{"id":106166,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:43","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/satan-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:08:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:08:31","slug":"satan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/satan\/","title":{"rendered":"Satan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106166\" class=\"elementor elementor-106166 elementor-1018\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Satan, zeitate din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Adversarul, figura central\u0103 a demonologiei cre\u0219tine.<\/strong> Profilul \u00eel \u00eencadreaz\u0103 pe Satan, zeitate din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103, \u00een scrierile despre ispit\u0103, adversitate \u0219i lupta dintre bine \u0219i r\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/crestinism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 cu \u00eengerii, demonii \u0219i fiin\u021bele sale mistice.\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/anti-zei\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Puteri ale haosului \u0219i adversari cosmici, contraponderi \u00een dualismul istoriei religiilor.\">Anti-zeu<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_satan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123326\" alt=\"Satana - zei din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_satan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_satan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_satan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_satan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Satan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Satan este figura central\u0103 a adversarului \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103. De la ebraicul <em>ha-satan<\/em> (\u201eAcuzatorul&#8221;) din Cartea lui Iov p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u201eDiavolul&#8221; personificat din Noul Testament se produce o schimbare de semnifica\u021bie: de la un rol func\u021bional la tronul divin la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerul<\/span> c\u0103zut \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul iadului. \u00cen patristic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een Evul Mediu devine adversarul cosmic \u0219i conduc\u0103torul tuturor demonilor.<\/p><p>Structural, Satan r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een cadrul monoteist: el este creatur\u0103, nu zeu contrar. Puterea sa este derivat\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00eenvins\u0103. Cu toate acestea, dezvolt\u0103 o prezen\u021b\u0103 iconografic\u0103 \u0219i narativ\u0103 enorm\u0103, \u00een art\u0103, literatur\u0103 (Dante, Milton, Goethe) \u0219i cultura popular\u0103, unde trece de la monstrul infernal la figura tragic\u0103 a rebelului.<\/p><div><p><strong>Straturi ale istoriei religiilor<\/strong><\/p><p>Satan nu este o figur\u0103 omogen\u0103, ci un complex de straturi ale istoriei religiilor, alc\u0103tuit din cel pu\u021bin patru linii tradi\u021bionale distincte. Stratul iudaic (Tanah) \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe <em>ha-satan<\/em> ca \u201eacuzator&#8221; la tronul ceresc, cu o func\u021bie pozitiv\u0103 \u00een cadrul administra\u021biei divine (Iov 1, 2; Zaharia 3; Numeri 22).<\/p><p>Stratul intertestamentar (1 Enoh, Cartea Jubileelor, Testamentele celor doisprezece Patriarhi) autonomizeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 \u0219i o conecteaz\u0103 cu \u00eengerii c\u0103zu\u021bi ai veghetorilor din Geneza 6. Stratul neotestamentar transform\u0103 acuzatorul \u00een principalul du\u0219man al lui Hristos \u0219i al comunit\u0103\u021bii (Matei 4; Luca 4; Apocalipsa 12, 20).<\/p><p>Stratul patristic \u0219i medieval dezvolt\u0103 aceast\u0103 concep\u021bie \u00eentr-o demonologie elaborat\u0103, \u00een care Satan este comandantul suprem al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerilor<\/span> c\u0103zu\u021bi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Satan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Adversar principal, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut<br>Origine: Ini\u021bial acuzator divin; tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103: c\u0103derea lui Lucifer<br>Texte: Iov, Evanghelii, Apocalipsa, patristic\u0103, scolastic\u0103<br>Perioad\u0103: secolul I d.