{"id":106177,"date":"2026-04-21T09:29:53","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T09:29:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shedim-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:09:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:09:18","slug":"shedim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/shedim\/","title":{"rendered":"Shedim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106177\" class=\"elementor elementor-106177 elementor-850\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shedim, demon al tradi\u021biei iudaice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shedim este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> al tradi\u021biei iudaice.<\/p><p>Termenul clasic pentru demoni \u00een iudaism, \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> \u0219i cupele magice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ Demon\u0103: Fiin\u021b\u0103 supranatural\u0103 cu efecte preponderent d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente. Se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre zei \u0219i oameni, provoac\u0103 boal\u0103, ispit\u0103 sau nenorocire \u0219i este respins\u0103 prin incanta\u021bii, apotropaica \u0219i ritualuri.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/iudaism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia de credin\u021b\u0103 iudaic\u0103 de la Tanah p\u00e2n\u0103 la Kabbalah \u0219i mistica modern\u0103.\">Iudaism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_shedim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123446\" alt=\"Shedim - demoni din tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_shedim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_shedim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_shedim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_shedim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shedim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Shedim<\/em> este termenul colectiv cu cea mai larg\u0103 utilizare pentru demoni \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103. Spre deosebire de Lilith, Asmodai sau Azazel, cuv\u00e2ntul nu desemneaz\u0103 o figur\u0103 individual\u0103, ci o clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be invizibile, adesea periculoase, care se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre \u00eengeri \u0219i oameni.<\/p><p>Atestat \u00een ebraica biblic\u0103 doar de dou\u0103 ori (Deut. 32,17; Ps. 106,37), <em>shedim<\/em> devine \u00een literatura rabinic\u0103 termenul standard pentru to\u021bi demonii \u00een general.<\/p><p>Baza documentar\u0103 este vast\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> con\u021bine numeroase nara\u021biuni \u0219i decizii juridice care presupun existen\u021ba shedim; cupele magice aramaice \u00eei exorcizeaz\u0103 pe nume; cabali\u0219tii medievali \u00eei ordoneaz\u0103 \u00een ierarhii ale \u201eceleilalte p\u0103r\u021bi&#8221;.<\/p><p>Termenul r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een uz p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een religia popular\u0103 hasidic\u0103 modern\u0103. Etimologia sa \u00eel leag\u0103 de <em>shedu<\/em> mesopotamian (spirit protector, uneori amenin\u021b\u0103tor), una dintre cele mai dense pun\u021bi lingvistico-religioase dintre Mesopotamia \u0219i iudaism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Shedim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Termen colectiv pentru demoni \u0219i fiin\u021be d\u0103un\u0103toare invizibile<br>Origine: Probabil mesopotamian\u0103 (<em>shedu<\/em>), preluat\u0103 \u00een ebraica biblic\u0103<br>Texte: Deut. 32,17; Ps. 106,37; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> (printre altele Pesachim 110, 112); cupe magice aramaice; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span><br>Perioad\u0103: Din epoca preexilic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>R\u0103sp\u00e2ndire: Babilonia, Palestina, diaspora mondial\u0103<br>Protec\u021bie: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">Rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, magie a numelor, amulete, mezuza, practici de protec\u021bie reglementate rabinic<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele dou\u0103 locuri biblice se \u00eenscriu \u00een contextul polemicii \u00eempotriva cultului idolesc; shedim sunt aici \u201eputerile str\u0103ine&#8221; c\u0103rora Israel le aduce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> \u00een mod nelegiuit. Elaborarea are loc \u00een literatura rabinic\u0103 din secolele III-VI d.Hr., \u00eendeosebi \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> babilonian. Cupele magice aramaice (sec. IV-VII) ofer\u0103 bogate perspective practice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> medieval\u0103 \u0219i magia popular\u0103 continu\u0103 tradi\u021bia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrul se afl\u0103 \u00een Babilonia (Imperiul Sasanid), unde iau na\u0219tere cupele magice. Al\u0103turi, Palestina \u0219i \u00eentreaga diaspor\u0103 ulterioar\u0103. Prezent \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile iudaice din lumea \u00eentreag\u0103, \u00eendeosebi \u00een mediile ortodoxe \u0219i hasidice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Locuri biblice izolate, literatur\u0103 rabinic\u0103 (Mi\u0219na, Tosefta, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>), texte midra\u0219ice, cupe magice aramaice cu sute de exemplare, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> medieval\u0103 (Sefer Raziel, Zohar), amulete, manuale moderne de religiozitate popular\u0103. Una dintre clasele de demoni cel mai bine atestate din \u00eentregul spa\u021biu mediteranean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ebraic\u0103:<\/strong> <em>shed<\/em> (\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d3, singular), <em>shedim<\/em> (\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd, plural).<br>Aramaic\u0103: <em>sh\u012bd\u0101<\/em>, plural <em>sh\u012bd\u0113<\/em>.<br>Termeni \u00eenrudi\u021bi: <em>mazzikim<\/em> (cei care d\u0103uneaz\u0103), <em>ruchot ra&#8217;ot<\/em> (spirite rele), <em>lilin<\/em> (fiin\u021be ale nop\u021bii). To\u021bi desemneaz\u0103 categorii care se suprapun par\u021bial, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi identice.<\/p><p>Derivarea probabil\u0103 din <em>shedu<\/em> mesopotamian (geniu protector \u00een chip de taur \u00eenaripat la por\u021bile de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> \u0219i de palat) este lingvistic remarcabil\u0103: ceea ce \u00een Mesopotamia era o for\u021b\u0103 protectoare devine \u00een Israel o amenin\u021bare. Aceasta reflect\u0103 pozi\u021bia istorico-religioas\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismului<\/span> biblic &#8211; ceea ce al\u021bii venerau drept zei protectori nu poate fi, \u00een sistemul israelit, dec\u00e2t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen mare parte invizibili. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> \u00eei descrie cu umor: \u201eCine vrea s\u0103 le vad\u0103 urmele s\u0103 presare cenu\u0219\u0103 \u00een jurul patului; diminea\u021ba va vedea urme de coco\u0219.&#8221; Unele texte le atribuie aripi, o form\u0103 uman\u0103 de baz\u0103 \u0219i picioare neomene\u0219ti. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> cupelor magice \u00eei \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 lega\u021bi, de obicei antropomorfi.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Shedim locuiesc \u00een locuri necurate (ruine, latrine, cimitire), la frontiere \u0219i locuri de trecere. Provoac\u0103 boli, tulbur\u0103 somnul, st\u00e2rnesc ceart\u0103, ispitesc. Spre deosebire de Lilith, nu au un domeniu specific de activitate &#8211; ei reprezint\u0103 amenin\u021barea demonic\u0103 \u201egeneral\u0103&#8221; a vie\u021bii cotidiene.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Locuri necurate, puncte de trecere, situa\u021bii nocturne, c\u0103l\u0103torii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> men\u021bioneaz\u0103 zone de pericol specifice: col\u021buri, praguri, f\u00e2nt\u00e2ni, latrine, drumuri la amurg.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Tradi\u021biile midra\u0219ice cunosc diverse origini: ca ultime fiin\u021be ale s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nii crea\u021biei, ca urma\u0219i ai lui Adam cu Lilith, ca fiin\u021be pl\u0103m\u0103dite din praf care au r\u0103mas neterminate \u00eenainte de \u00eencheierea crea\u021biei. Varietatea acestor nara\u021biuni este ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i expresia deschiderii categoriei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Shedim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale shedim dintr-o privire. Dezvoltarea referitoare la nume, descriere, protec\u021bie \u0219i paralele se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een sec\u021biunile urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termen colectiv, nu o fiin\u021b\u0103 individual\u0103. Etimologic preluat probabil din <em>shedu<\/em> mesopotamian, reinterpretat negativ \u00een ebraica biblic\u0103 \u0219i rabinic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u021aintele shedim<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amenin\u021bare general\u0103. Persoanele care se afl\u0103 \u00een locuri necurate sau la praguri; c\u0103l\u0103torii la amurg; cei care dorm f\u0103r\u0103 formul\u0103 de protec\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen mare parte invizibili. Uneori descri\u0219i cu picioare de coco\u0219, aripi \u0219i form\u0103 uman\u0103 \u00een partea superioar\u0103. Pe cupele magice sunt reprezenta\u021bi antropomorf \u0219i lega\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Boal\u0103, tulbur\u0103ri nocturne, ceart\u0103, spaim\u0103 brusc\u0103. Efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare f\u0103r\u0103 o specializare tematic\u0103 precis\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">Rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, magie a numelor, amulete, mezuza la u\u0219\u0103, formule de protec\u021bie la intrarea \u00een locuri necurate. