{"id":106213,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tsen-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:12:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:12:46","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106213\" class=\"elementor elementor-106213 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, spirit al tradi\u021biei tibetane<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> al tradi\u021biei tibetane.<\/p><p>Spirite ro\u0219ii r\u0103zboinice ale mun\u021bilor tibetani, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai st\u00e2ncilor \u0219i trec\u0103torilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-tibetane\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia tibetan-budist\u0103 \u0219i B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, lumea Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123473\" alt=\"Tsen - spirite din tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen (tib. <em>btsan<\/em>) alc\u0103tuiesc o clas\u0103 proprie de fiin\u021be spirituale tibetane: spirite r\u0103zboinice ale st\u00e2ncilor, trec\u0103torilor \u0219i pantelor abrupte. Sunt descri\u0219i \u00een mod consecvent ca figuri masculine de r\u0103zboinici \u00eembr\u0103ca\u021bi \u00een ro\u0219u, care c\u0103l\u0103resc cai ro\u0219ii, poart\u0103 arcuri \u0219i s\u0103bii \u0219i pot ap\u0103rea brusc din cr\u0103p\u0103turile st\u00e2ncilor.<\/p><p>Tsen nu sunt r\u0103i prin natura lor, dar sunt periculo\u0219i \u0219i imprevizibili. Pedepsesc imediat orice lips\u0103 de respect; teritoriile lor sunt \u00eenconjurate de reguli stricte de comportament.<\/p><p>Mul\u021bi Tsen au fost lega\u021bi prin jur\u0103m\u00e2nt \u00een cursul p\u0103trunderii budismului \u00een Tibet \u0219i au fost instala\u021bi ca spirite protectoare (Dharmapalas) ale anumitor m\u0103n\u0103stiri. Un reprezentant de seam\u0103 este Pehar, adus la Samye \u00een secolul al VIII-lea \u0219i transformat \u00een oracolul de stat.<\/p><div><h3>Preistoria B\u00f6n \u0219i ierarhia spiritelor<\/h3><p>Religia B\u00f6n, tradi\u021bia religioas\u0103 prebudist\u0103 a Tibetului, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bea lumea supranatural\u0103 \u00eentr-o ierarhie complex\u0103 de fiin\u021be non-umane. <em>Tsen<\/em> apar\u021bineau acestei clasific\u0103ri ca spirite specializate ale mun\u021bilor \u0219i r\u0103zboiului. Conform surselor B\u00f6n, Tsen au ap\u0103rut \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 cosmic\u0103 anterioar\u0103, \u00eenainte ca divinit\u0103\u021bile sau naturile-Buddha s\u0103 fi ordonat lumea.<\/p><p>Ei sunt, prin urmare, mai vechi dec\u00e2t budismul \u0219i mai ad\u00e2nc \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cina\u021bi \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2ntul tibetan. Preo\u021bia B\u00f6n (<em>drangpo<\/em>) s-a specializat \u00een \u00eembunarea Tsen prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> \u0219i contracte. \u00cen secolele VII-XI, \u00een timpul convertirii budiste a Tibetului, mul\u021bi dintre ace\u0219ti spiriti nu au fost distru\u0219i, ci integra\u021bi \u00een budism.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Spirit r\u0103zboinic, demon montan<br>Origine: Tradi\u021bia B\u00f6n prebudist\u0103; adesea r\u0103zboinici c\u0103zu\u021bi sau principi destitui\u021bi<br>Texte: Ciclurile Padmasambhava, eposul Gesar, c\u0103r\u021bi rituale locale<br>Efecte: Boli bru\u0219te, accidente la trec\u0103tori, posesiune<br>Protec\u021bie: Jertfe sang, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">torma<\/span> pentru Tsen, evitarea locurilor la ore nepotrivite<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura Tsen provine din religia B\u00f6n prebudist\u0103. Ei formeaz\u0103 una dintre cele trei clase originare de fiin\u021be (lha, klu, btsan). Odat\u0103 cu convertirea budist\u0103 din secolele VII-VIII, numero\u0219i Tsen sunt integra\u021bi \u00een noul sistem religios; unii sunt stabili\u021bi ca spirite protectoare, al\u021bii r\u0103m\u00e2n prezen\u021bi ca st\u0103p\u00e2ni temu\u021bi ai mun\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Eposul Gesar, unul dintre cele mai mari eposuri orale din lume, cunoa\u0219te numeroase figuri Tsen ca adversari \u0219i alia\u021bi. P\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, la mul\u021bi trec\u0103tori se \u00eentre\u021bin sanctuare Tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen sunt lega\u021bi de anumite forma\u021biuni st\u00e2ncoase, trec\u0103tori, pante abrupte \u0219i st\u00e2nci izolate remarcabile. Fiecare trec\u0103toare important\u0103 din podi\u0219ul \u00eenalt are Tsen-ul s\u0103u, adesea cu nume propriu \u0219i ritualuri specifice.