{"id":106159,"date":"2026-08-04T17:07:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shamash-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:07:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:07:48","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106159\" class=\"elementor elementor-106159 elementor-2081\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, zeu al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShamash este zeul tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene.\n\n<strong>Zeul soarelui, paznicul drept\u0103\u021bii, lumina deasupra tuturor lucrurilor.<\/strong> Shamash (sumerianul Utu) este unul dintre cei mai profund venera\u021bi zei ai Mesopotamiei, nu ca un foc s\u0103lbatic, ci ca o for\u021b\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare \u0219i statornic\u0103 a ordinii. \u00cen fiecare zi el traverseaz\u0103 cerul cu carul s\u0103u, vede tot ceea ce oamenii fac \u00een ascuns \u0219i \u00eei aduce pe to\u021bi \u00een fa\u021ba judec\u0103\u021bii. Niciun secret nu r\u0103m\u00e2ne ascuns fa\u021b\u0103 de Shamash, nicio nedreptate nu r\u0103m\u00e2ne nepedepsit\u0103.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-mesopotamiene\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate: Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (aprox. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1637\" alt=\"Shamash - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103, zeu al soarelui \u0219i judec\u0103tor divin<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Totalitatea zeit\u0103\u021bilor dintr-o religie sau cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Sumer (ca Utu), Akkad\/Babilon\/Assur (ca Shamash)<br>Func\u021bie: Soare, lumina zilei, drept, justi\u021bie, adev\u0103r<br>Atribute principale: disc solar \u00eenaripat, fer\u0103str\u0103u (taie falsul), toiag \u0219i inel<br>Centre de cult principale: Sippar (centru principal de cult, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>Fra\u021bi \u0219i surori: Sin (Luna) ca tat\u0103, Inanna\/Ishtar ca sor\u0103<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada sumerianului timpuriu (mileniul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr.); zeul soarelui era divinitatea principal\u0103 a Sipparului \u0219i Larsei. Epoca de \u00eenflorire a tradi\u021biei Shamash: perioada babilonian\u0103 veche (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn sculptat\u0103, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, plasat\u0103 \u00een pozi\u021bie vertical\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> lui Hammurabi \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Shamash ca judec\u0103tor divin care \u00eei \u00eenm\u00e2neaz\u0103 lui Hammurabi codul de legi).<\/p><p>A r\u0103mas central \u00een Imperiul neobabilonian \u0219i asirian. Odat\u0103 cu declinul Imperiului Babilonian (secolul I d.Hr.), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> se stinge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (ast\u0103zi Tell Abu Habba, la nord de Babilon) cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> zeului-soare <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u201eCasa Alb\u0103&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (la sud, de asemenea cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> E-babbar), Babilon, Ninive, Mari. Ofrandele funerare de tip Ash din mii de morminte babiloniene \u0219i asiriene atest\u0103 extinderea cultului. \u00cen textele biblice men\u021bionat ca <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = \u201eCasa Soarelui&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Surse centrale: <em>Stela<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stele<\/span> lui Hammurabi<\/em> (cca. 1750 \u00ee.Hr., Shamash \u00eenm\u00e2neaz\u0103 legea), prologul <em>Codexului Hammurabi<\/em>, marele <em>Imn al lui Shamash<\/em> (babilonian vechi), t\u0103bli\u021ba lui Nabu-apla-iddina (sec. IX \u00ee.Hr., discul solar al lui Shamash pictat), t\u0103bli\u021be de incanta\u021bie. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash este reprezentat ca un b\u0103rbat impun\u0103tor cu diadem\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare sau coroan\u0103 solar\u0103, adesea cu un disc solar deasupra capului. El st\u0103 pe un tron sau se afl\u0103 \u00een carul s\u0103u, tras de doi cai \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103ra\u021bi.