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> ofer\u0103 reguli de comportament detaliate (de exemplu, la mersul la latrine).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiin\u021be \u00eenrudite<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Shedu<\/em>\/<em>lamassu<\/em> mesopotamian (\u00eenrudire etimologic\u0103), <em>daimones<\/em> grece\u0219ti (categorie colectiv\u0103 comparabil\u0103), demonii cre\u0219tini \u00een general, <em>jinn<\/em> arabi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie practic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> ofer\u0103 instruc\u021biuni detaliate: formule de protec\u021bie la intrarea \u00een latrine, scuipatul de trei ori la anumite \u00eent\u00e2lniri, sp\u0103larea m\u00e2inilor dup\u0103 trezire. Aceste mici ritualuri cotidiene \u021bin shedim la distan\u021b\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a negocia direct cu ei.<\/p><p><strong>Incanta\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Cupele magice aramaice sunt sursa cea mai bogat\u0103. Textele lor invoc\u0103 shedim individuali pe nume, \u00eei leag\u0103 cu numele lui Dumnezeu \u0219i ale \u00eengerilor \u0219i \u00eei trimit \u00eenapoi \u00een locuri necurate. Logica central\u0103: cine cunoa\u0219te numele unui shed are putere asupra lui.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Mezuza la fiecare st\u00e2lp al u\u0219ii, cu numele divin <em>Shaddai<\/em> pe ea, este considerat\u0103 paznic. Kimpetzettel pentru l\u0103uze \u0219i nou-n\u0103scu\u021bi. Amulete cu versete din Psalmi \u0219i nume de \u00eengeri. M\u00e2na hamsa \u00eempotriva deochiului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i posteritate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesopotamia<\/strong><\/p><p>Numele deriv\u0103 probabil din <em>shedu<\/em>, acolo spirit protector, aici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. Aceast\u0103 reevaluare este un caz model de transformare istorico-religioas\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia islamic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Jinn<\/em> arabi preiau structural multe tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale shedim: clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be intermediare invizibile, ambivalente, \u00eentre om \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span>. Paralelele sunt str\u00e2nse, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o dependen\u021b\u0103 direct\u0103 s\u0103 fie demonstrabil\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Folclorul iudaic modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021biile hasidice est-europene, reprezentarea shedim r\u0103m\u00e2ne vie. Literatura modern\u0103 (I. B. Singer, nara\u021biunile despre dybbuk) o valorific\u0103. \u00cen ebraica israelian\u0103 contemporan\u0103, <em>shed<\/em> este folosit popular cu sensul de \u201e\u0219treng\u0103rie&#8221; sau \u201espiridus&#8221;, o atenuare ambivalent\u0103 \u0219i mucalit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0ac5bb5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0ac5bb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp56528b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp56528b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pu\u021binele atest\u0103ri biblice \u0219i problema traducerii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc36c61c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc36c61c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2c0977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc2c0977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cuv\u00e2ntul ebraic <em>schedim<\/em> apare \u00een \u00eentregul Tanah doar \u00een dou\u0103 locuri, ambele la plural. \u00cen cartea Deuteronomului, Israel este acuzat c\u0103 a adus jertfe <em>schedim<\/em>, care nu sunt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span>, ci zei noi pe care p\u0103rin\u021bii nu \u00eei cuno\u0219teau.<\/p><p>\u00centr-un psalm se spune c\u0103 poporul a jertfit fii \u0219i fiice <em>schedim<\/em>, v\u0103rs\u00e2nd astfel s\u00e2nge nevinovat. Ambele locuri leag\u0103 str\u00e2ns cuv\u00e2ntul de un cult al jertfelor interzise, \u00een special al jertfelor de copii aduse unor puteri str\u0103ine.