{"id":106114,"date":"2026-08-04T17:03:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:03:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/poseidon-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:04:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:04:00","slug":"poseidon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/poseidon\/","title":{"rendered":"Poseidon"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106114\" class=\"elementor elementor-106114 elementor-2977\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cd648f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7cd648f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb6182 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdb6182\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-571277f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"571277f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78efab9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78efab9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poseidon, zeul grec al m\u0103rii<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-689e441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"689e441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poseidon face parte dintre cei trei fra\u021bi care, dup\u0103 r\u0103sturnarea lui Kronos, \u00ee\u0219i \u00eempart lumea \u00eentre ei, primind \u00een sor\u021bi domeniul m\u0103rii. La Homer este numit &#8222;Scutur\u0103torul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221; (enosichthon, ennosigaios), deoarece \u00eei sunt atribuite \u0219i cutremurele.<\/p><p>\u00cen cultele locale ale Greciei, el apare cu mult mai multe atribu\u021bii dec\u00e2t simplul zeu al m\u0103rii: este patron al cailor, al izvoarelor \u0219i al naviga\u021biei, iar \u00een Argos \u0219i Atena revendic\u0103 pentru sine chiar titlul de divinitate tutelar\u0103 a cet\u0103\u021bii.<\/p><p>Supranumele s\u0103u &#8222;Hippios&#8221;, cel al cailor, \u00eel leag\u0103 de aristocra\u021bia militar\u0103 micenian\u0103; &#8222;Asphaleios&#8221;, cel protector, de ap\u0103rarea \u00eempotriva cutremurelor; &#8222;Phytalmios&#8221;, cel hr\u0103nitor al plantelor, de izvoarele subterane care asigur\u0103 cre\u0219terea. Aceast\u0103 diversitate indic\u0103 un zeu vechi, preclasic, cu func\u021bii extinse, restr\u00e2ns la domeniul m\u0103rii abia \u00een cadrul ordinii olimpice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3599 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4c3599\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbf0fa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"dbf0fa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-grecesti\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia \u0219i mitologia Greciei antice din epoca micenian\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie.\">Grecia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d59bd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d59bd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33a8c71 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"33a8c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__33a8c71\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__33a8c71\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__33a8c71\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd377eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd377eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efb275a iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"efb275a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_poseidon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2986\" alt=\"Poseidon - G\u00f6tter aus der Griechenland-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_poseidon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_poseidon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_poseidon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_poseidon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-067e9c9 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"067e9c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0492ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b0492ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-474b525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"474b525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i arbore genealogic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6894d24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6894d24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hesiod \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Poseidon \u00een &#8222;Theogonia&#8221; (versurile 453-458) ca fiu al lui Kronos \u0219i al Rheei, n\u0103scut \u00eentre Hades \u0219i Zeus.