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Respingere: sacramente, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, invocarea sfin\u021bilor<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777534989 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777534989\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777534989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777534989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><em><strong>Delimitare fa\u021b\u0103 de Leviatan:<\/strong> Spre deosebire de <a href=\"\/ro\/leviathan\/\">Leviatan<\/a>, monstrul marin cosmic ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al haosului ne\u00eembl\u00e2nzit, Satan este o <strong>figur\u0103 personificat\u0103<\/strong>, adversarul care intr\u0103 \u00een dialog cu Dumnezeu \u0219i cu oamenii \u0219i apare \u00een tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tin\u0103 ca actor care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Vechiul Testament ca \u201eacuzator&#8221; (Iov, Zaharia), f\u0103r\u0103 o determinare personal\u0103 clar\u0103. \u00cen Noul Testament ca adversar \u00een mod evident malefic (ispitirea lui Iisus, Apocalipsa). Patristic\u0103 \u0219i Evul Mediu dezvolt\u0103 figura sistematic. Reforma \u0219i epoca modern\u0103 o reinterpreteaz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pornind din bazinul estic al Mediteranei, prin misiunea cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume locuit\u0103. Fiecare regiune cre\u0219tin\u0103 dezvolt\u0103 imagini populare proprii ale lui Satan, care preiau par\u021bial tradi\u021bii demonice indigene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Noul Testament, apocalipse, omilii patristice, literatur\u0103 vizionar\u0103 medieval\u0103 (Tnugdalus, Dante), colec\u021bii de exemple, grimoire-uri, procese de vr\u0103jitorie, Milton \u0219i Goethe \u00een literatur\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ebraic\u0103:<\/strong> <em>ha-satan<\/em> (\u201eacuzatorul&#8221;, Iov).<br>Greac\u0103: <em>ho Satanas<\/em>, <em>ho diabolos<\/em> (\u201ecel care tulbur\u0103&#8221;).<br>Latin\u0103: <em>Satanas<\/em>, <em>diabolus<\/em>.<br>Epitete: Prin\u021bul acestei lumi, Tat\u0103l minciunii, \u0218arpele cel vechi, Dragonul, Beelzebul.<\/p><p>Multitudinea numelor reflect\u0103 procesul prin care Satan a devenit o figur\u0103 colectiv\u0103 a diverselor tradi\u021bii. Identific\u0103rile cu Lucifer (Isaia 14, t\u00e2rziu), cu \u0219arpele primordial (Geneza 3, neotestamentar), cu Beelzebul (Evanghelii) \u0219i cu dragonul (Apocalipsa) alc\u0103tuiesc o figur\u0103 consecvent personal\u0103, care la origine reprezentau aspecte separate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi caracteristice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen Noul Testament, \u00een mare parte f\u0103r\u0103 descriere vizual\u0103, \u201eumbl\u0103 ca un leu r\u0103cnind&#8221; (1 Pet 5,8), \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, un mesager ceresc al lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00cenger<\/span> al luminii&#8221; (2 Cor 11,14). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Studiul con\u021binutului imaginilor \u0219i al semnifica\u021biei acestora.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> medieval\u0103: cu coarne, picior de cal, \u00eenaripat, ro\u0219u sau negru, cu aripi de liliac. Dante: tricefal \u00een palatul de ghea\u021b\u0103 al celui de-al nou\u0103lea cerc al Infernului.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Ispite\u0219te, acuz\u0103, seduce, \u00een\u0219al\u0103. Nu dispune de for\u021b\u0103 brut\u0103, puterea sa const\u00e2nd \u00een influen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i sugestie. \u00cen Apocalips\u0103 lupt\u0103 cu Mihail \u0219i este \u00een cele din urm\u0103 legat. \u00centre aceste momente: prezen\u021b\u0103 constant\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 a credinciosului ca ispit\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Sfera de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00centreaga lume (\u201eprin\u021bul acestei lumi&#8221;), cu arii de concentrare: ispitirea indivizilor, seducerea unor popoare \u00eentregi, puterea politic\u0103 (din perspectiv\u0103 apocaliptic\u0103), st\u0103p\u00e2nirea asupra Iadului.<\/p><p><strong>Originea mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Originea se afl\u0103 \u00een metaforica tribunalului de curte ebraic (Iov: acuzator \u00eenaintea tronului lui Dumnezeu). \u00cen perioada celui de-al Doilea Templu are loc confluen\u021ba cu motivele dualismului iranian (Ahriman). Ulterior, identificarea patristic\u0103 cu c\u0103derea lui Lucifer (Is 14, ini\u021bial o polemic\u0103 \u00eempotriva unui rege babilonian).<\/p><div><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> patristic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Origen discut\u0103 \u00een <em>De principiis<\/em> (cca. 230) \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 Satan ar putea fi m\u00e2ntuit la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lumii (doctrina <em>Apocatastazei<\/em>); aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie a fost ulterior respins\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O concep\u021bie religioas\u0103 care se abate de la doctrina bisericeasc\u0103 recunoscut\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">erezie<\/span>, \u00eens\u0103 a l\u0103sat urme proprii \u00een tradi\u021bia bisericii r\u0103s\u0103ritene.