yama o refuz\u0103 invoc\u00e2nd interdic\u021bia incestului \u00eentre fra\u021bi \u0219i zeii care vegheaz\u0103.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea, printre al\u021bii Stephanie Jamison \u0219i Joel Brereton \u00een traducerea lor din Rigveda din 2014, cite\u0219te acest imn ca o reflec\u021bie asupra limitelor rela\u021biilor de rudenie permise, nu ca o etiologie a umanit\u0103\u021bii.<\/span><\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este apropierea lingvistic\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Yima din vechea iranic\u0103, care \u00een <em>Avesta<\/em> apare de asemenea ca prim rege \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n al unui refugiu subteran. Ambele nume deriv\u0103 dintr-o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 indo-iranian\u0103 cu sensul de geam\u0103n.<\/p><p>Lingvistica indo-european\u0103 comparat\u0103, printre altele \u00een lucr\u0103rile lui Bruce Lincoln, a v\u0103zut \u00een aceasta restul unui mit comun al crea\u021biei \u0219i al mor\u021bii, \u00een care primul om este totodat\u0103 primul mort \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul str\u0103mo\u0219ilor.<\/p><p>Yama de mai t\u00e2rziu din epos \u0219i din Purane, care dispune de infernuri \u0219i de contabilitatea faptelor, reprezint\u0103 o dezvoltare considerabil\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 timpurie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia lui Yama \u0219i contabilitatea faptelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen literatura epic\u0103 \u0219i puranic\u0103, Yama se transform\u0103 din st\u0103p\u00e2nul ferici\u021bilor str\u0103mo\u0219i \u00een administratorul unui dincolo diferen\u021biat. Re\u0219edin\u021ba sa, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> sau <em>Yamapura<\/em>, se afl\u0103 dup\u0103 majoritatea textelor \u00een Sud, motiv pentru care Sudul este considerat \u00een geografia ritual\u0103 direc\u021bia lui Yama.<\/p><p><em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, un text central pentru reprezent\u0103rile despre moarte \u0219i despre calea sufletului, descrie c\u0103l\u0103toria defunctului pe r\u00e2ul incandescent <em>Vaitarani<\/em> p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba tronului lui Yama.<\/p><p>Al\u0103turi de Yama se afl\u0103 <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, un scrib care consemneaz\u0103 fiecare fapt\u0103 a unui om \u00eentr-un registru.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 carte, numit\u0103 adesea <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, este citit\u0103 la moarte, iar pe baza con\u021binutului ei Yama hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te calea ulterioar\u0103. Chitragupta a devenit \u00een nordul Indiei str\u0103mo\u0219ul castei scriitorilor Kayastha, care \u00eel venereaz\u0103 ca ascendent. Aici se vede cum o figur\u0103 mitologic\u0103 fondeaz\u0103 o identitate social\u0103.<\/p><p>Pedepsele din infernurile lui Yama, <em>Naraka<\/em>, sunt catalogate \u00een <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> \u0219i \u00een p\u0103r\u021bi din <em>Manusmriti<\/em> \u0219i atribuite unor abateri concrete. Esen\u021bial este \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 aceste infernuri, conform doctrinei clasice, nu sunt locuri ve\u0219nice.<\/p><p>Ele sunt etape \u00een ciclul re\u00eencarn\u0103rii, iar dup\u0103 isp\u0103\u0219irea consecin\u021belor faptelor rele, calea sufletului continu\u0103.<\/p><p>Yama este astfel mai pu\u021bin un zeu al damn\u0103rii definitive \u0219i mai mult un func\u021bionar al legii cosmice. Epiteton s\u0103u <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, Regele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>-ei, exprim\u0103 exact aceasta: el execut\u0103 o ordine, nu o inventeaz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama \u00een Bhagavadgita \u0219i Katha-Upanishad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dou\u0103 texte clasice \u00eei confer\u0103 lui Yama un rol care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te simpla func\u021bie judiciar\u0103. \u00cen <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>, Yama este \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul. T\u00e2n\u0103rul brahman Nachiketas este promis mor\u021bii de tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u00een m\u00e2nie \u0219i a\u0219teapt\u0103 trei zile \u00een fa\u021ba casei lui Yama.<\/p><p>Ca repara\u021bie, Yama \u00eei acord\u0103 trei dorin\u021be. A treia este \u00eentrebarea despre ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu omul dup\u0103 moarte.