<\/p><p>Ca \u0219i fra\u021bii s\u0103i, este \u00eenghi\u021bit de Kronos \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu regurgitat; o tradi\u021bie arcadian\u0103, consemnat\u0103 de Pausanias (VIII, 8, 2), relateaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 Rhea l-ar fi \u00eencredin\u021bat pe Poseidon p\u0103storilor din Mantineea \u0219i i-ar fi dat lui Kronos un m\u00e2nz ca jertf\u0103 substitutiv\u0103, ceea ce explic\u0103 supranumele &#8222;Hippios&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cemp\u0103r\u021birea lumii \u00eentre cei trei fra\u021bi se face, conform lui Homer (Iliada XV, 187-193), prin tragere la sor\u021bi: Zeus prime\u0219te cerul, Hades lumea subteran\u0103, Poseidon marea; p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i Olimpul r\u0103m\u00e2n proprietate comun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bia lui Poseidon este Amfitrita, o Nereid\u0103 sau Oceanid\u0103; din aceast\u0103 uniune se na\u0219te Triton, jum\u0103tate om, jum\u0103tate pe\u0219te.<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceasta, Poseidon are nenum\u0103ra\u021bi urma\u0219i cu femei muritoare \u0219i nemuritoare: Pegas \u0219i Chrysaor se nasc din unirea sa cu Meduza, Polifem din unirea cu Toosa, Tezeu (\u00eentr-o variant\u0103) din Aitra, Pelias \u0219i Neleu din Tyro, gigan\u021bii Otos \u0219i Efialtes din Ifim\u00e9deia.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 paternitate extins\u0103 face din Poseidon str\u0103mo\u0219ul genealogic al numeroase case nobiliare grece\u0219ti, mai ales \u00een Beotia \u0219i Tesalia.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103bli\u021bele miceniene cu scriere Linear\u0103 B din Pylos men\u021bioneaz\u0103 un zeu &#8222;po-se-da-o-ne&#8221;, care ocup\u0103 un loc de frunte \u00een cultul palatului \u0219i prime\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> de o bog\u0103\u021bie neobi\u0219nuit\u0103.<\/p><p>Din aceasta, Martin Nilsson a concluzionat c\u0103 Poseidon a fost ini\u021bial zeul suprem al regiunii miceniene Pylos \u0219i abia \u00een cadrul ordinii olimpice a fost subordonat fratelui Zeus. Zei\u021ba &#8222;po-si-da-e-ja&#8221; men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een arhivele din Pylos este probabil o so\u021bie arhaic\u0103 a zeului, a c\u0103rei func\u021bie a trecut ulterior la Demetra sau Amfitrita.<\/p>\n<p>Leg\u0103tura lui Poseidon cu Demetra este unul dintre cele mai arhaice mituri. La Pausanias (VIII, 25, 4-7), la Telpusa \u0219i la Figalia apare o &#8222;Demetra Erinys&#8221;, pe care Poseidon, sub form\u0103 de cal, a urm\u0103rit-o \u0219i cu care a z\u0103mislit fiin\u021ba misterioas\u0103 &#8222;Despoina&#8221; \u0219i calul divin Areion.<\/p><p>Nara\u021biunea este considerat\u0103 un reflex al unei vechi asocieri \u00eentre zei\u021ba-p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i zeul-cal \u00een religia pregreac\u0103 a Arcadiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-918fe13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"918fe13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b755942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b755942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri, iconografie \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06c20a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06c20a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important atribut al lui Poseidon este tridentul, o furc\u0103 de pescuit pe care zeul o transform\u0103 \u00een arm\u0103 cosmic\u0103. Cu tridentul love\u0219te \u00een st\u00e2nci, din care \u021b\u00e2\u0219nesc izvoare sau cai, \u0219i cu el ridic\u0103 valurile ori face p\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103 se cutremure.<\/p><p>Unealta provine, conform unei tradi\u021bii t\u00e2rzii (Apollodor I, 2, 1), de la Cyclopi, care l-au \u00eenzestrat pe Poseidon \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva Titanilor, \u00een paralel cu fulgerul lui Zeus \u0219i cu casca de invizibilitate a lui Hades.<\/p>\n<p>Calul \u0219i taurul sunt animalele sale sacre. Taurul \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba mugitoare, ne\u00eembl\u00e2nzit\u0103, a Scutur\u0103torului p\u0103m\u00e2ntului; la Onchestos, \u00een Beotia, un cal era adus ca jertf\u0103 \u00een ap\u0103 (Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Apollo, 230-238).<\/p><p>Calul este creatura sa \u00een mai multe variante: uneori l-a adus la iveal\u0103 \u00een disputa cu Atena pe Acropola (Vergiliu, Georgicele I, 12-14), alteori el s-a n\u0103scut, sub forma lui Areion \u0219i Pegas, din pove\u0219tile sale amoroase. Delfinii \u00eel \u00eenso\u021besc \u00een tradi\u021bia iconografic\u0103 ca escort\u0103 zoologic\u0103, adesea la marginea carului divin.