<\/p><p>Augustin argumenteaz\u0103 \u00een <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> (XI, XIV) \u00eempotriva dualismului maniheic \u0219i insist\u0103 asupra secundarit\u0103\u021bii ontologice a r\u0103ului: Satan nu este un dumnezeu concurent, ci o creatur\u0103 c\u0103zut\u0103, a c\u0103rei existen\u021b\u0103 este posibil\u0103 numai ca priva\u021biune a Binelui.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie r\u0103m\u00e2ne obligatorie pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> catolic\u0103. Rafinarea scolastic\u0103 din <em>Summa Theologiae<\/em> (I, q. 63, 64) sistematizeaz\u0103 doctrina despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, un mesager ceresc al lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengeri<\/span> \u0219i \u00eel situeaz\u0103 pe Satan \u00een v\u00e2rful ierarhiei c\u0103zute.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Satan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele aspecte ale lui Satan dintr-o privire. Detaliile privind numele, descrierea, respingerea \u0219i paralelele se g\u0103sesc \u00een sec\u021biunile urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> ebraic al \u201eacuzatorului&#8221;; identificarea ulterioar\u0103 cu Lucifer cel c\u0103zut. \u00cen epoca celui de-al Doilea Templu, influen\u021ba concep\u021biilor de dualism iranian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatari<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To\u021bi oamenii; cu accent pe: individul aflat \u00een ispit\u0103, popoare \u0219i puteri politice \u00een interpretarea apocaliptic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen NT f\u0103r\u0103 descriere fizic\u0103. Medieval: cu coarne, picior de cal, aripi de liliac, ro\u0219u\/negru. Dante: cu trei capete \u00een palatul de ghea\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ispitire, seducere, acuzare, \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciune. Influen\u021b\u0103 \u00een loc de for\u021b\u0103 brut\u0103. \u00cenfr\u00e2nt \u00een cele din urm\u0103 de Hristos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme de respingere<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sacramente (botez, Euharistie), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, invocarea sfin\u021bilor, agheasm\u0103, semnul crucii. Bisericile ortodoxe cu ritual propriu de exorcism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiin\u021be \u00eenrudite<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Azazel (iudaism), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (Egipt), Ahriman (zoroastrism), Iblis (islam), Mara (budism).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Respingere \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de respingere<\/strong><\/p><p>Botezul ca protec\u021bie fundamental\u0103 (Abrenuntio Diaboli). Practica regulat\u0103 a sacramentelor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciunea<\/span> personal\u0103, semnul crucii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcism<\/span> \u00een cazul posesiunii recunoscute, reglementat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een Biserica Catolic\u0103 prin Rituale Romanum.<\/p><p><strong>Incanta\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Formule ecleziastice de exorcism (Rituale Romanum, euhologiile ortodoxe), apotropaica populare (\u201eRetrage-te, Satano!&#8221;), formule de binecuv\u00e2ntare cotidian\u0103. \u00cen tradi\u021bia grimoire-urilor, formule magice de constr\u00e2ngere, condamnate de Biseric\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Crucea, crucifixul, medalia Sf\u00e2ntului Benedict cu formula \u201eVade retro Satana&#8221;, Agnus Dei, icoane ale sfin\u021bilor. Agheasma ca mijloc de protec\u021bie cotidian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Satan, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103 \u0219i preistoria:<\/strong> Iov, Zaharia, ha-satan ca acuzator. Literatura de la Qumran \u0219i cea apocaliptic\u0103 radicalizeaz\u0103 figura. Azazel ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut \u00eenrudit.<\/p><p><strong>Islam:<\/strong> Iblis paralelizeaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> lui Satan, dar este structurat diferit (djinn, nu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> c\u0103zut). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die im Alltag gelebte Religiosit\u00e4t, oft neben der offiziellen Lehre.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia popular\u0103<\/span> musulman\u0103, adversar constant.<\/p><p><strong>Alte tradi\u021bii:<\/strong> Ahriman zoroastrian ca posibil model. Mara budist ca ispititor la arborele ilumin\u0103rii. Apophis egiptean ca du\u0219man cosmic al haosului.