<\/p><p>Uneori poart\u0103 o aur\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri sau este \u00eenconjurat de raze de lumin\u0103. Discul stelar cu opt raze (<em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span><\/em>) este semnul s\u0103u distinctiv. Un toiag de judec\u0103tor sau o sabie a drept\u0103\u021bii \u00eel poate \u00eenso\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash este zeul soarelui \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii, dou\u0103 for\u021be str\u00e2ns legate. Judec\u0103torii se rugau lui \u00eenainte de proces pentru a pronun\u021ba hot\u0103r\u00e2ri drepte. Bolnavii \u00eel invocau pentru vindecare, deoarece soarele vindec\u0103 \u0219i purific\u0103. Zeul r\u00e2urilor (Ea\/Enki) se afl\u0103 sub supravegherea lui Shamash, c\u0103ci apa are nevoie de lumina soarelui pentru a fi fertil\u0103.<\/p><p>Templul s\u0103u principal era <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Casa Str\u0103lucirii) din Sippar, un renumit centru de astronomie \u0219i drept. Zilnic, preo\u021bii aduceau ofrande la r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui \u0219i se rugau pentru \u00eentoarcerea sa. Shamash nu era doar venerat, ci \u0219i iubit, cel mai de \u00eencredere dintre to\u021bi zeii.<\/p><h3>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca un b\u0103rbat b\u0103rbos \u00een interiorul unui disc solar sau \u00eenconjurat de lumin\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare. Poart\u0103 adesea ve\u0219minte regale \u0219i o coroan\u0103 reprezent\u00e2nd discul solar. \u00cen m\u00e2n\u0103 \u021bine uneori un sceptru al drept\u0103\u021bii sau fl\u0103c\u0103ri ale soarelui.<\/p><p>Trupul s\u0103u este auriu \u0219i luminos. Taurul sau calul sunt uneori animalele sale sacre, deoarece urmeaz\u0103 soarele. <em>Shamash<\/em> este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at cu aripi sau aureole de lumin\u0103. Cele patru raze ale soarelui sunt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> s\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Shamash dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile de mai jos sintetizeaz\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash este fiul zeului lunii <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) \u0219i al <em>Ningal<\/em>, fratele zei\u021bei iubirii \u0219i r\u0103zboiului <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. So\u021b al <em>Ayei<\/em> (zei\u021ba zorilor). Face parte din genera\u021bia a doua a panteonului babilonian \u00een ordinea teogonic\u0103. \u00cen Imperiul neobabilonian, aproape egal \u00een rang cu Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zeu al soarelui \u0219i judec\u0103tor divin. Ochiul s\u0103u vede totul, de aceea el vegheaz\u0103 asupra crimelor \u0219i drept\u0103\u021bii. Jur\u0103mintele se depun &#8222;\u00eenaintea lui Shamash&#8221;; hot\u0103r\u00e2rile judec\u0103tore\u0219ti sunt <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (judec\u0103\u021bile lui Shamash). \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Adad (zeul furtunii), principalul vestitor al mesajelor divine (texte ominice). Patron al c\u0103l\u0103torilor (mai ales pe timp de zi) \u0219i al practicii divinatorii. Ocrotitor al celor f\u0103r\u0103 ap\u0103rare: v\u0103duve, orfani, sclavi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chip<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chip antropomorf: b\u0103rbat b\u0103rbos cu tiar\u0103-p\u0103l\u0103rie \u00eenalt\u0103 (adesea cu disc solar), ve\u0219m\u00e2nt lung cu mai multe straturi. Atribute caracteristice: <em>raze solare ie\u0219ind din umeri<\/em> (sau dintr-un disc solar a\u0219ezat pe cap), <em>fer\u0103str\u0103u<\/em> (\u00een m\u00e2n\u0103, care taie falsul), <em>sceptru \u0219i inel<\/em> (insigne ale judec\u0103\u021bii).<\/p><p>Adesea \u0219ez\u00e2nd pe tron cu razele solare. Pe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn sculptat\u0103, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, plasat\u0103 \u00een pozi\u021bie vertical\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> lui Hammurabi, \u00eentors spre rege, \u00eenm\u00e2n\u00e2ndu-i codul de legi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbol<\/span>: disc solar \u00eenaripat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ac\u021biunea lui Shamash<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Shamash era invocat de judec\u0103tori, c\u0103l\u0103tori, divinatori \u0219i de to\u021bi cei care c\u0103utau dreptatea. \u00cenaintea proceselor se aduceau jertfe. Central \u00een divina\u021bie: examinarea ficatului (haruspicium) \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Deducerea unor semne pentru a cunoa\u0219te tainele sau viitorul.\" tabindex=\"0\">divina\u021bia<\/span> cu ulei pe ap\u0103 (lecanoman\u021bie) erau practici ale lui Shamash. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocare<\/span> personal\u0103: \u00eenainte de decizii importante, la c\u0103l\u0103torii, \u00een pl\u00e2ngerile adresate instan\u021belor. Sipparul era destina\u021bie de pelerinaj pentru cei care c\u0103utau divina\u021bie \u0219i dreptate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raze solare ie\u0219ind din umeri, disc solar \u00eenaripat, fer\u0103str\u0103u (care taie falsul), sceptru \u0219i inel (insigne ale judec\u0103\u021bii), tiar\u0103-p\u0103l\u0103rie \u00eenalt\u0103, ve\u0219m\u00e2nt lung, taur (animal secundar). Plante: tamarisc. Num\u0103r sacru: 20. Direc\u021bie sacr\u0103: est (r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiin\u021be \u00eenrudite<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumerian, precursor), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (ebraic), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egipt, divinitate solar\u0103 principal\u0103), <em>Helios<\/em> (Grecia), <em>Sol<\/em> (Roma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (romano-t\u00e2rziu), <em>Surya<\/em> (hinduism), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japonia, zei\u021b\u0103 solar\u0103 feminin\u0103), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persan, zeu al soarelui \u0219i drept\u0103\u021bii). Func\u021bional: to\u021bi judec\u0103torii divini (Yama, Anubis, aspectele lui Hades) \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc func\u021biile lui Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie practic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Ritualuri de venerare<\/h3><p>Shamash, zeul soarelui \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii, avea principalul centru de cult \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> E-babbar din Sippar (\u0219i Larsa). Ofrandele zilnice la r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui (\u201enu\u1e2batim&#8221;, p\u00e2ini coapte, curmale, bere) erau obligatorii pentru clasa preo\u021beasc\u0103 <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>S\u0103rb\u0103toarea solsti\u021biului de var\u0103 <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em>, cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiunea<\/span> statuii divine spre malul Eufratului, este atestat\u0103 din vremea lui Hammurabi (secolul al XVIII-lea \u00ee.Hr.); \u00eensu\u0219i Codul lui Hammurabi \u00eencepe cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> lui Shamash ca garant al drept\u0103\u021bii (cf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Invoca\u021bii \u0219i imnuri<\/h3><p>\u201eMarele Imn al lui Shamash&#8221; (BWL 121-138, Lambert), cu peste 200 de versuri, este unul dintre cele mai centrale texte imnografice ale religiei akkadiene. Invoca\u021biile matinale zilnice \u00eencepeau cu \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t&#8221; (Shamash, c\u00e2rmuitorul celor patru z\u0103ri). \u00cenaintea proceselor judiciare, Shamash era invocat ca martor ocular.<\/p><h3>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/h3><p>Simbolurile solare (discul solar \u00eenaripat, steaua cu patru raze \u00eenscris\u0103 \u00eentr-un cerc) se reg\u0103sesc pe cilindrele-sigiliu babiloniene (cf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Pl\u0103cu\u021bele solare din carneol sau cristal de st\u00e2nc\u0103 erau purtate ca protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva bolii \u0219i a nedrept\u0103\u021bii. Inelul solar cu dou\u0103sprezece raze (Babilon, secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr.) simbolizeaz\u0103 omniprezen\u021ba lui Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu egipteanul Ra sau Aton, ambii zei ai soarelui cu vedere universal\u0103. Cu Apollon grec \u00eemparte aspecte ale ordinii \u0219i vindec\u0103rii. Dumnezeul ebraic este uneori descris cu func\u021bii ale lui Shamash, cel care vede totul \u0219i judec\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen culturile indiene seam\u0103n\u0103 cu Surya, zeul soarelui, sau cu Mitra, zeul contractelor \u0219i drept\u0103\u021bii. Shamash r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een toate culturile o figur\u0103 central\u0103 a ordinii \u0219i luminii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Codul lui Hammurabi \u0219i soarele ca judec\u0103tor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre Shamash \u0219i administrarea regal\u0103 a drept\u0103\u021bii o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 imaginea \u00een relief de la cap\u0103tul superior al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn sculptat\u0103, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, plasat\u0103 \u00een pozi\u021bie vertical\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelei<\/span> <em>Codului lui Hammurabi<\/em>, ast\u0103zi la Luvru. Este reprezentat regele babilonian Hammurabi st\u00e2nd \u00een fa\u021ba unui zeu tron\u00e2nd.