<\/p>\n<p>Reprezentarea tipic\u0103 a lui Poseidon \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 ca un zeu b\u0103rbos, robust, de v\u00e2rst\u0103 mijlocie, adesea cu bustul gol, uneori cu o manta fluid\u0103 prins\u0103 de v\u00e2nt \u00een urma sa. Conduce un car tras de hipocampi, cai cu coad\u0103 de pe\u0219te.<\/p><p>Celebra statuie de bronz de la Capul Artemision (ast\u0103zi la Muzeul Na\u021bional din Atena) \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 un zeu \u00een gestica arunc\u0103rii, cu bra\u021bul drept ridicat; dac\u0103 este Poseidon cu tridentul sau Zeus cu fulgerul r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi. Identificarea ca Poseidon se sprijin\u0103 pe \u00eenrudirea stilistic\u0103 str\u00e2ns\u0103 cu imaginile de pe monede.<\/p>\n<p>Mai neobi\u0219nuit este Poseidon \u00een \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa neagr\u0103 ca &#8222;Melas&#8221; la Sicyon (Pausanias II, 12, 1) \u0219i ca &#8222;Kyamites&#8221;, p\u0103zitorul fasolei, la Eleusis. Aceste aspecte chthonice sunt mo\u0219tenirea vechiului zeu al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, care, \u00eenainte de ordonarea panteonului \u00een sistemul olimpic, st\u0103p\u00e2nea domenii mult mai \u00eentinse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6ac651 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6ac651\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e71c356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e71c356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venera\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d5d74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d5d74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Poseidon era concentrat \u00een ora\u0219ele de coast\u0103 \u0219i \u00een acele regiuni interioare \u00een care vechile herghelii \u0219i izvoarele erau considerate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacre<\/span>. Cel mai important festival panhelenic al s\u0103u erau Jocurile Isthmice de la Istmul Corintului, celebrate bienal \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anul 582 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>C\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torii primeau o coroan\u0103 de pin sau de \u021belin\u0103. Jocurile erau str\u00e2ns legate de cultul heroului Melikertes-Palaimon, al c\u0103rui trup f\u0103r\u0103 via\u021b\u0103 ar fi fost adus de un delfin p\u00e2n\u0103 la Istm, unde era venerat ca fiin\u021b\u0103 nemuritoare.<\/p>\n<p>La v\u00e2rful sudic al Atticii, pe st\u00e2nca de la Sounion, se \u00een\u0103l\u021ba celebrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Poseidon, sfin\u021bit \u00een jurul anului 444 \u00ee.Hr. Navigatorii atenieni \u00eei aduceau aici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> \u00eenaintea marilor c\u0103l\u0103torii; incinta templului servea totodat\u0103 ca fort\u0103rea\u021b\u0103 militar\u0103 pentru controlul rutelor maritime.<\/p><p>Plaja din apropiere a fost scena unor episoade mitice: Egeu s-a aruncat de pe aceast\u0103 st\u00e2nc\u0103 c\u00e2nd a v\u0103zut p\u00e2nza neagr\u0103 care semnala presupusa \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere a fiului s\u0103u Tezeu.<\/p>\n<p>La Onchestos, \u00een Beotia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> &#8222;Hippios&#8221; era \u00eentre\u021binut printr-o ciudat\u0103 curs\u0103 de care f\u0103r\u0103 vizitiu: carele erau l\u0103sate libere \u00eentr-un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru de p\u0103dure care servea drept centru de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">desi\u0219 sacru<\/span>, iar acolo unde se r\u0103sturnau se afla locul sf\u00e2nt. Aceste ritualuri p\u0103streaz\u0103 amintirea unor vechi ceremonii indo-europene cu cai.<\/p><p>Pe insula Kalauria din Peloponez (ast\u0103zi Poros) exista o lig\u0103 amfic\u021bionic\u0103 panhelenic\u0103 de \u0219apte state membre, care \u00ee\u0219i \u021bineau adun\u0103rile \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Poseidon (Strabon VIII, 6, 14); Demostene \u0219i-a \u00eencheiat acolo via\u021ba \u00een 322 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen spa\u021biul ionic, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Poseidon Helikonios de pe Mycale era liantul religios al Ligii Panionce; Panionia celebrat\u0103 acolo era cea mai important\u0103 \u00eentrunire politic\u0103 a celor dou\u0103sprezece cet\u0103\u021bi ionice.