<\/p><div><p><strong>Reforma \u0219i modernitatea<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen Reform\u0103, Satan dob\u00e2nde\u0219te un loc important \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lui Luther. Relat\u0103rile personale ale lui Luther despre \u00eent\u00e2lniri cu Satan (de exemplu, episodul cu c\u0103limara aruncat\u0103 la Wartburg) sunt caracteristice din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor pentru personalitatea pronun\u021bat\u0103 a lui Satan \u00een discursul protestant al secolului al XVI-lea. Contrareforma catolic\u0103 r\u0103spunde prin aparatul elaborat de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> al <em>Rituale Romanum<\/em> (1614).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen modernitate (\u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XVIII-lea), Satan trece printr-un proces de secularizare \u00een tradi\u021bia literar-filozofic\u0103 (Milton, <em>Paradise Lost<\/em>, 1667; Goethe, <em>Faust<\/em>, 1808, 1832; Baudelaire, <em>Les Fleurs du Mal<\/em>, 1857), care \u00eel transform\u0103 din func\u021bie teologic\u0103 primar\u0103 \u00een topos literar.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb31e9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcb31e9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp93c4741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp93c4741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Acuzatorul \u00een curtea cereasc\u0103: Satan \u00een Vechiul Testament<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp952ef1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp952ef1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77d4a38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp77d4a38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cuv\u00e2ntul ebraic <em>satan<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu \u201eadversar&#8221;, \u201eoponent&#8221; sau \u201eacuzator&#8221;. \u00cen Vechiul Testament poate desemna, \u00een mod nespecific, \u0219i un du\u0219man uman. Acolo unde se refer\u0103 la o figur\u0103 cereasc\u0103, apare de obicei cu articol, <em>ha-satan<\/em>, adic\u0103 \u201eacuzatorul&#8221;, ceea ce reprezint\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 o denumire func\u021bional\u0103 dec\u00e2t un nume propriu.<\/p><p>Cel mai cunoscut pasaj se afl\u0103 \u00een Cartea lui Iov. Acolo, <em>ha-satan<\/em> apare printre \u201efiii lui Dumnezeu&#8221; care se \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00eenaintea lui Dumnezeu. El nu este un zeu contrar, ci un membru al cur\u021bii cere\u0219ti, comparabil cu un ofi\u021ber al acuz\u0103rii.<\/p><p>El pune la \u00eendoial\u0103 autenticitatea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlaviei<\/span> lui Iov \u0219i prime\u0219te de la Dumnezeu permisiunea de a o pune la \u00eencercare. Satan ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 numai \u00een limitele a ceea ce Dumnezeu \u00eeng\u0103duie.<\/p><p>\u00cen mod similar apare acuzatorul \u00een Cartea lui Zaharia, unde \u00eel acuz\u0103 pe marele preot Iosua \u00eenaintea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerului<\/span> Domnului \u0219i este respins.<\/p><p>O pozi\u021bie aparte ocup\u0103 un pasaj din Cronici care reformuleaz\u0103 o nara\u021biune mai veche din Cartea lui Samuel: acolo unde Dumnezeu \u00eel \u00eendeamn\u0103 pe David la recens\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00een Cronici este un <em>satan<\/em>. Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un prim pas de a transfera actele nepl\u0103cute de la Dumnezeu la o alt\u0103 figur\u0103.<\/p><p>De re\u021binut r\u0103m\u00e2ne: \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die als verbindlich anerkannte Sammlung der heiligen Schriften einer Religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> ebraic, Satan nu este o putere independent\u0103 a r\u0103ului \u0219i nici st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al unui iad. El este o figur\u0103 subordonat\u0103 cu o func\u021bie limitat\u0103 \u00een aparatul ceresc. Concep\u021bia ulterioar\u0103 despre adversarul cosmic al lui Dumnezeu nu este \u00eenc\u0103 dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een Vechiul Testament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb44b7a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb44b7a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b6294a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7b6294a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103sturnarea intertestamentar\u0103: de la acuzator la Prin\u021bul \u00eentunericului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07b8ca8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp07b8ca8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp59fbda8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp59fbda8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evolu\u021bia decisiv\u0103 s-a produs \u00een secolele dintre Vechiul \u0219i Noul Testament, \u00een literatura numit\u0103 intertestamentar\u0103. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, marcat\u0103 de domina\u021bie str\u0103in\u0103 \u0219i crize religioase, a c\u00e2\u0219tigat teren concep\u021bia c\u0103 binelui i se opune o putere proprie a r\u0103ului.<\/p><p>Texte precum cartea etiopian\u0103 a lui Enoh au dezvoltat nara\u021biunea \u00eengerilor c\u0103zu\u021bi care s-au ridicat \u00eempotriva ordinii divine.<\/p><p>Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103, textele comunit\u0103\u021bii de la Qumran, cunosc o figur\u0103 numit\u0103 <em>Belial<\/em> sau <em>Beliar<\/em> \u0219i o doctrin\u0103 elaborat\u0103 a celor doi duhuri, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate necorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhul<\/span> luminii \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate necorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhul<\/span> \u00eentunericului, care se lupt\u0103 pentru om.<\/p><p>Cercetarea dezbate influen\u021ba dualismului persan, care cunoa\u0219te o putere primordial\u0103 bun\u0103 \u0219i una rea. Dac\u0103 a existat o preluare direct\u0103 sau o evolu\u021bie intern\u0103 iudaic\u0103 independent\u0103 sub presiune extern\u0103 este contestat; multe argumente pledeaz\u0103 pentru o ac\u021biune comun\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen rezultat, \u00een Noul Testament apare o figur\u0103 net dezvoltat\u0103. Satan se prezint\u0103 acolo ca ispititor al lui Iisus \u00een pustie, ca \u201ePrin\u021b al acestei lumi&#8221;, ca adversar al \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei lui Dumnezeu.<\/p><p>Apocalipsa lui Ioan \u00eel identific\u0103 \u00een mod explicit cu \u201e\u0219arpele cel vechi&#8221; \u0219i cu dragonul \u0219i descrie c\u0103derea sa definitiv\u0103. Din ofi\u021berul ceresc al acuz\u0103rii din Cartea lui Iov a devenit astfel adversarul lui Dumnezeu, chiar dac\u0103, spre deosebire de imaginea popular\u0103 ulterioar\u0103, r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een continuare subordonat puterii lui Dumnezeu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b84e2a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7b84e2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3de033 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3de033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coarnele \u0219i piciorul de capr\u0103: cum a c\u0103p\u0103tat Diavolul \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp14f8fa3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp14f8fa3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a09c7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7a09c7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Biblia nu descrie \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Satan. Imaginea familiar\u0103 a Diavolului cu coarne, picioare de capr\u0103, coad\u0103, furc\u0103 \u0219i piele ro\u0219iatic\u0103 este o crea\u021bie a artei postbiblice, \u00een special medievale. Cercetarea poate identifica mai multe surse ale acestei imagini.<\/p><p>Un rol l-a jucat preluarea tr\u0103s\u0103turilor unor zeit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i fiin\u021be ale naturii precre\u0219tine. Zeul ciob\u0103nesc grec Pan \u0219i satirii erau \u00eenzestra\u021bi cu coarne, picioare de capr\u0103 \u0219i un temperament nest\u0103p\u00e2nit. C\u00e2nd cre\u0219tinismul s-a impus, astfel de figuri au fost demonizate; tr\u0103s\u0103turile lor exterioare au trecut asupra Diavolului. \u0218i faunii \u0219i alte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 care reune\u0219te \u00een sine tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale diferitelor vie\u021buitoare.\" tabindex=\"0\">fiin\u021be hibride<\/span> au furnizat elemente constitutive.<\/p><p>La aceasta s-au ad\u0103ugat imagini biblice interpretate literal. Pilda judec\u0103\u021bii de apoi vorbe\u0219te despre separarea \u201eoilor&#8221; de \u201ecapre&#8221;; capra a devenit astfel animalul celor os\u00e2ndi\u021bi.<\/p><p>Focul iadului explica culoarea ro\u0219ie \u0219i asocierea cu fumul \u0219i smoala. Aripile de liliac, care \u00eel disting adesea pe Diavol de \u00eengerii cu pene, subliniau c\u0103derea sa \u0219i inversarea \u00eengerescului.