<\/p><p>Chiar aceast\u0103 baz\u0103 documentar\u0103 restr\u00e2ns\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 textul biblic nu spune aproape nimic despre natura acestor fiin\u021be. Textele sunt polemice &#8211; vor s\u0103 discrediteze cultele str\u0103ine, nu s\u0103 dezvolte o demonologie. <em>Schedim<\/em> apare aici ca denumire colectiv\u0103 pentru destinatarii unui cult pe care autorii biblici \u00eel stigmatizeaz\u0103 drept idolatru \u0219i s\u00e2ngeros.<\/p><p>Cercetarea leag\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul cu mare probabilitate de akkadianul <em>schedu<\/em>. Acesta desemna \u00een spa\u021biul mesopotamian un spirit protector, adesea \u00een chip de om-taur \u00eenaripat, care p\u0103zea por\u021bile palatelor \u0219i templelor.<\/p><p>Ceea ce \u00een Mesopotamia era un geniu protector binevoitor a fost reinterpretat \u00een Biblia ebraic\u0103 drept o putere str\u0103in\u0103 \u0219i nelegiuit\u0103, c\u0103reia nu i se poate aduce jertf\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 reinterpretare este un exemplu bun pentru un tipar r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit. Zeii \u0219i spiritele popoarelor vecine nu sunt nega\u021bi \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismul<\/span> biblic, ci devaloriza\u021bi &#8211; nu sunt divinit\u0103\u021bi autentice, ci simpli <em>schedim<\/em>, c\u0103rora nu li se poate adresa niciun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> legitim.<\/p><p>Demonologia iudaic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 nu dispunea astfel de aproape niciun fundament biblic pe care s\u0103 se sprijine \u0219i a trebuit s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 imaginea acestor fiin\u021be \u00een mare parte de la zero.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp01ffe67 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp01ffe67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4c67ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4c67ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elaborarea schedim \u00een literatura rabinic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpeb7801e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpeb7801e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75df800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75df800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abia literatura rabinic\u0103, \u00eendeosebi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> babilonian \u0219i comentariile aferente, a transformat aridul termen biblic \u00eentr-o clas\u0103 de demoni bine articulat\u0103. Aici apar <em>schedim<\/em> ca un gen numeros \u0219i omniprezent de fiin\u021be.<\/p><p>Un pasaj adesea citat din tractatul talmudic Berachot descrie c\u0103 schedim \u00eei \u00eenconjoar\u0103 pe oameni \u00eentr-un num\u0103r imens, c\u0103 fiecare om are mii de ei la st\u00e2nga \u0219i la dreapta sa \u0219i c\u0103 \u00eenghesuiala din casa de studiu sau oboseala genunchilor provin din activitatea lor.<\/p><p>Rabinii au r\u00e2nduit schedim \u00eentr-o pozi\u021bie intermediar\u0103.<\/p><p>Un text cunoscut enumer\u0103 trei \u00eensu\u0219iri prin care se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu \u00eengerii slujitori &#8211; au aripi, zboar\u0103 de la un cap\u0103t al lumii la cel\u0103lalt \u0219i \u0219tiu ce va veni &#8211; \u0219i trei prin care se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu oamenii: m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 \u0219i beau, se \u00eenmul\u021besc \u0219i mor.<\/p><p>Schedim se situeaz\u0103 astfel \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> \u0219i om &#8211; sunt suficient de corporali pentru a muri \u0219i suficient de spirituali pentru a de\u021bine cunoa\u0219tere tainic\u0103.<\/p><p>Despre originea lor au circulat diverse concep\u021bii. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bie<\/span> r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00eei leag\u0103 de amurgul celei de-a \u0219asea zile a crea\u021biei, c\u00e2nd Dumnezeu le-a creat sufletele dar, din cauza sosirii \u0218abatului, nu le-a mai putut des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219i trupurile, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd astfel neterminate \u00eentre sfere. Alte texte atribuie anumi\u021bi demoni lui Adam.