<\/p><p>Yama \u00eencearc\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 \u00eel distrag\u0103 pe Nachiketas cu bog\u0103\u021bie \u0219i via\u021b\u0103 lung\u0103, dar t\u00e2n\u0103rul insist\u0103. Atunci Yama \u00eel \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 disting\u0103 \u00eentre pl\u0103cut \u0219i benefic \u0219i \u00eel instruie\u0219te despre sinele nemuritor, <em>Atman<\/em>. Zeul mor\u021bii este, \u00een mod paradoxal, mediatorul cunoa\u0219terii care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te moartea.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, \u00een capitolul al zecelea, \u00een care Krishna \u00ee\u0219i enumer\u0103 formele divine, spune despre sine c\u0103 este Yama printre st\u0103p\u00e2nitori sau judec\u0103tori.<\/p><p>Astfel, Yama este plasat \u00een r\u00e2ndul celor mai \u00eenalte reprezentan\u021be ale categoriei lor. Afirma\u021bia subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 Yama \u00een hinduismul clasic nu este o putere demonic\u0103, ci una ordonat\u0103 \u0219i legitim\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie textual\u0103 a influen\u021bat puternic evaluarea lui Yama \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor. \u00cen timp ce reprezent\u0103rile populare \u00eel reduc la teroare, indologi precum Wendy Doniger subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 Yama apare \u00een literatura sanscrit\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 ca \u00eendrum\u0103tor, ca drept \u0219i ca instan\u021b\u0103 necesar\u0103. Moartea, \u00een aceast\u0103 viziune, nu este contrariul ordinii, ci parte din ea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografie \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire dincolo de India<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen artele plastice, Yama este reprezentat de obicei cu pielea \u00eenchis\u0103, adesea verde sau alb\u0103struie, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een ro\u0219u, cu un bivol ca animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie.<\/p><p>\u00cen m\u00e2ini \u021bine un la\u021b, <em>Pasha<\/em>, cu care extrage sufletul vital din trup, \u0219i frecvent un toiag sau un buzdugan, <em>Danda<\/em>. Aceste atribute sunt stabile \u00een reliefurile templiere \u0219i \u00een pictura miniatural\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din Evul Mediu.<\/p><p>Ca unul dintre <em>Lokapala<\/em>, paznicii direc\u021biilor lumii, Yama apare regulat pe pere\u021bii exteriori ai templelor, pe latura sudic\u0103.<\/p><p>Prin intermediul budismului, Yama a ajuns \u00een Tibet, China, Japonia \u0219i Asia de Sud-Est, transform\u00e2ndu-se \u00een acest proces. \u00cen tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103, ca <em>Shinje<\/em>, este st\u0103p\u00e2nul judec\u0103\u021bii mor\u021bilor \u0219i totodat\u0103 obiectul unei pove\u0219ti proprii de instruire, \u00een care bodhisattva Manjushri \u00eel supune \u00een chipul lui <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, biruitorul lui Yama.<\/p><p>\u00cen China a devenit <em>Yanluo<\/em>, conduc\u0103torul celor zece regi ai infernului (vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/yanluo-wang\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), \u00een Japonia <em>Enma<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 migra\u021bie arat\u0103 cum un zeu indian a putut deveni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> la nivelul \u00eentregii Asii al judec\u0103\u021bii impar\u021biale a mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen India de ast\u0103zi, Yama tr\u0103ie\u0219te mai ales \u00een ritualurile funerare, \u00een literatura despre moarte \u0219i \u00een s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> sau <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, care se leag\u0103 de rela\u021bia dintre Yama \u0219i sora sa Yami.<\/p><p>Sora \u00eel osp\u0103teaz\u0103 pe frate \u0219i \u00eei cere o via\u021b\u0103 lung\u0103. Astfel, \u00een obiceiul popular revine un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> prezent \u00eenc\u0103 din cel mai vechi imn vedic, dialogul celor doi gemeni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Istoria cercet\u0103rii \u0219i disputa interpretativ\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preocuparea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Yama \u00eencepe \u00een secolul al XIX-lea, odat\u0103 cu deschiderea european\u0103 a <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Indologi timpurii precum Hermann Oldenberg \u0219i Abel Bergaigne au dezb\u0103tut dac\u0103 Yama a fost ini\u021bial un prim om divinizat sau a fost de la bun \u00eenceput o divinitate a mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>Dezbaterea este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de \u00eentrebarea cum trebuie datate \u0219i interpretate imnurile 10.10 \u0219i 10.14.