<\/p><p>Arta medieval\u0103, de la portalurile bisericilor \u0219i tympanele sculptate la picturile murale \u0219i miniaturile de manuscrise, a consolidat \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit aceast\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are. \u00cen teatru, \u00een jocurile religioase, Diavolul ap\u0103rea \u00een costume corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 istoric\u0103 este important: \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area Diavolului nu este un dat revelat, ci un produs cultural, alc\u0103tuit din mo\u0219tenire p\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103, cuvinte-imagini citite literal \u0219i tradi\u021bia plastic\u0103 a Bisericii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa425a16 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa425a16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf4291e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf4291e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Satan \u00een istoria teologiei: ispititor, executor al pedepsei, mit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5068f65 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5068f65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3a588a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3a588a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Interpretarea teologic\u0103 a lui Satan nu a fost niciodat\u0103 unitar\u0103. Chiar P\u0103rin\u021bii Bisericii s-au confruntat cu \u00eentrebarea de unde vine r\u0103ul, dac\u0103 Dumnezeu este bun \u0219i a creat totul.<\/p><p>Un r\u0103spuns larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit suna c\u0103 Satan ar fi fost ini\u021bial un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenger<\/span> bun, care a c\u0103zut prin m\u00e2ndrie \u0219i liber\u0103 alegere a voin\u021bei; r\u0103ul nu ar fi o fiin\u021b\u0103 proprie, ci o lips\u0103 a binelui. Aceast\u0103 linie, asociat\u0103 \u00eendeosebi cu Augustin, a marcat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> apusean\u0103 timp de secole.<\/p><p>\u00cen Evul Mediu, doctrina a fost dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een continuare, de exemplu la Toma de Aquino, care a tratat sistematic natura angelic\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103derea \u00eengerilor. Totodat\u0103, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die im Alltag gelebte Religiosit\u00e4t, oft neben der offiziellen Lehre.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia popular\u0103<\/span> \u0219i \u00een practica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcismului<\/span> \u0219i ulterior a v\u00e2n\u0103torii de vr\u0103jitoare, a c\u00e2\u0219tigat pondere o imagine a lui Satan mult mai concret\u0103 \u0219i mai drastic\u0103, care adesea acoperea afirma\u021biile teologice mai sobre.<\/p><p>Reformatorii, \u00eendeosebi Martin Luther, vorbeau foarte direct \u0219i personal despre Diavol ca adversar real al credin\u021bei. \u00cen epoca modern\u0103, mai ales \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Iluminismul, s-a produs prin contrast o distan\u021bare critic\u0103. Mul\u021bi teologi au interpretat Satan din ce \u00een ce mai mult ca limbaj simbolic sau mitologic pentru puterea r\u0103ului, nu ca fiin\u021b\u0103 personal\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> contemporan\u0103 coexist\u0103 ambele concep\u021bii: de la men\u021binerea credin\u021bei \u00eentr-o putere personal\u0103 a r\u0103ului p\u00e2n\u0103 la o interpretare consecvent simbolic\u0103.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare nu poate fi tran\u0219at\u0103; se poate constata numai datele istorice ale unei lungi istorii a interpret\u0103rilor, plurivocale, \u00een care Satan a luat forme foarte diferite: de la acuzatorul ceresc la Prin\u021bul \u00eentunericului \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la concept teologic disputat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/crestinism\/\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/lucifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/beelzebub\/\">Beelzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/leviathan\/\">Leviatan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/legiune\/\">Legiune<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/azazel\/\">Azazel<\/a> (preistorie)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (paralel\u0103 structural\u0103)<\/li><li><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcism<\/span> \u0219i ritualuri<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O selec\u021bie de lucr\u0103ri centrale despre Satan \u0219i demonologia cre\u0219tin\u0103:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Russell, Jeffrey Burton: <em>Satan. The Early Christian Tradition<\/em>. Ithaca 1981 (lucrare de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een 4 volume).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pagels, Elaine: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/originofsatan00page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Origin of Satan<\/a><\/em>. New York 1995.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Forsyth, Neil: <em>The Old Enemy. Satan and the Combat Myth<\/em>. Princeton 1987.