<\/p><p>La Sparta era venerat Poseidon Hippocurios \u0219i Erechthoniu, iar \u00een Magna Graecia, Tarentul de\u021binea un cult principal pe coasta de vest a ora\u0219ului. \u00cen multe locuri Poseidon ap\u0103rea al\u0103turi de zei\u021ba-p\u0103m\u00e2nt, motiv pentru care <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Demetra-Poseidon, la fel de arhaic, formeaz\u0103 un strat aparte \u00een istoria religiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da181c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da181c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c0f79b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c0f79b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuare \u0219i temple importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3789b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3789b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> doric de la Sounion, ridicat \u00eentre 444 \u0219i 440 \u00eenaintea erei noastre \u00een locul unui edificiu anterior distrus de per\u0219i, este considerat un exemplu canonic al arhitecturii templiere attice.<\/p><p>Din cele 34 de coloane originale, ast\u0103zi mai stau \u00een picioare 15. Amplasarea pe st\u00e2nc\u0103, la 60 de metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime deasupra m\u0103rii, oferea navigatorilor un reper de orientare; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> este vizibil de pe mare, \u00een zilele senine, de la mare distan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> lui Poseidon de la Istmul Corintului, ridicat la mijlocul secolului al \u0219aselea \u0219i ref\u0103cut de mai multe ori dup\u0103 incendii, se afla \u00een centrul sanctuarului istmic.<\/p><p>Pausanias (II, 1, 7 p\u00e2n\u0103 la II, 2, 2) descrie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00eentr-un templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">statuia de cult<\/span> a lui Poseidon, care punea un picior pe un delfin, \u0219i \u00een curtea din fa\u021b\u0103 statuile c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torilor jocurilor istmice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sanctuarul<\/span> controla peninsula \u0219i astfel traficul dintre Pelopones \u0219i Grecia Central\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> de la Kalauria (ast\u0103zi Poros) este cel mai vechi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Poseidon p\u0103strat, ridicat \u00een jurul anului 520 \u00eenaintea erei noastre. El servea drept loc de \u00eentrunire al Amfictioniei Kalauriene.<\/p><p>La Paestum (Poseidonia), \u00een Lucania italian\u0103, cel de-al doilea mare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> (cunoscut ast\u0103zi mai ales drept templul Herei) este considerat cel mai bine conservat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> doric \u00een general; cercetarea mai veche vedea \u00een el templul principal al lui Poseidon, al c\u0103rui nume \u00eel purta ora\u0219ul. Tarentul poseda dou\u0103 sanctuare importante pe teritoriul s\u0103u urban, cunoscute arheologic doar \u00een mod fragmentar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Erehteionul din Atena era ar\u0103tat izvorul cu ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103 pe care Poseidon l-ar fi f\u0103cut s\u0103 \u021b\u00e2\u0219neasc\u0103 \u00een disputa cu Atena; Pausanias (I, 26, 5) men\u021bioneaz\u0103 o ad\u00e2ncitur\u0103 \u00een st\u00e2nc\u0103, considerat\u0103 amprenta tridentului.<\/p><p>La Onchestos, cultul calului se asocia cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> a c\u0103rui localizare exact\u0103 a stabilit-o Pierre Roesch \u00een anii 1970 la sud-vest de actualul Akraiphnion. Pe insula Tenos se \u00een\u0103l\u021ba un important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Poseidon \u0219i Amfitritei, care a devenit \u00een special \u00een epoca elenistic\u0103 un loc de pelerinaj panionien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f09ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e9f09ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4024531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4024531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8afe48d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8afe48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitul central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Poseidon \u00eempotriva unui erou muritor este urm\u0103rirea lui Odiseu din cadrul &#8222;Odiseei&#8221;. Polifem, ciclopul cu un singur ochi, este orbit de Odiseu; deoarece Polifem este fiul lui Poseidon, zeul jur\u0103 r\u0103zbunare \u0219i face \u00een a\u0219a fel \u00eenc\u00e2t Odiseu s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 acas\u0103 abia dup\u0103 zece ani \u0219i dup\u0103 pierderea tuturor tovar\u0103\u0219ilor s\u0103i.<\/p><p>Episodul constituie motorul dramaturgic al \u00eentregii Odisee \u0219i se \u00eencheie abia c\u00e2nd Odiseu, la \u00eendemnul lui Tiresias, aduce o jertf\u0103 de isp\u0103\u0219ire \u00een interiorul Greciei, care \u00eel \u00eempac\u0103 pe Poseidon.