<\/p><p>Cercetarea mai veche a interpretat mult timp figura drept Shamash, deoarece zeului \u00eei cresc raze din umeri \u0219i \u00eenm\u00e2neaz\u0103 un inel \u0219i un sceptru, insigne asociate \u00een iconografia mesopotamian\u0103 cu transferul autorit\u0103\u021bii juridice. Unii cercet\u0103tori au propus alternativ pe Marduk, \u00eens\u0103 atributele razelor pledeaz\u0103 pentru Shamash.<\/p><p>Ca subiect, scena se potrive\u0219te cu \u00een\u021belegerea de sine a textului. \u00cen prologul \u0219i epilogul Codului, Hammurabi invoc\u0103 de mai multe ori faptul c\u0103 a instaurat dreptul \u00een \u021bar\u0103, iar Shamash apare acolo ca zeul care garanteaz\u0103 dreptul \u0219i dreptatea.<\/p><p>Zeul soarelui vede tot ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 ziua, iar aceast\u0103 atotvedere \u00eel f\u0103cea, \u00een concep\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103, garantul natural al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului, contractului \u0219i sentin\u021bei.<\/p><p>Acest rol este mai vechi dec\u00e2t Hammurabi. Deja \u00een imnurile sumeriene adresate lui Utu, precursorul lui Shamash, zeul este invocat s\u0103 dezv\u0103luie nedreptatea \u0219i s\u0103-l sprijine pe cel asuprit. \u00cen documentele judiciare \u0219i formulele de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt din mileniul al doilea \u0219i al primului mileniu, numele s\u0103u apare \u00een mod regulat. Cel care rupea un jur\u0103m\u00e2nt depus \u00eenaintea lui Shamash se expunea pedepsei sale.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura dintre metafora luminii \u0219i ideea de drept, lumina care scoate la iveal\u0103 cele ascunse, este aplicat\u0103 \u00een surse cu o asemenea consecven\u021b\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t poate fi considerat\u0103 o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 fundamental\u0103 a concep\u021biei mesopotamiene despre divinitate. Ea arat\u0103 totodat\u0103 c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns erau legate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> \u0219i ordinea social\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 cultur\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar \u0219i Larsa: marile centre de cult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash poseda dou\u0103 temple principale, ambele purt\u00e2nd numele <em>E-babbar<\/em>, casa str\u0103lucitoare sau alb\u0103. Unul se afla \u00een Sippar, \u00een nordul Babiloniei, cel\u0103lalt \u00een Larsa, \u00een sud. Ambele ora\u0219e au fost considerate de-a lungul mileniilor drept locurile centrale ale cultului solar, iar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> lor au fost restaurate \u0219i \u00eenzestrate de numero\u0219i conduc\u0103tori.<\/p><p>Pentru Sippar, situa\u021bia surselor este deosebit de bun\u0103. S\u0103p\u0103turile au furnizat arhive templiere ample din perioadele babilonian\u0103 veche \u0219i neobabilonian\u0103, care ofer\u0103 o perspectiv\u0103 asupra economiei, administra\u021biei \u0219i personalului sanctuarului. Un obiect mult citat este a\u0219a-numita tablet\u0103 solar\u0103 a lui Nabu-apla-iddina, o plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 din secolul al nou\u0103lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Aceasta \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O reprezentare plastic\u0103 \u00een relief, cioplit\u0103 dintr-o suprafa\u021b\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> pe Shamash tron\u00e2nd \u0219i descrie \u00een text cum regele, dup\u0103 o lung\u0103 perioad\u0103 de neglijare, a poruncit realizarea unei noi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare plastic\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">statui de cult<\/span> pentru zeu, dup\u0103 ce fusese g\u0103sit un vechi model din lut. Textul documenteaz\u0103 astfel \u0219i grija pentru refacerea corect\u0103 a unei imagini de cult pierdute.<\/p><p>La Larsa, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Shamash a \u00eenflorit sub regi precum Rim-Sin. \u0218i aici conduc\u0103torii au re\u00eennoit E-babbar-ul, iar inscrip\u021biile de construc\u021bie le consemneaz\u0103 dona\u021biile. Continuitatea este remarcabil\u0103: chiar regele neobabilonian Nabonid, cunoscut altfel mai ales pentru sprijinul acordat zeului lunii Sin, s-a \u00eengrijit de templele solare ale ambelor ora\u0219e.