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kelly, Henry Ansgar: <em>Satan. A Biography<\/em>. Cambridge 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ratzinger, Joseph \/ Messori, Vittorio: <em>Zur Lage des Glaubens<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen 1985 (pozi\u021bii teologice).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd92fee e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fd92fee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-441e49a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"441e49a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Satan<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este Satan \u00een tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tin\u0103?<\/h3><p>Satan (ebraic\u0103 ha-Satan, acuzatorul) nu este ini\u021bial, \u00een Biblia Ebraic\u0103, un adversar al lui Dumnezeu, ci un slujitor al cur\u021bii divine care pune oamenii la \u00eencercare, ca \u00een Cartea lui Iov.<\/p><p>Abia \u00een apocaliptica iudaic\u0103 timpurie \u0219i \u00een Noul Testament devine Satan adversarul lui Dumnezeu \u0219i conduc\u0103torul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerilor<\/span> c\u0103zu\u021bi. \u00cen Evul Mediu cre\u0219tin, figura s-a contopit cu diverse concep\u021bii demonice, devenind r\u0103ul personificat.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Satan, Lucifer \u0219i Diavol?<\/h3><p>Cei trei termeni au origini diferite: Satan provine din ebraic\u0103 (acuzatorul), Lucifer din latin\u0103 (purt\u0103torul luminii, de fapt steaua dimine\u021bii Venus) \u0219i Diavol din grecescul Diabolos (calomniator).<\/p><p>Abia \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> medieval\u0103 cei trei au fost contopiti \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103, arhanghelul c\u0103zut care s-a revoltat \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> modern\u0103, termenii sunt din nou trata\u021bi diferen\u021biat.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Satan \u00een tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tin\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Satan (ebraic\u0103 ha-Satan, acuzatorul) nu este ini\u021bial, \u00een Biblia Ebraic\u0103, un adversar al lui Dumnezeu, ci un slujitor al cur\u021bii divine care pune oamenii la \u00eencercare, ca \u00een Cartea lui Iov. Abia \u00een apocaliptica iudaic\u0103 timpurie \u0219i \u00een Noul Testament devine Satan adversarul lui Dumnezeu \u0219i conduc\u0103torul \u00eengerilor c\u0103zu\u021bi. \u00cen Evul Mediu cre\u0219tin, figura s-a contopit cu diverse concep\u021bii demonice, devenind r\u0103ul personificat.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Satan, Lucifer \u0219i Diavol?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Cei trei termeni au origini diferite: Satan provine din ebraic\u0103 (acuzatorul), Lucifer din latin\u0103 (purt\u0103torul luminii, de fapt steaua dimine\u021bii Venus) \u0219i Diavol din grecescul Diabolos (calomniator). Abia \u00een teologia medieval\u0103 cei trei au fost contopiti \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103, arhanghelul c\u0103zut care s-a revoltat \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu. \u00cen teologia modern\u0103, termenii sunt din nou trata\u021bi diferen\u021biat.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Satan, zeitate din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 Adversarul, figura central\u0103 a demonologiei cre\u0219tine. ZeuCre\u0219tinismAnti-zeu Cuprins Satan Satan este figura central\u0103 a adversarului \u00een tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103. De la ebraicul ha-satan (\u201eAcuzatorul&#8221;) din Cartea lui Iov p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u201eDiavolul&#8221; personificat din Noul Testament se produce o schimbare de semnifica\u021bie: de la un rol func\u021bional la tronul divin la \u00eengerul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1568,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Satan adversar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Satan - Zeitate din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Satan, figura adversarului \u00een cre\u0219tinism, deriv\u0103 din ebraicul ha-satan (\u201eAcuzatorul\") din Iov, devenind \u201eDiavolul\" personificat \u00een Noul Testament.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106166","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Satan - Zeitate din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Satan, figura adversarului \u00een cre\u0219tinism, deriv\u0103 din ebraicul ha-satan (\u201eAcuzatorul&quot;) din Iov, devenind \u201eDiavolul&quot; personificat \u00een Noul Testament.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/satan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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