<\/p><p>Locuri tipice: \u00een\u0103l\u021bimi de trec\u0103toare cu steaguri de rug\u0103ciune (<em>lung ta<\/em>), blocuri de st\u00e2nc\u0103 izolate, pere\u021bi st\u00e2nco\u0219i ro\u0219ii sau marcan\u021bi, izvoare la poalele unor astfel de forma\u021biuni. Unii Tsen locuiesc \u0219i \u00een ruine vechi \u0219i cet\u0103\u021bi, mai ales dac\u0103 acestea sunt legate de lupte istorice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse principale: ciclurile Padmasambhava, \u00een special nara\u021biunile de supunere; eposul Gesar \u00een versiunile sale orale \u0219i scrise; c\u0103r\u021bi rituale locale p\u0103strate pentru sanctuare individuale. Lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Despre Pehar \u00een special: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u201eFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, doctrina \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la&#8221;; precum \u0219i literatura despre oracolul de stat de la Nechung.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibetan <em>btsan<\/em>, pronun\u021bat Tsen sau Ts\u00e4n.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u201eRegele Tsen&#8221;.<\/li><li>Yul lha dang btsan, spirite protectoare locale \u0219i Tsen \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/li><li>Pehar, cel mai proeminent Tsen, transformat \u00een protector al Oracolului Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Legpa, ini\u021bial o fiin\u021b\u0103 de tip Tsen, legat prin Padmasambhava.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are.<\/strong> R\u0103zboinic masculin de un ro\u0219u intens, \u00een armur\u0103 complet\u0103, cu manta ro\u0219ie, coif ro\u0219u, arc \u0219i sabie, c\u0103l\u0103rind un cal ro\u0219u cu \u0219abracuri ro\u0219ii. \u00cen reprezent\u0103rile thangka, adesea cu atribute de scorpion sau de pas\u0103re r\u0103pitoare.<\/p><p>Comportament. Apar la amurg \u0219i noaptea, brusc din cr\u0103p\u0103turile st\u00e2ncilor. Urm\u0103resc pe cei lipsiti de respect, c\u0103l\u0103resc pe trec\u0103tori singuratice, pot ap\u0103rea \u00een grupuri. \u00cent\u00e2lnirea poate fi resim\u021bit\u0103 ca sl\u0103biciune fizic\u0103 brusc\u0103, ame\u021beal\u0103, febr\u0103 sau dificult\u0103\u021bi de respira\u021bie.<\/p><p>Func\u021bie protectoare. Tsen lega\u021bi prin jur\u0103m\u00e2nt sunt paznici loiali ai m\u0103n\u0103stirilor \u0219i locurilor lor. \u00cen aceast\u0103 func\u021bie, apar\u021bin clasei <em>srung ma<\/em>, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare.<\/p><div><h3>Clasificarea Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc \u00een cadrul B\u00f6n<\/h3><p>\u00cen sistemul B\u00f6n exist\u0103 o clasificare riguroas\u0103 a fiin\u021belor supranaturale dup\u0103 sfer\u0103 \u0219i element: <em>Tsen<\/em> sunt fiin\u021be ale mun\u021bilor \u0219i cerului; <em>Nyen<\/em> sunt spirite ale mun\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103durilor; <em>Lu<\/em> sunt locuitori acvatici de tip Naga; <em>D\u00fc<\/em> sunt spirite legate de p\u0103m\u00e2nt. \u00cen cadrul acestei clasific\u0103ri, Tsen sunt cei mai \u00eenal\u021bi \u0219i totodat\u0103 cei mai s\u0103lbatici.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de al\u021bi spiriti ai mun\u021bilor, Tsen au o orientare puternic r\u0103zboinic\u0103: protejeaz\u0103 grani\u021bele teritoriale \u0219i onoarea familiei. Sunt mai pu\u021bin interesa\u021bi de fertilitate dec\u00e2t de vitejie \u0219i glorie. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 explic\u0103 de ce Tsen erau invoca\u021bi mai degrab\u0103 de r\u0103zboinici \u0219i regi, \u00een timp ce spiritele Lu erau ruga\u021bi de \u021b\u0103rani pentru binecuv\u00e2ntarea apelor.