<\/p><p>Literatura rabinic\u0103 a dezvoltat \u0219i nume ale unor conduc\u0103tori individuali, ofer\u0103 indicii despre locurile lor preferate de \u0219edere &#8211; ruine, latrine, umbra copacilor \u0219i drumuri singuratice noaptea &#8211; \u0219i men\u021bioneaz\u0103 momente de pericol deosebit. Astfel, dintr-un termen biblic colectiv s-a construit un edificiu doctrinar detaliat care p\u0103trunse \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5910d47 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5910d47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf11b154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf11b154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie \u0219i ap\u0103rare \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 iudaic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe1b0a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe1b0a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1bd9a61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1bd9a61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dac\u0103 lumea, \u00een concep\u021bia rabinic\u0103, este populat\u0103 \u00een mod dens de <em>schedim<\/em>, atunci via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 necesit\u0103 m\u0103suri de protec\u021bie. Tradi\u021bia evreiasc\u0103 a dezvoltat de-a lungul secolelor un repertoriu bogat de m\u0103suri defensive \u0219i de precau\u021bie, provenind din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, con\u021bin\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, din operele juridice ulterioare \u0219i din practica popular\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen centrul acestuia se afl\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul. Rostirea binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103rilor, studiul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cele cinci c\u0103r\u021bi ale lui Moise, fondul scriptural fundamental al iudaismului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Torei<\/span> \u0219i, \u00een mod deosebit, recitarea anumitor psalmi, \u00een frunte cu cel cunoscut drept Psalmul \u00eempotriva flagelurilor, erau considerate mijloace eficiente de protec\u021bie.<\/p><p>De asemenea, \u0218ema, m\u0103rturisirea de credin\u021b\u0103 evreiasc\u0103 rostit\u0103 la culcare, era \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca ap\u0103rare \u00eempotriva groazei nop\u021bii. Mezuza de pe st\u00e2lpul u\u0219ii, care con\u021bine versete din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cele cinci c\u0103r\u021bi ale lui Moise, fondul scriptural fundamental al iudaismului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tora<\/span>, protejeaz\u0103, potrivit concep\u021biei r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite, \u0219i casa de puterile v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Al\u0103turi de acestea existau reguli de comportament concrete. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, con\u021bin\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> sf\u0103tuie\u0219te s\u0103 se evite anumite locuri considerate periculoase, s\u0103 nu se treac\u0103 singur \u0219i noaptea prin ruine, s\u0103 nu se bea ap\u0103 care a stat descoperit\u0103 peste noapte \u0219i s\u0103 nu se treac\u0103 prin locuri primejdioase \u00eentre dou\u0103 persoane ori \u00eentre doi copaci.<\/p><p>S\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219irea anumitor ac\u021biuni \u00een perechi, evitarea numerelor pare \u00een anumite contexte, f\u0103ceau \u0219i ele parte din aceste prescrip\u021bii.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unei persoane.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietatea<\/span> popular\u0103, mai ales \u00een mediul Cabalei lurianice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticismului evreiesc, cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzira \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cabala<\/span> \u0219i al iudaismului est-european, s-au ad\u0103ugat amuletele, pergamente inscrip\u021bionate cu nume divine, nume de \u00eengeri \u0219i versete biblice, purtate asupra corpului sau a\u0219ezate \u00een cas\u0103.<\/p><p>Utilizarea lor era deosebit de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een protejarea l\u0103uzelor \u0219i a nou-n\u0103scu\u021bilor, considera\u021bi ca deosebit de vulnerabili. Aceste practici arat\u0103 c\u0103 schedim nu reprezentau o simpl\u0103 opinie doctrinar\u0103, ci o realitate cu care religia tr\u0103it\u0103 socotea zilnic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp50c27ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp50c27ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3772d2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3772d2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solomon, st\u0103p\u00e2nirea demonilor \u0219i formarea ulterioar\u0103 a legendelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp466c7cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp466c7cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24567e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24567e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O linie tradi\u021bional\u0103 distinct\u0103 leag\u0103 <em>schedim<\/em> de regele Solomon. Ea porne\u0219te de la prezentarea biblic\u0103, care \u00eei atribuie lui Solomon \u00een\u021belepciune superioar\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nire asupra \u00eentregii crea\u021bii, \u0219i dezvolt\u0103 de aici reprezentarea c\u0103 regele domina \u0219i spiritele \u0219i demonii.