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen R\u0103zboiul Troian, Poseidon se afl\u0103 de partea greac\u0103, deoarece regele Laomedon \u00eei refuzase plata convenit\u0103 pentru construirea zidurilor Troiei. La Homer (Iliada VII, 452-463), Poseidon \u00eei aminte\u0219te lui Zeus c\u0103 el \u0219i Apollo slujiser\u0103 timp de un an regelui troian.<\/p><p>Plata refuzat\u0103 este r\u0103zbunat\u0103 de zeu printr-un monstru marin, c\u0103ruia Heracles \u00eei pune \u00een cele din urm\u0103 cap\u0103t. \u00cen timpul luptelor propriu-zise, Poseidon intervine deschis \u0219i \u00eei \u00eempinge pe greci cu for\u021ba sa \u00eempotriva zidului troian.<\/p>\n<p>Tot lui Poseidon \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 una dintre cele mai vechi pove\u0219ti de rivalitate dintre zei: disputa pentru patronatul ora\u0219ului Atena \u00eempotriva Atenei. La Argos \u00eel pierde \u00een fa\u021ba Herei, la Corint \u00eemparte ora\u0219ul cu Helios, la Troizen cu Atena.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 acumulare de \u00eenfr\u00e2ngeri \u00een alegerile pentru zeitatea tutelar\u0103 a cet\u0103\u021bilor este interpretat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103 ca indiciu al faptului c\u0103 Poseidon era o figur\u0103 mai veche, care dominase c\u00e2ndva \u00een multe regiuni \u0219i care a fost \u00eenl\u0103turat\u0103 de zei mai noi \u00een cadrul noului sistem religios al polisului.<\/p>\n<p>Miturile despre Poseidon \u0219i Demeter sunt cele mai enigmatice. Pausanias transmite din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> arcadian de la Phigalia \u0219i Thelpusa o nara\u021biune \u00een care Poseidon o violeaz\u0103 pe Demeter cea \u00eendoliat\u0103 sub chip de cal \u0219i z\u0103misle\u0219te cu ea copilul &#8222;Despoina&#8221; (&#8222;St\u0103p\u00e2na&#8221;), precum \u0219i calul divin Arion.<\/p><p>Demeter &#8222;Erinys&#8221; s-a retras \u00eentr-o pe\u0219ter\u0103, foametea cosmic\u0103 a urmat, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd Pan a g\u0103sit-o \u0219i Zeus a \u00eemp\u0103cat-o. Aceast\u0103 poveste p\u0103streaz\u0103, potrivit lui Burkert, un strat pre-grecesc al rela\u021biilor dintre zei, cu referire la simbolistica vegeta\u021biei \u0219i a calului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad06f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cad06f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78ecd66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78ecd66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa5b75e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa5b75e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rela\u021bia dintre Poseidon \u0219i Zeus este marcat\u0103 de o rivalitate alternant\u0103. \u00cen &#8222;Iliada&#8221;, Poseidon revendic\u0103 egalitatea de rang cu fratele s\u0103u, deoarece \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea lumii s-ar fi f\u0103cut prin tragere la sor\u021bi (XV, 185-199); Zeus \u00ee\u0219i impune suprema\u021bia numai prin dreptul de \u00eent\u00e2i-n\u0103scut \u0219i prin amenin\u021barea soliei Iris.<\/p><p>Cu Hades exist\u0103 o rela\u021bie fr\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 lini\u0219tit\u0103; cei trei st\u0103p\u00e2nitori ai celor trei regate se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc rareori.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Atena exist\u0103 cea mai pregnant\u0103 rivalitate, vizibil\u0103 \u00een mai multe mituri locale de disput\u0103. Disputa atenian\u0103 se \u00eencheie cu \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Poseidon \u0219i cu numirea ora\u0219ului dup\u0103 Atena; la Trozen trebuie s\u0103 \u00eempart\u0103 ora\u0219ul cu zei\u021ba.<\/p><p>\u00cempreun\u0103 cu Apollo ridic\u0103 zidurile Troiei \u0219i \u00eemparte cu el soarta de a fi \u00een\u0219elat de Laomedon \u00een privin\u021ba r\u0103splatei. Cu Ares \u00eel leag\u0103 ap\u0103rarea comun\u0103 a Mausoleului din Halicarnas; cu Hermes \u00eemparte \u00eentemeierea cursei de cai.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bia sa Amfitrita apare \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> rareori ca personaj activ; Bacchylide (Dithyrambul 17) o face s\u0103 \u00eel primeasc\u0103 pe Tezeu \u00een mare \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei d\u0103ruiasc\u0103 coroana \u0219i mantia. Triton, fiul, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca mesager care poate st\u00e2rni furtuna sau lini\u0219tea cu scoica sa.