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele aspecte ale Tsen \u00een sintez\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia B\u00f6n prebudist\u0103; frecvent r\u0103zboinici c\u0103zu\u021bi sau principi detrona\u021bi care s-au \u00eentors ca spirite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatari<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u0103l\u0103tori pe trec\u0103torile \u00eenalte, v\u00e2n\u0103tori, ciobani, negustori cu caravane; muncitori \u00een terenuri nebinecuv\u00e2ntate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figur\u0103 de r\u0103zboinic de un ro\u0219u intens, \u00een armur\u0103 complet\u0103, pe cal ro\u0219u, cu arc \u0219i sabie; uneori cu atribut de scorpion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boal\u0103 de altitudine brusc\u0103, febr\u0103, dificult\u0103\u021bi de respira\u021bie, accidente la trec\u0103tori, posesiune cu furie; pozitiv: protec\u021bie ferm\u0103 \u00een calitate de paznic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jertfe de fum sang la trec\u0103tori, torma pentru Tsen, recitarea unor texte rituale specifice, amplasarea de steaguri de rug\u0103ciune ro\u0219ii; reguli stricte de comportament la locurile Tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spirite mongoloeze de tip r\u0103zboinic montan; fiin\u021be montane nord-iberice \u0219i germanice; <em>yaksha<\/em> indieni ca paznici ai mun\u021bilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practica de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar oferit unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima recuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Jertf\u0103<\/span> la trec\u0103tori.<\/strong> C\u0103l\u0103torii fac popas la trec\u0103torile \u00eenalte, aprind focuri mici din ramuri de ienup\u0103r \u0219i presar\u0103 f\u0103in\u0103; strig\u0103tul <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (\u201ezeit\u0103\u021bilor fie \u00eenchinat&#8221;) \u0219i steagurile de rug\u0103ciune (<em>lung ta<\/em>) \u00eenso\u021besc trecerea.<\/p><p>Tsen-Torma. \u00cen ceremoniile m\u0103n\u0103stire\u0219ti, figurile torma sunt preg\u0103tite special pentru clasa Tsen, adesea configura\u021bii ro\u0219ii din tsampa, cu coloran\u021bi ro\u0219ii.<\/p><p>Sanctuare \u0219i gr\u0103mezi de pietre. La poalele st\u00e2ncilor Tsen \u0219i pe crestele trec\u0103torilor se afl\u0103 mici gr\u0103mezi de pietre (<em>la btsas<\/em>), pe care c\u0103l\u0103torii adaug\u0103 c\u00e2te o piatr\u0103 suplimentar\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Loc sau institu\u021bie unde se solicit\u0103 un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracol<\/span>. Unii Tsen sunt institu\u021bionaliza\u021bi ca st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Loc sau institu\u021bie unde se solicit\u0103 un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolului<\/span>; Pehar vorbe\u0219te prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Loc sau institu\u021bie unde se solicit\u0103 un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolul<\/span> Nechung p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre \u00een guvernul tibetan \u00een exil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mongolia.<\/strong> Dup\u0103 p\u0103trunderea budismului \u00een Mongolia \u00een secolele XIII-XVI, figuri de tip Tsen sunt integrate \u00een sistemul mongol al spiritelor protectoare.<\/p><p>India\/Budism. <em>Yaksha<\/em> ca figuri de paznici \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc profilul de baz\u0103 al spiritului local cu caracter militar.<\/p><p>Europa. Spirite ro\u0219ii r\u0103zboinice legate de mun\u021bi \u0219i trec\u0103tori apar \u00een legende nord-iberice \u0219i alpine; o leg\u0103tur\u0103 istoric\u0103 nu exist\u0103.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bii \u0219amanice. Reprezent\u0103rile siberiene \u0219i central-asiatice despre st\u0103p\u00e2nii mun\u021bilor \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc numeroase tr\u0103s\u0103turi fundamentale.