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmudul<\/span> babilonian se afl\u0103 deja o nara\u021biune ampl\u0103 \u00een care Solomon captureaz\u0103, cu ajutorul unui inel sigilar pe care este gravat numele divin, conduc\u0103torul demonilor \u0219i \u00eel sile\u0219te s\u0103-l slujeasc\u0103 la construirea Templului. Pe parcursul povestirii, Solomon pierde temporar, din propria m\u00e2ndrie, puterea asupra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonului<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune talmudic\u0103 a devenit germenul unei tradi\u021bii legendare postbiblice proliferante. \u00cen texte ulterioare, unele ap\u0103rute \u00een afara iudaismului rabinic, Solomon devine marele maestru al demonilor, cunosc\u00e2nd numele lor, atribu\u021biile lor \u0219i mijloacele de a-i \u00eenfr\u00e2nge.<\/p><p>Pe aceast\u0103 reprezentare se sprijin\u0103 o parte din literatura magic\u0103 iudaic\u0103 \u0219i din cea influen\u021bat\u0103 de ea, din Evul Mediu.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, aceast\u0103 linie este revelatoare, deoarece arat\u0103 cum din aluzii biblice laconice \u0219i nara\u021biuni talmudice izolate ia na\u0219tere un \u00eentreg gen literar. Inelul sigilar, lista demonilor cu particularit\u0103\u021bile lor, ideea c\u0103 a cunoa\u0219te numele unei fiin\u021be \u00eenseamn\u0103 a avea putere asupra ei &#8211; toate acestea au devenit elemente constitutive fixe.<\/p><p>Totodat\u0103, iudaismul rabinic normativ a r\u0103mas rezervat, p\u00e2n\u0103 la respingere, fa\u021b\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ritual lingvistic care urm\u0103re\u0219te s\u0103 invoce sau s\u0103 lege o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> practic\u0103 a demonilor. Tradi\u021bia solomonic\u0103 s-a mi\u0219cat astfel adesea la marginea religiei oficiale sau dincolo de ea.<\/p><p>Ea atest\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 <em>schedim<\/em> nu erau g\u00e2ndi\u021bi doar ca amenin\u021bare, ci \u0219i ca puteri domabile, ale c\u0103ror for\u021be un om suficient de \u00een\u021belept \u0219i de evlavios le putea pune \u00een serviciul s\u0103u. Aceast\u0103 tensiune \u00eentre ap\u0103rare \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nire str\u0103bate \u00eentreaga confruntare iudaic\u0103 cu schedim.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/iudaism\/\">Iudaism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a> (reprezentant\u0103 concret\u0103 a clasei)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/asmodai\/\">Asmodai<\/a> (regele ierarhiei shedim)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/zeitati-mesopotamiene\/\">Mesopotamia<\/a> (etimologia shedu)<\/li><li>Cupe magice aramaice<\/li><li>Mezuza \u0219i amulete de protec\u021bie iudaice<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale privind shedim \u0219i demonologia iudaic\u0103:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Naveh, Joseph \/ Shaked, Shaul: <em>Amulets and Magic Bowls<\/em>. Jerusalem 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schrire, Theodore: <em>Hebrew Magic Amulets<\/em>. London 1966.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bar-Ilan, Meir: \u201eBetween Magic and Religion. Sympathetic Magic in the World of the Sages.&#8221; In: <em>Review of Rabbinic Judaism<\/em> 5 (2002).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Harari, Yuval: <em>Jewish Magic before the Rise of Kabbalah<\/em>. Detroit 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Trachtenberg, Joshua: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/jewishmagicsuper0000josh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jewish Magic and Superstition<\/a><\/em>. New York 1939 (reeditare Philadelphia 2004).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 (Iudaism):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Hutter, Manfred<\/strong>: <em>Lilith. In: Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. 2. Aufl. Leiden 1999.