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, lingvistica indo-european\u0103 comparat\u0103 a mutat accentul pe rela\u021bia dintre Yama \u0219i iranianul Yima. Georges Dum\u00e9zil \u0219i, \u00een urmele sale, al\u021bi cercet\u0103tori au reconstituit din aceasta un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> indo-iranian, posibil indo-european, despre primul muritor care devine st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln a argumentat \u00een <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> c\u0103 \u00een spatele lui Yama \u0219i al figurilor \u00eenrudite st\u0103 o schem\u0103 comun\u0103 a crea\u021biei, \u00een care prima ucidere articuleaz\u0103 lumea.<\/p><p>R\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat c\u00e2t de mult trebuie separat Yama vedic de Yama puranist ulterior. Unii cercet\u0103tori v\u0103d o dezvoltare continu\u0103, al\u021bii subliniaz\u0103 o ruptur\u0103 \u00eentre regele-str\u0103mo\u0219 al epocii timpurii \u0219i administratorul infernului din textele clasice.<\/p><p>\u0218i originea scribului Chitragupta r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis\u0103, deoarece el lipse\u0219te din straturile cele mai vechi \u0219i a venit probabil mai t\u00e2rziu, posibil sub influen\u021ba unor grupuri sociale concrete. Situa\u021bia surselor impune pruden\u021b\u0103: mult din ceea ce trece drept imagine stabil\u0103 a lui Yama este rezultatul stratific\u0103rii seculare a diferitelor tradi\u021bii textuale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, preluarea budist\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yama-budism\/\">Yama-judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor (budism)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japonez\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma coreean\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hades\/\">Hades, paralela greac\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\">Hinduism, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-ale-mortii\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi ale mor\u021bilor, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&#8217;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14-18 (numeroase traduceri).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articolul \u201eYama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este Yama \u00een budism?<\/h3><p>Yama este \u00een budism st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei infernale (Naraka) \u0219i judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor. Spre deosebire de \u00een\u021belegerea occidental\u0103, infernul budist nu este un loc de pedeaps\u0103 ve\u0219nic\u0103, ci un loc de re\u00eencarnare cu durat\u0103 limitat\u0103; cel care \u0219i-a isp\u0103\u0219it acolo karma este re\u00eencarnat.<\/p><p>Yama \u00eel interogheaz\u0103 pe fiecare mort cu privire la faptele sale din via\u021b\u0103; budismul Mahayana cunoa\u0219te o \u00eentreag\u0103 curte de judec\u0103tori infernali care \u00eel sprijin\u0103. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biile lui Yama sunt descrise cu o bog\u0103\u021bie de detalii de neimaginat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budist\u0103 (textele Abhidharma).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cum se deosebe\u0219te Yama din budism de Yamaraja hinduist?<\/h3><p>Ambele figuri \u00eempart originea comun\u0103 \u00een Yama vedic (Rigveda 10,14), primul muritor care a devenit totodat\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor. \u00cen hinduism, Yama a r\u0103mas zeul judec\u0103tor central, care prime\u0219te fiecare suflet.<\/p><p>\u00cen budism, Yama a devenit o figur\u0103 cu mai multe fe\u021be: \u00een Theravada mai degrab\u0103 ca un concept, \u00een Mahayana \u0219i mai ales \u00een budismul tibetan ca st\u0103p\u00e2n personificat al infernului cu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> complex\u0103 (adesea cu cap de taur, aspectul Yama-Dharmaraja). \u00cen Tibet, dansatorii ambulan\u021bi ai demonilor (Festivalul Cham) sunt adesea interpre\u021bi ai lui Yama.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Yama \u00een budism?