<\/p><div><h3>Practica religioas\u0103 local\u0103 \u0219i sistemul de contracte cu Tsen<\/h3><p>La nivelul spiritual local, Tsen func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca alia\u021bi cosmici ai comunit\u0103\u021bilor locale. Un munte este locuit \u0219i condus de un Tsen specific. Drume\u021bii trebuie s\u0103 se prezinte \u0219i s\u0103 cear\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntare<\/span>.<\/p><p>R\u0103zboinicii \u00eencheiau contracte cu Tsen locali pentru a ob\u021bine victoria. Sistemul de contracte cu Tsen (<em>damtsig<\/em>) reflect\u0103 o rela\u021bie reciproc\u0103: omul promite venera\u021bie, Tsen acord\u0103 protec\u021bie \u0219i succes.<\/p><p>Aceste contracte erau considerate serioase \u0219i obligatorii; \u00eenc\u0103lcarea \u00een\u021belegerilor cu Tsen era pedepsit\u0103 cu ghinion pentru mai multe genera\u021bii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> contractului cu spiritele montane este prezent \u00een multe culturi prebudiste, \u00eens\u0103 Tibetul l-a p\u0103strat \u00eentr-o form\u0103 unic\u0103 de integrare \u00eentr-un sistem religios extins.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrarea \u00een sistemul tibetan al spiritelor locale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Btsan<\/em> (pronun\u021bat tsen) apar\u021bin claselor autohtone de spirite ale Tibetului, care structureaz\u0103 viziunea tibetan\u0103 asupra lumii anterior \u0219i \u00een paralel cu budismul.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Literatura de specialitate \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor, \u00een special lucrarea fundamental\u0103 <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> a lui Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956), \u00eei \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un sistem dens, care cuprinde printre altele <a href=\"\/ro\/lu\/\">klu<\/a> ai apelor \u0219i ai lumii subterane, <a href=\"\/ro\/nyen\/\">gnyan<\/a> ai sferei mediane \u0219i <em>lha<\/em> ai cerului.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul acestei scheme, <em>btsan<\/em> sunt spiritele regiunii mediane p\u00e2n\u0103 la cea superioar\u0103, frecvent legate de st\u00e2nci, trec\u0103tori, flancuri montane ro\u0219ii \u0219i copaci izola\u021bi marcan\u021bi.<\/p><p>Caracteristic\u0103 este culoarea lor ro\u0219ie. <em>Btsan<\/em> sunt imagina\u021bi ca c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi ro\u0219ii pe cai ro\u0219ii, \u00een armur\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenarma\u021bi cu arcuri sau suli\u021be.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> \u00eei leag\u0103 de lupt\u0103, v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u0219i moarte brusc\u0103. Bolile care apar f\u0103r\u0103 avertisment, mai ales cele febrile sau cele \u00eenso\u021bite de paralizie, erau interpretate \u00een mod tradi\u021bional ca un atac al <em>btsan<\/em>. Termenul <em>btsan<\/em> este \u00een tibetan\u0103 totodat\u0103 un adjectiv cu sensul de puternic \u0219i violent, ceea ce denume\u0219te direct natura acestei clase.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este profunzimea istoric\u0103 a cuv\u00e2ntului. <em>Btsan<\/em> este component al titlului regal <em>btsan po<\/em>, cu care erau desemna\u021bi conduc\u0103torii imperiului tibetan (secolele VII-IX).<\/p><p>Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un indiciu al unei leg\u0103turi originare str\u00e2nse \u00eentre regalitate, cultul montan \u0219i reprezentarea unei clase de spirite puternice \u0219i r\u0103zboinice. Odat\u0103 cu consolidarea budismului, <em>btsan<\/em>, la fel ca celelalte spirite prebudiste, nu au fost desfiin\u021ba\u021bi, ci integra\u021bi \u00een sistemul budist \u0219i par\u021bial lega\u021bi prin jur\u0103m\u00e2nt ca divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Legarea de budism \u0219i rolul de protectori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 cunoa\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> c\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori puternici precum Padmasambhava, \u00een secolul al VIII-lea, au supus spiritele autohtone \u0219i le-au legat prin jur\u0103m\u00e2nt s\u0103 apere doctrina budist\u0103. Pentru <em>btsan<\/em>, aceasta a \u00eensemnat o existen\u021b\u0103 dubl\u0103.<\/p><p>Pe de o parte, au r\u0103mas spirite s\u0103lbatice nelegate, p\u00e2ndind la st\u00e2ncile \u0219i trec\u0103torile lor. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, anumi\u021bi <em>btsan<\/em> deosebit de puternici puteau fi ridica\u021bi la rangul de <em>srung ma<\/em>, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare ale m\u0103n\u0103stirilor \u0219i liniilor de transmitere a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii.<\/p><p>Cel mai cunoscut exemplu este zeul protector <a href=\"\/ro\/pehar\/\">Pehar<\/a>, respectiv anturajul s\u0103u, al c\u0103rui alai este par\u021bial atribuit clasei <em>btsan<\/em>. De asemenea, faimosul protector monastic Tsiu Marpo, venerat la m\u0103n\u0103stirea central\u0103 Samye, este considerat un <em>btsan<\/em>: un c\u0103l\u0103re\u021b ro\u0219u \u00een zale, care putea fi consultat ca divinitate oracolar\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceasta arat\u0103 c\u0103 apartenen\u021ba la clas\u0103 nu era nicidecum exclusiv negativ\u0103. Un <em>btsan<\/em> legat prin jur\u0103m\u00e2nt era un protector eficace tocmai pentru c\u0103 s\u0103lb\u0103ticia \u0219i for\u021ba sa de lupt\u0103 originare erau p\u0103strate \u0219i puse acum \u00een slujba m\u0103n\u0103stirii.<\/p><p>\u00cen via\u021ba ritual\u0103 cotidian\u0103 a m\u0103n\u0103stirilor, aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 era re\u00eennoit\u0103 periodic. Ofrandele, mai ales substan\u021bele ro\u0219ii, \u0219i recitarea formulelor de legare men\u021bineau rela\u021bia. Cercetarea subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie era considerat\u0103 precar\u0103.<\/p><p>Un <em>btsan<\/em> protector neglijat sau jignit se putea \u00eentoarce \u00eempotriva comunit\u0103\u021bii pe care o p\u0103zea. Prin aceasta, modul tibetan de a trata <em>btsan<\/em> se deosebe\u0219te fundamental de o simpl\u0103 respingere a demonilor. Nu era vorba de distrugere, ci de administrarea permanent\u0103 a unei puteri periculoase, dar utilizabile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li>Pagina cultural\u0103 <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Alte profiluri individuale din Tibet: <a href=\"\/ro\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/nyen\/\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paralele: <a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\">Hinduism<\/a> (Yaksha).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie compact\u0103 de lucr\u0103ri centrale despre Tsen:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, doctrina \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> In: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), S. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Hg., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Wien, \u00d6AW). Sammelband zur Berggottheitsforschung.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standardliteratur (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Hg.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tsen, spirit al tradi\u021biei tibetane Tsen este spirit al tradi\u021biei tibetane. Spirite ro\u0219ii r\u0103zboinice ale mun\u021bilor tibetani, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai st\u00e2ncilor \u0219i trec\u0103torilor. SpiritTibet Cuprins Tsen (btsan) Tsen (tib. btsan) alc\u0103tuiesc o clas\u0103 proprie de fiin\u021be spirituale tibetane: spirite r\u0103zboinice ale st\u00e2ncilor, trec\u0103torilor \u0219i pantelor abrupte. Sunt descri\u0219i \u00een mod consecvent ca figuri masculine de r\u0103zboinici [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1717,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen - Spirit al tradi\u021biei tibetane | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, spirite ro\u0219ii r\u0103zboinice ale mun\u021bilor tibetani. St\u0103p\u00e2ni ai st\u00e2ncilor \u0219i trec\u0103torilor, str\u0103mo\u0219i temu\u021bi \u0219i rolul lor \u00een credin\u021ba B\u00f6n prebudist\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106213","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen - Spirit al tradi\u021biei tibetane | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, spirite ro\u0219ii r\u0103zboinice ale mun\u021bilor tibetani. 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