<\/p><p>Rela\u021biile lui Poseidon cu iubitele sale muritoare dezv\u0103luie pozi\u021bia sa ambivalent\u0103 \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> \u0219i suprafa\u021ba p\u0103m\u00e2ntului; multe case nobiliare grece\u0219ti se revendicau de la el ca str\u0103mo\u0219, motiv pentru care paternitatea sa genealogic\u0103 este mai dens\u0103 dec\u00e2t a majorit\u0103\u021bii celorlal\u021bi olimpieni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a43226 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a43226\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30b858 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d30b858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-236ef92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"236ef92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La Roma, Poseidon a fost identificat cu Neptun, un zeu italic al izvoarelor \u0219i al apelor dulci, al c\u0103rui domeniu a fost extins prin aceast\u0103 identificare la mare.<\/p><p>Neptunalia se celebrau pe 23 iulie; Pliniu cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n \u0219i Festus furnizeaz\u0103 informa\u021bii suplimentare. Arta numismatic\u0103 din epoca imperial\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Neptun cu trident \u0219i delfin \u00een nenum\u0103rate variante, adesea \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu frontierele imperiului sau cu victoriile navale.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Evul Mediu, Poseidon a disp\u0103rut \u00een mare parte \u00een spatele personific\u0103rilor cre\u0219tine ale m\u0103rii; \u00een &#8222;Etymologiae&#8221; ale lui Isidor din Sevilla apare numai ca alegorie a elementului ap\u0103.<\/p><p>Rena\u0219terea a adus o bogat\u0103 tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 odat\u0103 cu f\u00e2nt\u00e2na Trevi a lui Bernini (terminat\u0103 \u00een 1762, cu Okeanos-Neptun central), cu &#8222;Galateea&#8221; lui Raffael \u0219i cu &#8222;Triumful lui Neptun \u0219i Amfitrita&#8221; al lui Annibale Carracci. \u00cen parcul baroc de la Versailles se afl\u0103 celebrul &#8222;Bassin de Neptune&#8221; cu carul divin \u00eenso\u021bit de Tritoni.<\/p>\n<p>Romantismul \u0219i secolul al XIX-lea vedeau \u00een Poseidon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> for\u021bei naturii ne\u00eembl\u00e2nzite; \u00een &#8222;Faust&#8221; al lui Goethe (Noaptea Walpurgiei clasice) apare \u00een chipul lui Seismos, cel care r\u0103v\u0103\u0219e\u0219te p\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>Receptarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 prin Erwin Rohde, Walter Otto \u0219i Walter Burkert a scos \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 profilul preclasic al zeului \u0219i a tratat sistematic miturile despre Demetra, Pegas \u0219i cultul palatului micenian. Cultura popular\u0103 modern\u0103 (benzi desenate, film, jocuri video) \u00eel utilizeaz\u0103 ca figur\u0103 arhetipal\u0103 de zeu al m\u0103rii, adesea f\u0103r\u0103 a \u021bine seama de complexitatea originar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26d5415 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26d5415\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b0e92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c0b0e92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e376790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e376790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimologia numelui Poseidon este controversat\u0103. Forma micenian\u0103 &#8222;po-se-da-o-ne&#8221; \u0219i forma doric\u0103 &#8222;Poteidan&#8221; sugereaz\u0103 o form\u0103 de baz\u0103 cu sensul de &#8222;so\u021b al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221; (potis + das, comparabil cu &#8222;Demetra&#8221;), ceea ce sus\u021bine leg\u0103tura cu Demetra \u00een miturile arcadiene.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 interpretare deriv\u0103 numele din sensul de &#8222;st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al apelor&#8221;. Atest\u0103rile miceniene fac probabil c\u0103 Poseidon a fost \u00een al doilea mileniu \u00ee.Hr. un zeu principal, eventual zeul suprem al Pylos-ului, restr\u00e2ns la domeniul m\u0103rii abia \u00een cadrul religiei olimpice.<\/p>\n<p>Privit din perspectiv\u0103 indo-european\u0103, Poseidon prezint\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile tipice ale unui zeu al cailor indo-european, reg\u0103site \u00een paralel \u00een figura vedic\u0103 A\u015bvin, \u00een complexul celtic Epona \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> germanic al lui Sleipnir.<\/p><p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil l-a \u00eencadrat \u00een a treia func\u021bie (fertilitate, hr\u0103nire), ceea ce explic\u0103 leg\u0103tura cu Demetra \u0219i patronajul izvoarelor. Walter Burkert vede \u00een Poseidon un strat al unei vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi indo-europene a cailor, care s-a contopit cu reprezent\u0103rile despre zei\u021ba-p\u0103m\u00e2nt egeene \u0219i \u0219i-a format astfel profilul aparte.