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-shedim-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-shedim-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-shedim\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-shedim-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-shedim-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69c47af e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"69c47af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92870b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e92870b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Shedim<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce sunt shedim \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103?<\/h3><p>Shedim (pluralul lui shed, ebraic\u0103 \u05e9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd) sunt \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103 o clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be de tip <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, caracterizate de obicei ca distrug\u0103toare sau cel pu\u021bin ambivalente din punct de vedere moral.<\/p><p>\u00cen Tanah termenul apare rar (5 Moise 32,17; Psalmi 106,37), unde desemneaz\u0103 zeii p\u0103g\u00e2ni c\u0103rora israeli\u021bii le-au adus jertfe cu fiii lor. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> (\u00eendeosebi Pesachim 110a-112b), shedim sunt trata\u021bi ca fiin\u021be reale, supranaturale, care tr\u0103iesc \u00een toalete, la r\u0103scruci, \u00een sate \u0219i \u00een tufe de mure.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cum se deosebesc shedim de mazzikim \u0219i lilin?<\/h3><p>Demonologia iudaic\u0103 cunoa\u0219te mai multe clase: shedim sunt clasa cea mai general\u0103, fiin\u021be cvasi-corporale, inteligente, cu liber arbitru. Mazzikim (cei care d\u0103uneaz\u0103) sunt orienta\u021bi specific spre cauzarea de r\u0103u. Lilin sunt urma\u0219ii lui Lilith, demoni ai nop\u021bii.<\/p><p>Ruchot sunt fiin\u021be pur spirituale, uneori suflete ale defunc\u021bilor. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, cuprinz\u00e2nd interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> (Chagiga 16a) se consemneaz\u0103 c\u0103 shedim \u00eempart cu oamenii trei \u00eensu\u0219iri (a m\u00e2nca, a se reproduce, a muri) \u0219i cu \u00eengerii trei (aripi, atot\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, invizibilitate) &#8211; sunt fiin\u021be intermediare.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce sunt shedim \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shedim (pluralul lui shed, ebraic\u0103 \u05e9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd) sunt \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103 o clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be de tip spirit, caracterizate de obicei ca distrug\u0103toare sau cel pu\u021bin ambivalente din punct de vedere moral. \u00cen Tanah termenul apare rar (5 Moise 32,17; Psalmi 106,37), unde desemneaz\u0103 zeii p\u0103g\u00e2ni c\u0103rora israeli\u021bii le-au adus jertfe cu fiii lor. \u00cen Talmud (\u00eendeosebi Pesachim 110a-112b), shedim sunt trata\u021bi ca fiin\u021be reale, supranaturale, care tr\u0103iesc \u00een toalete, la r\u0103scruci, \u00een sate \u0219i \u00een tufe de mure.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cum se deosebesc shedim de mazzikim \u0219i lilin?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Demonologia iudaic\u0103 cunoa\u0219te mai multe clase: shedim sunt clasa cea mai general\u0103, fiin\u021be cvasi-corporale, inteligente, cu liber arbitru. Mazzikim (cei care d\u0103uneaz\u0103) sunt orienta\u021bi specific spre cauzarea de r\u0103u. Lilin sunt urma\u0219ii lui Lilith, demoni ai nop\u021bii. Ruchot sunt fiin\u021be pur spirituale, uneori suflete ale defunc\u021bilor. \u00cen Talmud (Chagiga 16a) se consemneaz\u0103 c\u0103 shedim \u00eempart cu oamenii trei \u00eensu\u0219iri (a m\u00e2nca, a se reproduce, a muri) \u0219i cu \u00eengerii trei (aripi, atot\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, invizibilitate) - sunt fiin\u021be intermediare.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shedim, demon al tradi\u021biei iudaice Shedim este demon al tradi\u021biei iudaice. Termenul clasic pentru demoni \u00een iudaism, \u00eentre Talmud \u0219i cupele magice. DemonIudaism Cuprins Shedim Shedim este termenul colectiv cu cea mai larg\u0103 utilizare pentru demoni \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103. Spre deosebire de Lilith, Asmodai sau Azazel, cuv\u00e2ntul nu desemneaz\u0103 o figur\u0103 individual\u0103, ci o clas\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1690,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shedim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shedim - demon al tradi\u021biei iudaice","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shedim, termenul clasic pentru demoni \u00een iudaism - \u00eentre Talmud \u0219i cupele magice, cu r\u0103d\u0103cini mesopotamiene.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106177","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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