<\/p><p>Dublarea centrelor de cult \u00een nord \u0219i \u00een sud oglinde\u0219te structura geografic\u0103 a Babiloniei \u0219i a asigurat zeului soarelui o prezen\u021b\u0103 la nivel na\u021bional, care \u00eel ridica deasupra leg\u0103turilor locale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash \u00een divina\u021bie \u0219i \u00een Epopeea lui Ghilgame\u0219<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 rolul s\u0103u de judec\u0103tor, Shamash era zeul examin\u0103rii m\u0103runtaielor \u0219i al practicii oraculare. Examinarea ficatului mesopotamian\u0103, \u00een care preo\u021bii citeau semne din ficatul animalelor de jertf\u0103, adresa \u00eentreb\u0103rile frecvent lui Shamash \u00eempreun\u0103 cu zeul furtunii Adad.<\/p><p>A\u0219a-numitele rug\u0103ciuni de jertf\u0103-oraculare, denumite \u00een cercetare texte <em>tamitu<\/em> sau \u00eentreb\u0103ri adresate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracolului<\/span>, formulau \u00eentreb\u0103ri concrete, de exemplu dac\u0103 o campanie militar\u0103 va reu\u0219i, \u0219i rugau zeul s\u0103-\u0219i scrie r\u0103spunsul \u00een m\u0103runtaie. Astfel, Shamash nu era doar cel care dezv\u0103luia nedreptatea existent\u0103, ci \u0219i cel care comunica tainele viitorului.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Epopeea lui Ghilgame\u0219<\/em>, Shamash apare ca zeu protector al eroilor. \u00cenainte de expedi\u021bia \u00eempotriva lui Humbaba, paznicul P\u0103durii de Cedri, Ghilgame\u0219 se adreseaz\u0103 zeului soarelui \u0219i cere ajutor. Shamash trimite apoi v\u00e2nturi care \u00eel h\u0103r\u021buiesc pe Humbaba \u0219i le ofer\u0103 eroilor avantajul decisiv.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd mai t\u00e2rziu Enkidu se afl\u0103 pe moarte \u0219i roste\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Formul\u0103 verbal\u0103 prin care se dore\u0219te cuiva sau ceva un r\u0103u.\" tabindex=\"0\">blestemul<\/span> \u00eempotriva curtezanei care l-a introdus \u00een civiliza\u021bie, este Shamash cel care \u00eel mustr\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei aminte\u0219te de binele ce i s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat. Enkidu \u00ee\u0219i retrage apoi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Formul\u0103 verbal\u0103 prin care se dore\u0219te cuiva sau ceva un r\u0103u.\" tabindex=\"0\">blestemul<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aceste episoade \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Shamash ca o instan\u021b\u0103 ordonatoare \u0219i moderatoare \u00een cadrul nara\u021biunii. El nu intervine arbitrar, ci \u00eei sprijin\u0103 pe cei care i se adreseaz\u0103 \u0219i cheam\u0103 la chibzuin\u021b\u0103 acolo unde amenin\u021b\u0103 excesul. Astfel, rolul s\u0103u \u00een epopee se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een imaginea de ansamblu pe care o contureaz\u0103 imnurile \u0219i textele juridice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la Utu la Shamash: etimologie \u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cini sumeriene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele \u0218ama\u0219 este cuv\u00e2ntul akkadian pentru soare \u0219i apar\u021bine unui radical comun semitic care se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een form\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103 \u0219i \u00een ebraic\u0103 ca <em>\u0219eme\u0219<\/em>, \u00een arab\u0103 ca <em>\u0219ams<\/em> \u0219i \u00een alte limbi semitice. Zeul \u0219i astrul ceresc poart\u0103 astfel acela\u0219i nume, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 str\u00e2nsa leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre fenomenul natural \u0219i persoana divin\u0103.<\/p><p>Predecesorul sumerian se numea Utu. Odat\u0103 cu fuziunea religiei sumeriene \u0219i a celei akkadiene \u00een cursul mileniilor al treilea \u0219i al doilea, Utu \u0219i \u0218ama\u0219 au fost \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 asimila\u021bi, f\u0103r\u0103 ca figura mai veche s\u0103 dispar\u0103 complet. \u00cen textele bilingve, ambele nume apar al\u0103turi.<\/p><p>Utu era considerat \u00eenc\u0103 din epoca sumerian\u0103 fiu al zeului lunii Nanna \u0219i al Ningalei \u0219i frate al Inanei, viitoarea I\u0219tar. Aceste rela\u021bii de familie au fost preluate \u00een textele akkadiene: \u0218ama\u0219 este fiu al lui Sin \u0219i frate al I\u0219tar.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este pozi\u021bia soarelui ca fiu al lunii. \u00cen multe alte mitologii, dimpotriv\u0103, soarele este considerat astrul de rang superior sau mai vechi. Ordonarea mesopotamian\u0103 este explicat\u0103 adesea prin faptul c\u0103 zeul lunii de\u021binea la Ur un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> deosebit de vechi \u0219i de prestigios.