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen compara\u021bia din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor se remarc\u0103 similitudini structurale cu Varu\u1e47a hinduist, zeul apelor \u0219i p\u0103zitorul ordinii cosmice, precum \u0219i cu Yam ugaritic, care \u00een miturile vest-semitice reprezint\u0103 m\u0103rile \u0219i este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt de zeul furtunii Baal.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Yam, Poseidon nu este detronat, ci integrat \u00een sistemul olimpic, ceea ce ilustreaz\u0103 tendin\u021ba greac\u0103 de a distribui domeniile divine \u00een loc s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la lupta \u00eentre zei.<\/p><p>Cercetarea mai recent\u0103 a lui Madeleine Jost (despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> arcadian) \u0219i Robert Parker (despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> atenian) a nuan\u021bat \u0219i mai mult imaginea unui zeu cu multiple straturi, a c\u0103rui presupus\u0103 unitate a fost construit\u0103 abia \u00een receptarea homeric\u00e3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf61ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abf61ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-140a688 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"140a688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologie \u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cini miceniene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d82f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90d82f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele &#8222;Poseidon&#8221; (micenian &#8222;po-se-da-o-ne&#8221;, doric &#8222;Poteidan&#8221;, ionic &#8222;Poseidaon&#8221;) este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din al doilea mileniu \u00ee.Hr. T\u0103bli\u021bele Linerarei B din Pylos, Knossos \u0219i Theba men\u021bioneaz\u0103 un destinatar al unor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> neobi\u0219nuit de bogate; la Pylos prime\u0219te p\u0103r\u021bi mai mari din tauri, oi \u0219i vin dec\u00e2t oricare alt zeu men\u021bionat.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie a atest\u0103rilor este unul dintre cele mai importante argumente c\u0103 Poseidon era \u00een epoca micenian\u0103 zeul suprem al uneia sau mai multor regiuni centrate pe palat.<\/p>\n<p>Discu\u021bia etimologic\u0103 graviteaz\u0103 \u00een jurul a dou\u0103 propuneri principale. Cercetarea mai veche (Heinrich Schliemann, Friedrich Solmsen) deriva numele din &#8222;potis&#8221; (st\u0103p\u00e2n) \u0219i &#8222;da&#8221; (p\u0103m\u00e2nt), cu sensul de &#8222;so\u021b al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;, sus\u021bin\u00e2nd leg\u0103tura cu Demetra \u00een miturile arcadiene.<\/p><p>Robert Beekes a evaluat sceptic aceast\u0103 etimologie indo-european\u0103 \u0219i a luat \u00een calcul o origine pregreac\u0103. Cercetarea micenologic\u0103 mai recent\u0103 a lui Stefan Hiller \u0219i Jos\u00e9 Luis Garc\u00eda Ram\u00f3n a revenit la prima interpretare \u0219i a armonizat-o cu cultele arcadiene Demetra-Poseidon.<\/p>\n<p>Deplasarea micenian\u0103-arhaic\u0103 a ierarhiei teologice de la Poseidon la Zeus este unul dintre evenimentele centrale ale istoriei religiei grece\u0219ti. Walter Burkert a interpretat aceast\u0103 deplasare ca reflex al migra\u021biei doriene \u0219i al reorganiz\u0103rii politice a Greciei dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u0219irea culturii palatiale miceniene.<\/p><p>Religiile arhaice ale polisului au trebuit s\u0103 se adapteze la noile rela\u021bii sociale; suprema\u021bia patriarhal\u0103 a lui Zeus se potrivea mai bine statului aristocratic al polisului dec\u00e2t vechea pozi\u021bie regal\u0103 a lui Poseidon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09db991 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09db991\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b7e5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7b7e5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5efd940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5efd940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Homer, &#8222;Iliada&#8221;, \u00een special XIII, XV \u0219i XX, \u0219i &#8222;Odiseea&#8221;, \u00een special I, V, IX \u0219i XIII. Hesiod, &#8222;Theogonia&#8221; 453-458 \u0219i 930-933. Apollodor, &#8222;Bibliotheca&#8221;, I, 2, 1 \u0219i I, 4, 6. Pausanias, &#8222;Descrierea Greciei&#8221;, II, 1 (Istmul), VIII, 8 \u0219i 25 (Arcadia). Pindar, Odele isthmice, \u00een special pasajele introductive.<\/p><p>Strabon, &#8222;Geographica&#8221; VIII, 6, 14 (Kalauria). Vergiliu, &#8222;Eneida&#8221; I, 124-156, \u0219i &#8222;Georgicele&#8221; I, 12-14. Walter Burkert, &#8222;Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche&#8221;, Stuttgart 1977. Madeleine Jost, &#8222;Sanctuaires et cultes d&#8217;Arcadie&#8221;, Paris 1985. Robert Parker, &#8222;Polytheism and Society at Athens&#8221;, Oxford 2005.