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama este \u00een budism st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei infernale (Naraka) \u0219i judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor. Spre deosebire de \u00een\u021belegerea occidental\u0103, infernul budist nu este un loc de pedeaps\u0103 ve\u0219nic\u0103, ci un loc de re\u00eencarnare cu durat\u0103 limitat\u0103; cel care \u0219i-a isp\u0103\u0219it acolo karma este re\u00eencarnat. Yama \u00eel interogheaz\u0103 pe fiecare mort cu privire la faptele sale din via\u021b\u0103; budismul Mahayana cunoa\u0219te o \u00eentreag\u0103 curte de judec\u0103tori infernali care \u00eel sprijin\u0103. \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biile lui Yama sunt descrise cu o bog\u0103\u021bie de detalii de neimaginat \u00een cosmologia budist\u0103 (textele Abhidharma).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cum se deosebe\u0219te Yama din budism de Yamaraja hinduist?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ambele figuri \u00eempart originea comun\u0103 \u00een Yama vedic (Rigveda 10,14), primul muritor care a devenit totodat\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor. \u00cen hinduism, Yama a r\u0103mas zeul judec\u0103tor central, care prime\u0219te fiecare suflet. \u00cen budism, Yama a devenit o figur\u0103 cu mai multe fe\u021be: \u00een Theravada mai degrab\u0103 ca un concept, \u00een Mahayana \u0219i mai ales \u00een budismul tibetan ca st\u0103p\u00e2n personificat al infernului cu o iconografie complex\u0103 (adesea cu cap de taur, aspectul Yama-Dharmaraja). \u00cen Tibet, dansatorii ambulan\u021bi ai demonilor (Festivalul Cham) sunt adesea interpre\u021bi ai lui Yama.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama, zeu al tradi\u021biei hinduiste Yama este zeu al tradi\u021biei hinduiste. Primul muritor, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103torul sufletelor. Yama este una dintre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi indiene, nu o for\u021b\u0103 malefic\u0103, ci inevitabil\u0103 ca moartea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i. Ca primul om care a murit, a devenit st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de dincolo, Yamadharma, Dharma mor\u021bii. Cu toiagul s\u0103u (Danda) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106230","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yama\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/\",\"name\":\"Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T17:14:37+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00\",\"description\":\"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Zei din tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Yama\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Yama\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T17:14:37+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2897,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"description\":\"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism","description":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/","og_locale":"ro_RO","og_type":"article","og_title":"Yama","og_description":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Timp estimat pentru citire":"14 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Yama","datePublished":"2026-08-04T17:14:37+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/"},"wordCount":2897,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","inLanguage":"ro-RO","description":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/","name":"Yama - Zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","datePublished":"2026-08-04T17:14:37+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00","description":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ro-RO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"Zei din tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/acasa\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Yama"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ro-RO"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Yama","datePublished":"2026-08-04T17:14:37+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T17:14:59+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/"},"wordCount":2897,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","inLanguage":"ro-RO","description":"Yama, zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i judec\u0103tor \u00een hinduism. Toiagul \u0219i bivolul Nandi, Yamaloka, judecata karmic\u0103 \u0219i originile vedice - tat\u0103l neamului omenesc."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106230"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106230\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}