<\/p><p>Genealogia reflect\u0103 astfel mai degrab\u0103 istoria centrelor de cult dec\u00e2t o astronomie sistematic\u0103. \u0218i scrierea numelui este revelatoare: semnul soarelui putea fi citit at\u00e2t sumerian Utu, c\u00e2t \u0219i akkadian \u0218ama\u0219, astfel c\u0103 textele las\u0103 adesea nedecis\u0103 forma lingvistic\u0103 avut\u0103 \u00een vedere de scrib.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare: zeul soarelui \u00een cercetarea Orientului Antic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash face parte dintre divinit\u0103\u021bile care au redevenit cunoscute timpuriu, odat\u0103 cu descifrarea scrierii cuneiforme \u00een secolul al nou\u0103sprezecelea.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn sculptat\u0103, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, plasat\u0103 \u00een pozi\u021bie vertical\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> <em>Codului lui Hammurabi<\/em>, descoperit\u0103 \u00een 1901 \u0219i 1902 de o expedi\u021bie francez\u0103 la Susa, a f\u0103cut din imaginea zeului tron\u00e2nd cu razele de pe umeri una dintre cele mai cunoscute reprezent\u0103ri din \u00eentregul Orient Antic. Ea este reprodus\u0103 \u00een nenum\u0103rate manuale \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi imaginea popular\u0103 a religiei mesopotamiene.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen dezbaterea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, \u00een prim-plan s-a aflat mult\u0103 vreme \u00eentrebarea c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns era legat cultul solar mesopotamian de concep\u021biile juridice \u0219i dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 a iradiat spre culturile vecine.<\/p><p>Istoricii religiilor au discutat paralele cu metaforele juridice ale luminii \u00een textele vest-semitice \u0219i biblice, de exemplu acolo unde dreptatea \u0219i m\u00e2ntuirea sunt comparate cu r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui. Astfel de compara\u021bii trebuie conduse cu pruden\u021b\u0103, deoarece metafore similare pot ap\u0103rea independent, \u00eens\u0103 datele mesopotamiene sunt deosebit de bine atestate prin volumul surselor.<\/p><p>Pentru valorificarea modern\u0103, edi\u021biile imnurilor \u0219i rug\u0103ciunilor sunt fundamentale, printre care marele imn al lui Shamash, transmis \u00een mai mul\u021bi martori textuali \u0219i care \u00eel pream\u0103re\u0219te pe zeu ca ap\u0103r\u0103tor atotveditor al drept\u0103\u021bii.<\/p><p>El a fost tradus \u0219i comentat \u00een mod repetat \u0219i este considerat unul dintre cele mai impresionante texte religioase ale Mesopotamiei. Cel care se ocup\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> mesopotamian poate porni de la Shamash spre figuri \u00eenrudite, de pild\u0103 tat\u0103l s\u0103u <a href=\"\/ro\/sin-zeul-lunii\/\">Sin<\/a> sau sora sa <a href=\"\/ro\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar, sor\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/marduk\/\">Marduk, divinitate superioar\u0103 \u00een panteonul neobabilonian<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-mesopotamiene\/\">Mesopotamia, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zei, prezentare general\u0103 a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8222;Shamash&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shamash, zeu al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene Shamash este zeul tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene. Zeul soarelui, paznicul drept\u0103\u021bii, lumina deasupra tuturor lucrurilor. Shamash (sumerianul Utu) este unul dintre cei mai profund venera\u021bi zei ai Mesopotamiei, nu ca un foc s\u0103lbatic, ci ca o for\u021b\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare \u0219i statornic\u0103 a ordinii. \u00cen fiecare zi el traverseaz\u0103 cerul cu carul s\u0103u, vede [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash - Zeul Soarelui \u0219i Paznicul Drept\u0103\u021bii","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, zeul mesopotamian al soarelui \u0219i paznicul drept\u0103\u021bii. Rolul \u00een Codul lui Hammurabi, templele din Sippar \u0219i Larsa, c\u0103l\u0103toria zilnic\u0103 pe cer.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106159","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash - Zeul Soarelui \u0219i Paznicul Drept\u0103\u021bii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, zeul mesopotamian al soarelui \u0219i paznicul drept\u0103\u021bii. 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