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247fb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247fb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d469982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d469982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Poseidon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5caf786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5caf786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cine este Poseidon \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greac\u0103?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Poseidon este \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greac\u0103 zeul m\u0103rii, al cutremurelor \u0219i al cailor, unul dintre cei doisprezece zei olimpieni. Este fratele lui Zeus \u0219i al lui Hades; la \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea lumii dup\u0103 r\u0103sturnarea Titanilor i-a revenit marea, \u00een timp ce Zeus a primit cerul, iar Hades lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>Cel mai important atribut al s\u0103u este tridentul, cu care tulbur\u0103 marea \u0219i cutremur\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Echivalentul s\u0103u roman este Neptun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">De ce a fost Atena numit\u0103 dup\u0103 Atena \u0219i nu dup\u0103 Poseidon?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Un celebru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> poveste\u0219te despre \u00eenfruntarea dintre Poseidon \u0219i Atena pentru patronajul cet\u0103\u021bii Atticii. Am\u00e2ndoi trebuiau s\u0103 ofere cet\u0103\u021benilor un dar. Poseidon a lovit cu tridentul \u00een st\u00e2nca Acropolei \u0219i a f\u0103cut s\u0103 \u021b\u00e2\u0219neasc\u0103 un izvor de ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103; unele tradi\u021bii men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i primul cal.<\/p><p>Atena a f\u0103cut s\u0103 creasc\u0103 primul m\u0103slin. Cet\u0103\u021benii sau zeii au hot\u0103r\u00e2t c\u0103 m\u0103slinul, ca d\u0103t\u0103tor de hran\u0103, ulei \u0219i lemn, este darul mai pre\u021bios, iar cetatea a fost numit\u0103 dup\u0103 Atena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Poseidon \u00een mitologia greac\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Poseidon este \u00een mitologia greac\u0103 zeul m\u0103rii, al cutremurelor \u0219i al cailor, unul dintre cei doisprezece zei olimpieni. Este fratele lui Zeus \u0219i al lui Hades; la \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea lumii dup\u0103 r\u0103sturnarea Titanilor i-a revenit marea, \u00een timp ce Zeus a primit cerul, iar Hades lumea subteran\u0103. Cel mai important atribut al s\u0103u este tridentul, cu care tulbur\u0103 marea \u0219i cutremur\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Echivalentul s\u0103u roman este Neptun.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"De ce a fost Atena numit\u0103 dup\u0103 Atena \u0219i nu dup\u0103 Poseidon?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Un celebru mit poveste\u0219te despre \u00eenfruntarea dintre Poseidon \u0219i Atena pentru patronajul cet\u0103\u021bii Atticii. Am\u00e2ndoi trebuiau s\u0103 ofere cet\u0103\u021benilor un dar. Poseidon a lovit cu tridentul \u00een st\u00e2nca Acropolei \u0219i a f\u0103cut s\u0103 \u021b\u00e2\u0219neasc\u0103 un izvor de ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103; unele tradi\u021bii men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i primul cal. Atena a f\u0103cut s\u0103 creasc\u0103 primul m\u0103slin. Cet\u0103\u021benii sau zeii au hot\u0103r\u00e2t c\u0103 m\u0103slinul, ca d\u0103t\u0103tor de hran\u0103, ulei \u0219i lemn, este darul mai pre\u021bios, iar cetatea a fost numit\u0103 dup\u0103 Atena.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Poseidon, zeul grec al m\u0103rii Poseidon face parte dintre cei trei fra\u021bi care, dup\u0103 r\u0103sturnarea lui Kronos, \u00ee\u0219i \u00eempart lumea \u00eentre ei, primind \u00een sor\u021bi domeniul m\u0103rii. La Homer este numit &#8222;Scutur\u0103torul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221; (enosichthon, ennosigaios), deoarece \u00eei sunt atribuite \u0219i cutremurele. \u00cen cultele locale ale Greciei, el apare cu mult mai multe atribu\u021bii dec\u00e2t simplul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2986,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Poseidon","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Poseidon - Zeul m\u0103rii \u0219i fratele lui Zeus | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Poseidon este zeul m\u0103rii, al cutremurelor \u0219i al cailor. 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